仓储毕业设计外文翻译.doc

warehousingthis chapter presents a description of a small, fictitious warehouse that distributes office supplies and some office furniture to small retail stores and individual mail-order customers. the facility was purchased from another company, and it is larger than required for the immediate operation. the operation, currently housed in an older facility, will move in a few months. the owners foresee substantial growth in their high-quality product lines, so the extra space will accommodate the growth for the next few years. the description of the warehouse is of the planned operation after moving into the facility.the purpose of this chapter is to introduce the reader to the operations of warehouses. basic function sare described, typical equipment types are illustrated, and operations within departments are presented in some detail so that the reader can understand the relationships among products, orders, order lines, storage space, and labor requirements. storage assignment and retrieval strategies are briefly discussed.evaluation of the planned operation includes turnover, performance, and cost analyses. additional information can be found in other chapters of this volume and in the reference material.role of the warehouse in the supply chainwarehouses can serve different roles within the larger organization. for example, a stock room serving a manufacturing facility must provide a fast response time. the major activities would be piece (item)picking, carton picking, and preparation of assembly kits (kitting). a mail-order retailer usually must provide a great variety of products in small quantities at low cost to many customers. a factory warehouse usually handles a limited number of products in large quantities. a large, discount chain ware house typically “pushes” some products out to its retailers based on marketing campaigns, with other products being “pulled” by the store managers. shipments are oft en full and half truckloads. the ware house described here is a small, chain warehouse that carries a limited product line for distributionto its retailers and independent customers.the purpose of the warehouse is to provide the utility of time and place to its customers, both retail in the quantities requested by small retailers and individual customers. production schedules often result in long runs and large lot sizes. thus, manufacturers usually are not able to meet the delivery dates of small retailers and individuals. the warehouse bridges the gap and enables both parties, manufacturer and customer, to operate within their own spheres.product and order descriptions1. product descriptionsthe products handled include paper products, pens, staplers, small storage units, other desktop products, electronic products are delivered directly from other distributors and not handled by the warehouse.one would say that the warehouse handles relatively low-value products from the viewpoint of manufacturing cost. ships among these load types. individuals usually request pieces; retailers may also request pieces of slow movers, products that are not in high demand. retailers usually request fast movers, products that are in high demand, in carton quantities. bulky products like large desktop storage units may be in high enough demand so that they are sold by the warehouse in pallets. furniture units are also sold on pallets for ease of movement in the warehouse and in the delivery trucks. shows the number of products to be stored and the number of storage locations needed. the latter issue is discussed insection the typical dimensions of a piece is 10 25 3.5 cm, with a typical volume of 0.875 liters. a carton has typical dimensions of 33 43 30 cm, with a typical volume of 42.6 liters. thus, a typical carton contains 48.7 pieces. the typical dimension of a pallet is 80 120 140 cm, with the last dimension being and individual. manufacturers of office supplies and furniture are usually not willing to supply products low-priced media like cd and dvd blanks, book and electronic titles, and office furniture. high-value products are sold by the warehouse as pieces, cartons, and on pallets. figure 12.1 shows the relation- the height. the pallet base is about 10 cm high, so the typical product volume is 1.25 m3, corresponding to 29.3 cartons. the pallet base allows for pickup by forklift truck from