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【名词】一、名词 (n) 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词( 一 ) 名词的分类名词分为普通名词和专有名词 , 其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词 , 可数名词可用作单数,也可用作复数。可数名词包括个体名词 ( 表示一类人或物的个体。如: boy , desk , cat , window) 和集体名词 ( 由若干个体组成的集合体。如: family , class , police) 。不可数名词包括物质名词 ( 表示无法分为个体的实物 。 如 : water , paper , silk , money)和抽象名词 ( 表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如: work , happiness , music ,difficulty , housework)专有名词表示个人 、 地方 、 机构 、 组织等 。 如 : tom , the great wall , the spring festival ,france , the united states)( 二 ) 名词的数1 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种:(1) 一般情况下,在词尾加 s 。eg book books , dog dogs , pen pens , boy boys以轻辅音结尾的名词后的 s 的读音为 s) ,以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的 s 读音为 。(2) 以 s , x , ch , sh 结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加 es 。eg beach beaches , brush brushes , bus buses , box boxes(es 读音为 (3) 以 “ 辅音字母 y ” 结尾的名词,先变 y 为 i ,再加 es 。eg city cities , family families , documentary documentaries ,country countries ,strawberry strawberries(ies 读音为 iz)( 注:以 “元音字母 +y ”结尾的词,直接在词尾加 -s 。eg boys ,holidays , days)(4) 以元音字母。结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下: 加es eg tomato tomatoes , potato potatoes 结尾是两个元音字母的加 s , eg zoo zoos , radio radios 某些外来词变复数时词尾加 s , eg. piano pianos 一些名词的缩写形式变复数时,词尾加 s ,eg photo(photograph) photos , kilo(kilogram)kilos zero 变复数时,既可加 s ,也可加es eg zeros zeroes(5) 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时,先把 f 或 fe 变为 v ,再加 es 。eg wife wives ,leaf leaves ,half halves ,knife knives , thief-thieves(ve s读音为 vz( 注意: roof 的复数为 roofs ; scarf 的复数为 scarfs scarves)(6) 有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加 s 或 es ,而是变换其中的字母,eg man men , woman women , policeman policemen ,englishman englishmen , frenchman frenchmen , foot feet , tooth teeth ,child children , mouse mice , ox oxen( 公牛 )(7) 还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。eg chinese , japanese , sheep , deer , fish(8) 另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数。eg , people , police , trousers , pants , clothes , scissors另外, 当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数。eg an apple tree , five apple trees , a girl friend , two girl friends , a twin sister但是,当 man 和 woman 作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式。eg two men teachers , three women doctors 可用 “ 量词 +of+ 名词复数 ” 这一结构表示可数名词的数量。eg.a room of students , two boxes of pencils 2 不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的 “ 量 ” 的表示方式如下。(1) 表不定数量时,一般用 much , (a)little , a lot of lots of , some , any 等词修饰 。eg , much money , a little bread(2) 表确定数量时,一般用 “ 数词 + 量词 +of+ 不可数名词。如: two three + 量词复数十 of+ 不可数名词。eg a bag of rice , two glasses of milk , four bottles of water3 有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同。eg: fruit 水果 fruits 表示不同种类的水果; food 食物 foods 各种食品; fish鱼 fishes 鱼的种类 ; drink 饮料 、 酒 a drink 一杯一份饮料 、 一杯酒 ; cloth 布 a cloth 桌布、抹布; sand 沙 sands 沙滩; tea 茶 a tea 一杯茶; chicken 鸡肉 a chicken 小鸡 ; orange 橘汁 an orange 橘子 ; glass 玻璃 a glass 玻璃杯 , glasses 眼镜 ;paper 纸 a paper 试卷 、 论文 ; wood 木头 a wood 小森林 ; room 空间 、余地 a room房间( 三 ) 名词的所有格 ( 表示人或物的所属关系 )(1) 有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。 不是以 s 结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加 s 。eg mike s watch ; women s day 以 s 结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加 。