any of the four sides. table 12.2 summarizes these values. different products, of course, have different dimensions and relationships. the conversion factors can vary depending on whether the product is sold mainly in piece, carton, or pallet quantities. we will not introduce further complexity here and use the values given here for determining storage and labor requirements.2order descriptionsthere are two types of orders processed at the warehouse. large orders are placed by the retailers who belong to the same corporation; these are delivered by less-than-truckload (ltl) carrier. small orders are placed by individuals, and these are delivered by package courier service like united states postal service (usps), united parcel service (ups), and federal express (fed ex). large orders contain more products and the quantity per product is greater than for small orders.pallet pick operationsfull pallet picking is done primarily in the floor storage area and occasionally in the pallet rack area. these pallets move directly to outbound staging. a forklift truck has the capacity to transport one pallet at a time. travel within the pallet floor storage area follows the rectilinear distance metric (francis et al. 1992).sorting, packing, staging, shipping operationspieces and cartons that are picked using batch picking must first be sorted by order before further processing. the method of batch picking, described in the following, is designed to facilitate this process without requiring extensive conveyor equipment. in addition, all pieces must be packed into over pack cartons, and these are then consolidated with regular (single product) cartons by order. some cartons and over packs move to outbound staging for package courier services like usps, ups, and fedex. others move to outbound staging for ltl carrier service. the package courier services load their vehicles manually, and the ltl carriers are loaded by warehouse personnel using either forklift trucks or pallet jacks.support operations, reware housing, returns processingat irregular times, the warehouse staff must perform additional functions that are not part of the normal process. whenever a new store is being prepared for opening, a large quantity of product, for the full product line, must be picked and staged. there is a separate area set aside for this staging.occasionally, some products need to be repackaged and/or labeled for retail stores. th is value-added processing is performed between picking and packing. returned merchandise must be inspected, possibly repackaged, and then returned to storage locations. the volume is not significant, and it is handled in the value-added area. periodically, product locations must be changed to reflect changing demand. this reware housing is performed during slack periods so as not to require additional labor.in addition, the warehouse contains an office for management and sales personnel, toilets for both staff and truck drivers, and a break room with space for vending machines and dining. there is a battery charging room for the electric batteries used by forklifts and pallet jacks, and a small maintenance room.storage department descriptions and operationsthis section presents details on the individual storage departments and their operations. here we determine the storage space requirements, and we describe the pick methods and obtain labor requirements.bin shelvingth e bin shelving area contains 1000 slow moving products that are picked as pieces. th ey are housed in shelving units that are 40 cm deep, 180 cm high, and 100 cm wide, for a cubic volume of 0.72 m3. using a cubic space utilization factor of 0.6 to allow for clearances and mismatches of carton dimensions with the shelves, each shelving unit can accommodate on average 0.72 0.6/0.0426 = 10.14 cartons. if each product requires at most one carton, then we need 1000/10.14 = 98.6 or 99 shelving units. rounding this to 100 units implies a pick line 100/2 = 50 m. one way to implement this is to establish two pick aisles, each 25 m long, as shown in figure 12.9. in the final layout, the system is expanded to a length of 30 m. in addition, space is provided for two future aisles. although all the products stored here are considered slow movers, with some exceptions for products with small total required inventory measured in cubic volume, the principle