eg teachers office , students rooms 两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加 s 。eg tom and mike s room 汤姆和迈克的房间 ( 表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房 ) 两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加 s 。eg.mary s and jenny s bikes 玛丽和詹妮的自行车 ( 表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车 )(2) 无生命的事物的名词所有格常用 of 结构eg a map of china , the beginning of this game , the door of the room(3) 特殊形式 可用 s 和 of 短语表示的名词所有格eg the boy s name=the name of the boy( 男孩的名字 )the dog s legs=the legs of the dog( 狗的腿 ) china s population=the population of china( 中国的人口 )china s capital=the capital of china( 中国的首都 ) 双重所有格eg a fiend of my mother s 我妈妈的一个朋友a picture of tom s 汤姆的一张图片名词练习题名词复数一、选择填空( )1i can see three _ in the zoo. a monkeys b monkeyes c monkey( )2.the pig has four _.a. foot b. feet c. foots( )3.my two brothers are both _.a. policemanb. policemansc. policemen( )4.i can see ten _ in the picture. a. sheep b. dog c. pig( )5.the _ has three_.a. boys, watchesb. boy, watch c. boy, watches( )6.can you see _on the plate? a. bread b. breads c. breades( )7.the girl often brushes her_ before she goes to bed.a. tooth b. tooths c. teeth( )8.mr black often drink some _.a. milk b. milks c.milkes( )9.there are some _on the floor.a. child b. water c. books( )10.lucy will show us some new _ of hers.a. photo b. photos c. photoes( )11. i drank two _.a. bottles of waterb. bottle of waterc. bottles of waters( )12.the cat eats two _last night. a. mouses b. mice c. mouse( )13.i need a pen and some _. a. books b. desk c. chair( )14. there some in the river. a. is ,fish b. are, fishs c. is, fishs d. are ,fish( )15. there two in the box. a. is watch b. are watches c. are watch d. is watches二、用所给的单词的复数的正确形式填空:1 there are three _(child) in the classroom.2these _(tomato) are red. 3i have two _(knife). 3my brother looks after two _(baby)5my father likes to eat _(potato).6there are some _(leaf ) in the street.7chinese _(people)like to eat noodles.8i have a lot of _(toy) in my bedroom.9i help my mother wash _(dish) in the kitchen.10. there are two hundred _( woman teacher ) in our school.名词的格用所给词的适当形式填空:1.march 8th is _day. (woman).2.taking twenty _(分钟的) exercise every day is good for your health.3.teachers in western countries have a _(三个月的) holiday in a year.4.ill give my english teacher a card for _day. (teacher)5.its an _(hour) ride from here to the museum.选择填空:1-hows joys skirt? -her skirt is more beautiful than _.a.her sisters and kate b.her sister and kate c.her sister and kates d.her sisters and kates2this is _ room. the twin sisters like it very much.a.lucys and lilys b.lucys and lily c.lucy and lilys 3we will have a _holiday after the exam.a. two month b. twomonth c. two months d. twomonths4its about _walk from my home. a. ten minute b. ten minutes c. ten minutes d. ten minutes 5this is my dress. that one is _.a. mary b. marys c. sister d. mother6_ mothers made them have piano lessons.a. peter and anne b. peters and annes c. peters and anne d. peter and annes7the room on the right is _.a. her b. she c. lucys d. lucy 8the market isnt far from here. its only _ bicycle ride.a. half an hours b. half an hours c. half an hour d. an hour and a half9wheres your father ? at _.a. mr greens b. mr. green c. the mr. greens10where have you been these days? i have been to bei daihe with a friend _.a. in chinese b. of japan c. of americans d. from canada11kate won the _ race in the summer sports meeting. a. 100-metre b. 100-metres c. 100 metre d. 100 metres12ill give you _to finish the work. ok.a. two weeks time b. two weeks timec. two week time d. two weeks time13is this your room? no, its _room.a. the children b. the childrens c. of the children d. the childrens14who is the man in the blue car? he is _ father.a. kates and marys b. kate and marys c. kate and mary d. of kate and mary【代词】人称代词,物主代词,反身代词类别 主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词第一人称单数i me my mine myself 复数 we us our ours ourselves第二人称:单数 you you your yours yourself 复数 you you your yours yourselves第三人称:单数 he him his his himself she her her hers herself it it its its itself复数 they them their theirs themselves1人称代词 人称代词it的特殊用法:一般it指“它”,但在表示天气、时间、距离等时,用it来代替,此时的it并不译为“它”。当三个人称代词(单数)同时出现时,其先后顺序为you,he,i。而复数一般采用we,you,they顺序。 2物主代词 物主代词的用法:形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词。 名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。3反身代词 1)反身代词的构成分两种:第一、二人称反身代词在形容词:性物主代词后加上self或selves,第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves2)反身代词的用法:一种是作宾语,由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。如:i enjoyed myself at the party另一种是作名词或代词的同位语;用来加强语气。如:i can do it myself3)初中阶段由反身代词构成的常用词组有:enjoy oneself,help oneself to,learn by oneself,teach oneself,(all)by oneself,leave.by oneself,lose oneself in等,在运用反身代词时,应注意它在数、性别上与哪一个保持一致。试比较:“help yourselves to some fish,tom and mike”与i cant leave the girl by herself指示代词 指示代词的特殊用法:(1)为了避免重复,可用that,those代替前面提到过的名词,但是this,these不可以。(2)this,that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。 不定代词 主要不定代词的用法:(1)one的用法:a. one作为代词可以指人,也可以指物。b. one,ones (one的复数形式) 可用来代替前面出现过的少数名词,以避免重复。c. one的前面可用this,that,the,which等词来修饰。d. 常有a+形容词+one这一形式。it和one的用法区别:it用来指特定的东西,而one则用于替代不特定的东西。(2)some和any的用法区别a. some,any可与单、复数可数名词和不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句,any一般用于否定句,疑问句和条件句中。b. some,any与thing,body,one构成的合成词的用法与some,any一样。c.在疑问句中,一般不用some,只有当问句表示一种邀请或者请求,或期待一个肯定的回答时才能用some。d. some在否定句中表示半否定,any表示全否定。esome用于单数可数名词前,表示“某个”而不是“一些”。(3)other,another的用法数 种类 单数 复数泛指 another=an other other (boys) others特指 the other the other (boys) the others功能 作主语、宾语、定语 、作定语、作主语、宾语a. anotheranother另一个”,泛指众多者中的另一个,在原有基础上自然增加的另一个。一般后面接单数名词,前面不能加定冠词。有时another可以用在复数名词前表示“又”“再”,如: i want to have another two cakes我想再吃两个蛋糕。bthe other表示两个中的另一个,常与one连用。常见形式是“onethe other”。 c. other+复数名词others d. the other+复数名词the others(4) a11、both的用法both表示“两者都”,而a11表示“三个或三个以上的人或物都”。a11、both在句中放在be动词,情态动词及助动词之后,放在实义动词之前。(5) each和every的用法a. each用来指两个或两个以上的人或物中的一个。every则指两个以上的人或物中的一个。 b. 从含义和语法功能上看,each是“单个”的意思,侧重个体,在句中可作主语、同位语、定语和宾语。而every是“每一个”之意,侧重全体、整体、共性。在句中只能作定语,也就是说它后面必须跟着名词。而由every构成的合成词后面绝不能跟名词。(6)either,neither,both的用法either:指两者中的任意一个。作主语谓语用单数。neither:指两者都不,全否定。作主语谓语用单数。 both:指两者都。作主语谓语用复数。 (7)many和muchmany只能和复数可数名词连用。much只能和不可数名词连用。注意:a lot oflots of / plenty ofmuchmanya largegreat number ofmany a greatgood deal ofmuch(8)few,a few,little,a littlefew,little表示否定含义,“很少”“几乎没有”;a few,a little表示肯定含义,有一些”。few,a few用在可数名词前,little,a little用在不可数名词前。强化训练单项选择1. _ the twins enjoyed _ at the party yesterday.a. both; them b. both; themselves c. neither; them d. all; themselves2. which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a cup of tea?