of activity-based storage is extended further to identify the faster moving products (among the slow movers). these are placed in the ergonomically desirable golden zone.the small number of requests per order for slow moving products makes it appropriate to use a sort-while-pick (swp) method for retrieval. an order picker uses a cart with multiple compartments to pick items for several orders on one trip past the shelves. the compartments items for different orders being mixed . later, when the cart is moved to sorting, consolidation, and packing, there is actually little sorting work to do, but mainly consolidation and packing.warehouse managementthe operation of the warehouse requires careful and constant management. the scanning of received products is just one example of the functions performed by the wms. it is beyond the scope of this chapter to present details of a typical wms. however, some main features should be mentioned here.the tracking of flows throughout the warehouse is one of the basic functions of a wms. this can be done manually, but most facilities today use barcode scanners, and many use barcode scanners intedatabase. a typical wms enables the functions listed below. these requirements are not inclusive, but only indicate the types of functions desired. further details are in (sharp, 2001).the wms should enable scheduling of personnel, including regular full-time employees and temporary and part-time employees. tracking of employee productivity is useful for training and workload balancing. workload scheduling should be linked to forecast information, and the conversion of product volumes should be automatically translated to labor hours by function and employee productivity. out-of-stock conditions, process partial receipts, and quarantine products requiring inspection. it should generate labels for pallets and cartons with data on sku (unique product type), description, date received, lot or purchase order number, expiration code(s), and location code(s). it should assign storage location recognizing physical characteristics of product, physical characteristics of location, environmental restrictions, and stock rotation. it should also have the ability to send products directly to out-bound vehicles (cross-docking). the ability to schedule trucks and assign them to docks is also useful. mation of stow (storage) action, updating of inventory upon stow, stock reservation capability, and provision for cycle counting. the wms should support more than one location per sku and more than one sku per location. report generation should include stock activity reports (fast, medium, slow, dead), empty location reports, and anticipated replenishment of forward pick areas.仓储本章提出了一个描述一个小虚拟仓库分发办公用品和办公家具的小零售商店和邮购客户个人。工厂购买另一个公司，它是大于所需的直接操作。将在几个月经营，目前居住在老年设施。业主预见大幅增长，高品质的产品线，因此额外的空间可容纳的增长在未来几年。描述了仓库的计划行动后进入该设施。本章的目的是向读者介绍业务的仓库。基本函数描述，典型的设备类型的说明和业务部门提出的一些细节，使读者能够理解他们之间的关系，产品，订单，订单行，存储空间，和劳动力需求。存储分配和检索策略进行了简要讨论。评价的行动计划，包括离职，性能和成本分析。额外的信息中可以找到其他章节的这一数量和参考材料。供应链中的仓库中的作用仓库可以为不同的角色。例如，服务的制造设施，必须提供一个快速的响应时间。主要活动将是一块（项目）采摘，采摘纸箱，准备组装套件（物料配套）。邮购零售商通常必须提供低成本的许多客户的小批量的产品种类繁多。通常一个工厂仓库，处理了大量的产品数量有限。通常一个大型折扣连锁店洁具房子“推”一些产品，根据市场营销活动及其零售商，被“拉”的商店经理的其他产品。出货经常en充分和半卡车。这里所描述的洁具房子是一个小，连锁仓库进行的分配有限的产品线零售商和独立客户。仓库的目的是提供实用的时间和地点的客户，无论是在小零售商和个人客户要求的数量零售。在长距离和大批量的生产计划往往导致。因此，制造商通常是不能够满足小型零售商和个人的交货日期。仓库弥补了差距，使双方，制造商和顾客，自己的领域内运作。产品及订购说明、产品描述处理的产品，包括纸制品，笔，订书机，小的存储单元，其他的台式机产品，电子产品是直接从其他分销商提供，而不是由仓库处理。一会说，仓库处理相对低附加值的产品，从生产成本的角度。其中负载类型的船舶。个人通常要求件;零售商也可以要求件缓慢的推动者，是在高需求的产品。零售商通常要求快速的推动者，在纸箱数量，有很高的需求的产品。大件产品，如大型桌面存储单元可能在足够高的需求，使他们在托盘仓库出售。家具单位还销往便于运动在托盘在仓库和送货卡车。表12.1显示了存储和存储位置需要的产品数量。后者的问题进行了讨论第3节。一块典型的尺寸是10253.5厘米，与典型的量为0.875升。一个纸箱尺寸334330厘米的典型，与典型的体积为42.6升。因此，一个典型的纸箱中有48.7件。典型的托盘尺寸为80120140厘米，最后一维的福祉和个人。办公用品和家具制造商通常不愿意提供产品。低价的媒体，如cd和dvd，图书和电子刊物，办公家具。高价值的产品主要销往件，纸箱，托盘上的仓库。托盘基地是高约10厘米，因此，典型的产品体积为1.25立方米，相应的29.3箱。允许叉车皮卡从四面托盘基地。总结这些值。变化产品，当然，有不同的尺寸和关系。转换因素可以改变取决于是否出售的产品主要集中在一块，纸箱，托盘数量。这里，我们将不会采取进一步的复杂性和使用这里确定的值存储和劳动力的需求。订购说明有两种类型的订单在仓库处理。由零售商属于同一公司的大订单都放在这些低于整车（零担）承运人交付。小订单都放在个人，这些包裹美国邮政服务（usps），美国联合包裹服务公司（ups），联邦快递（联邦快递）快递服务交付。大订单中含有较多的产品和每个产品的数量是大于小订单。2.4托盘拾取操作全托盘采摘完成，主要是在佛罗里达州oor存储区和偶尔在托盘货架面积。这些托盘移动直接对外分期。叉车，一时间在托盘运输能力。托盘fl oor存储区域内的旅游如下的直线距离度量（弗朗西斯等。 1992年）。2.5分拣，包装，暂存，运输业务件，使用批量采摘的纸箱，首先必须按顺序排序，前进一步的处理。批量采摘在以下所述，该方法无需广泛的输送设备，旨在促进这一进程。此外，所有作品必须装进了包装纸箱，然后定期（单品）纸箱巩固。一些纸箱和包裹移动到出站的分期，像美国邮政，ups和联邦快递包快递服务。其他出境分期零担承运人服务。包快递服务手动载入他们的车辆，零担承运人仓库