_, thanks. id like just a cup of water.a. either b. neither c. both d. none3. would you like _ milk in your tea? yes, just _.a. any; little b. some; a little c. much; a few d. a little; some4. there is_ to do this evening.a. much nothing b. many nothing c. nothing much d. nothing many5. the two friends were so pleased to see each other that they forget _.a. anything else b. something else c. nothing else d. everything else6. is this your shoe? yes, it is. but where is_?a. the others b. another c. other one d. the other one7. what i want to say is _english is a very useful language.a. it b. this c. that d. those8. they have an english lesson _ day, monday, wednesday and friday.a. each other b. every other c. some others d. another more9. we found_ very important to learn a foreign language well.a. this b. that c. it d. its10. _ is lily like? oh, shes tall and thin.a. how b. who c. which d. what11. would you like milk or orange? _ i prefer water.a. each b. neither c. either d. both12 .oh, there is someone in the room. _ must be my mother.a. there b. she c. this d. it 13. betty and john have come back, but _ students in the class arent here yet.a. the other b. others c. another d. the others14. _ of us has read the story.a. some b. both c. all d. none 15. which of her parents is a doctor? _. a. any b. either c. both d. all16. i have bought a new watch because my old _ doesnt work.a. it b. one c. that d. this 17. is this dictionary _ or _? its mine.a. your; hers b. your; her c. your; her d. yours; hers 18. there is _ water in my glass. will you please give me _.a. little; some b. few; any c. few; some d. little; any 19. _pencil-box is this, patrick? its _a. whose; mine b. whos; mine c. whose; my d. whos; my 20. the pen is _. she wrote _ name with it _.a. hers; her; herself b. her; hers; herc. her; hers; herself d. her; herself; hers冠词 (art )用在名词前,帮助说明其意义冠词分为不定冠词 a an 和定冠词 the , 放在名词前 、 a an 用在单数可数名词前 ( a用于辅音音素开头的词前, an 用于元音音素开头的词前 ) 。1 不定冠词(1) 不定冠词的用法 泛指 类人或物。eg this is a pencil case she s a doctor 指不具体的某个人或物。eg. i met an old man on my way home 用在序数词前,相当于 another 。eg there s a third boy near the shop. 表示 “ 每 ( 个 ) ” ,相当于 every 。eg they have music lessons twice a week 固定搭配。a lot of , a lot , a little , a few , a glass of , such a an , have a word with , have a look ,have a try , have a swim , a quarter , half an hour , three times a day , have a talk , give a talk ,ten yuan a kilo(2) 不定冠词的位置 不定冠词 般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前。eg , a bike , an egg 当名词被 such , what , many 修饰时,不定冠词放在这些词之后。eg it took me half an hour to finish my homework he left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door what a dangerous job it is! many a man has gone to the big cities for work 当名词前的形容词前有 so , how , too 等词时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。eg. she was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station how nice a film this is! 当名词前面有形容词和 quite , rather , very 时 , 不定冠词放在 quite , rather 之后 ,very 之前。eg it is quite a good book that is rather a useful too1.this is a very interesting story2 定冠词的用法表示上文中所提到过的人或物。eg:l have two children , a boy and a girl the boys name is mark the girl s name is penny.(2) 特指某 ( 些 ) 人或物。eg: the girl in a red dress comes from america (3) 指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或物。eg: my shoes are under the bed (4) 用在形容最高级和部分比较级前。eg tom is the taller of the two boys (5) 用在序数词前。eg monday is the second day of a week (6)yo 用在世界上独一无二的事物前 ( 如太阳 、 月亮 、 世界 、 地球 、 天空 、 宇宙等 ) 。cg the moon moves round the earth (7) 用在某些形容词前,表示 类人或物。the rich( 富人 ) , the poor( 穷人 ) , the deaf( 聋人 ) , the blind( 盲人 ) , the dead( 死者 ) ,the wounded( 伤员 )(8) 用在姓氏复数前,表示 “ 某某 家人 ” 或 “ 某某夫妇 ” 。eg the greens are having dinner at home (9) 用在乐器前。 eg play the piano guitar violin drums (10) 用于逢 “ 十 ” 的复数数词前,指某个世纪中的几十年代或人的大约年岁。eg. in the 1970s , a highway was built to linkup the city with my hometown i think he is in the thirties (11) 用在某些专有名词和习惯用语中。the united nations , the great wall , the summer palace , the palace museum , in the end ,in the day , in the middle of , all the time , in the east , by the way , on the way to , the(more) the(more) “ 越 越 ”3 不用冠词的情况(1) 名词前有指示代词 this , that , these , those 时不用冠词。eg that girl is my friend (2) 名词前有物主代词 my , your , his her , their 等时不用冠词。eg lucy is her sister (3) 名词前有 whose ,which ,some , any , each , every 等代词时不用冠词。eg which man is mr green?each student has a beautiful picture (4) 复数名词表示一类人或物时不用冠词。eg those young men are teachers , not students (5) 物质名词表示种类时不用冠词。eg snow is white (6) 抽象名词表示一般概念时不用冠词。eg does she like music?(7) 在球类运动和棋类游戏前时不用冠词。eg play basketball soccer chess(8) 在三餐前不用冠词。eg have breakfast lunch supper dinner(9) 在人名、地名、节假日、星期、月份前不用。eg tina , china , tiananmen square , beijing,university , new year s day , tuesday ,january(10) 在学科和节目名称前不用冠词。eg my favorite is english (11) 在某些固定搭配中不用冠词。eg at noon , at work , at home , by bus, by air , on foot , from morning till night ,at night , go to school , go to bed , at last4 在有些词组中,用冠词和不用冠词意思有较大区别。in hospital( 在住院 ) ; in the hospital( 在医院 )in prison( 在坐牢 ) ; in the prison( 在监狱里 )at table( 吃饭,用餐 ) ; at the table( 在桌旁 )in front of( 在某个范围之外的前面 ) ; in the front of( 在某个范围之外的前面 )go to college( 上大学 ) ; go to the college( 去那所大学 )take place( 发生 ) ; take the place( 代替 )强化训练用适当的冠词填空,不需要冠词的空白处填“”1. tomorrow is _ teachers day and well make _ card for our english teacher.2. the bus is running about seventy miles_ hour.3. mary is interested in _ science. 4. some people dont like to talk at _ table.5. last night i went to_ bed very late.6. dont worry. we still have _ little time left.7. what _ beautiful day! and what _ fine weather!8. in _ winter it is cold in _ beijing and warm in _shanghai.9. john is_ cleverest boy in his class.10. we cant live without _ water or _ air.11. tomorrow mr. smith will leave paris, _capital of_ france, for washington by_ air.12. we were having_ lunch when they came in.13. this is _ book you gave me last week.14. what did you do _ last saturday?15. march 8 is _ womens day.16. if _ weather is fine tomorrow, we will go to the park.17. i prefer playing _ piano to playing _ basketball.18. at _ age of five, he read a lot of books.19. tom and lucy are of _ same age.20. _ harder we study, _ more we learn。【数词】 ( 一 ) 基数词 在英语中表示数目的词称为基数词。1 基数词的构成(1)1-20one , two , three , four , five , six , seven , eight , nine , ten , eleven , twelve , thirteen ,fourteen , fifteen ,sixteen , seventeen , eighteen , nineteen , twenty(2)21-99 先说 “ 几十 ” ,再说 “ 几 ” ,中间加连字符。23 twenty-three , 34 thirty-four , 45 forty five , 56 fifty-six , 67 sixty-seven ,78 seventy-eight , 89 eighty-nine , 91 ninety-one(3)101 999 先说 “ 几百 ” ,再加 and ,再加末两位数或末位数;586 five hundred and eighty-six , 803 eight hundred and three(4)l,000 以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个 “ , ” ,第一个 “ , ” 前为 thousand 第二个 “ , ” 前为million ,第三个 “

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