英语语法——情态动词与虚拟语气自主学习导学案.doc

2012-2013学年第一学期高三英语导学案 编写人：张瑞利 尤利亚 审核人： 审批人： 编号： 使用时间： 2012. 班级： 小组： 姓名： 组内评价学 案 装 订 线 英语语法情态动词与虚拟语气自主学习导学案 【学习目标】1. 扎实掌握英语情态动词与虚拟语气用法，提升自己的理解力。2. 自主学习，合作探究；学会分析与总结的方法，并能学以致用。3. 激情投入，疯狂记忆，体验学习的快乐。【使用说明及学法指导】1. 老师引领学生积极动脑思考，结合所学知识自主构建关于情态动词与虚拟语气的知识体系。2. 探究总结疑难点并学以致用。 3. 分两阶段完成，每阶段完成时间40分钟。【分层说明】a层全部掌握本学案内容b层掌握带及内容c层掌握带内容 【情态动词与虚拟语气】一基本概念：情态动词也属于助动词，是英语中的一种特殊动词，不可以在句中独立充当句子成分，而是与不带to的动词不定式一起使用，表示说话人对所谈及的动作和事物的态度及看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。二、情态动词的基本用法 （一）can与could1) 表示能力。“能、能够、会”he could play the piano at the age of 6.他在六岁时就会弹钢琴了。(2). 表示推测、“可能性”：can 表“可能”时，一般用于_句或_句。eg：-can the news be true? -it cant be true . eg：he can not have read the book .(3).用于肯定句时表示理论上的“可能性”,可翻译为“有时会”；could 则不受此限。anybody can make mistakes .（4）表示“请求”和“允许”：can 与 could 可用于请求对方“许可”，其中could 较为婉转，更有礼貌；给予“许可”时可用 can, 但不用could。-can i smoke here?-no, you cant.(5). 表示惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度。主要用于疑问句、否定句中。how can you be so impolite? how can you say that?（6）与can有关的固定搭配： cant be too + adj. 无论怎样都不过分。you cant be too careful . 翻译：_ cant do sth .+too +adv. 无论怎样做都不过分。we cant study too hard . 翻译：_高考链接：just be patient .you _ expect the world to change so soon .a. cant b. neednt c. may not d. will not(二) may 与might（1）may 表允许许可允诺（征询对方许可,多与第一人称连用）。may i use your bike? you may keep the book for 2 weeks .注意：(1)其否定形式may not表示不可以，但更常用must not来代替may not表示不可以，禁止。-may i watch tv after supper?-yes, you may.(no, you _ . / no, youd better not.)(2) 表推测，可能，用于肯定句和否定句。the news may be true ，but im not sure .he may not be at home now.he might have gone to nanjing with professor wang last week ,but he was ill .(3)may not 与cannot的区别： may not可能不，cannot 不可能。比较翻译：the news may not be true._the news cant be true . _(4).表祝愿may you be happy! may you have a pleasant journey! （5）特殊结构：may/might as well do sth ._may/ might well do sth. 很可能干某事（三）must（1）写出下列句子中must的意义：1. everyone must attend the lecture. （ ）2. you mustnt lend it to others. （ ）3. you must be hungry after the long walk. （ ）4. he must have gone to beijing yesterday. （ ）5. why must you be so stubborn (固执的)? ( )(2)归纳总结：1.句1、句2中must表示_ ，多用于肯定句。2.句3、句4中must表示_ ，一般只用于_句 。3.句5中must表示_ ，多指做令人不快的事。（3）must与have to 的区别：1. must表说话人的主观看法，而have to表客观需要。2.must只有一种形式而have to有更多的形式have to, has to ,had to ,will have to 等等。 知识运用：用must或have to填空：i _ stay at home last night ,for my father was ill. i thought i _ go there.（四）should与ought to（1）观察思考：体会下列句子中should的用法：1. you should do what your parents tell you. 2. its 4:30. they should be in new york by now. 3. i suggest that you should stay here as if nothing had happened.4. should it rain tomorrow ,we wont go for a picnic .5. how should i know?6. im sorry that you should think so badly of me. (2) 归纳总结：1.句1中should表示_ 。2.句2中should表示_ ,一般表示按理应该会发生什么 。3. 句3、句4中should用在某些从句中，表示_ 。其中，句3中的should意为：应该 ；句4中的should意为：万一。4. 句5、句6中的should表惋惜、忧虑、欢乐、惊讶等感情色彩，常用在以why, how开头的疑问句中，也可用于that从句中。翻译成“竟然”。（3）ought to的用法与should基本类似。（五）shall（1）观察思考：体会下列句子中shall的用法：1. shall i get you some coffee, miss fleure? 2. you shall have my answer tomorrow. 3. candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. 试卷完全收回后，应试人才能离开座位。4. lets go to the park, shall we?(2) 归纳总结：1.句1中shall用在第一、三人称的疑问句中表示_。2.句2中在陈述句中表示说话者给对方的_、 _ 、_、_等语气。3.句3中shall表示在法令、条约、规章中，意为“必须，应该”。4. lets 引导的反义疑问句，用shall we?，思考：let us开头的句子变反问句用_反问？（六）will与would（1）观察思考：体会下列句子中will或would的用法：1. she asked if i would go with them.2. if you will allow me, i will see you home.3. will would you please post the letter for me?4. id like love to have a look at it.5. oil will float on water. 油总是浮在水上6. he would sit there for hours sometimes doing nothing at all.(2) 归纳总结：1.句1、句2中would和will表示_ 。2.句3中would和will表示_,经常与第_人称连用 。3.句4中would有时用于提出想法，通常与like, love, hate, prefer, be glad, be happy等连用。4. 句5、句6中表示习惯和倾向性，will表示_的习惯，would表示_的习惯（七）need与dare（1）观察思考：体会下列句子中need作为情态动词的用法：1. he neednt worry about it.2. you neednt have mentioned it你本来不必提起这件事。 3. need i go with her? 我需要和他一起去吗？ -yes, you must. 是的，你需要去。 -no, you neednt. 不，你不必去.(2) 归纳总结：1.句1、句2中need表示_，通常用于_句,疑问句,条件句 。2.句3中注意：need一般疑问句的答语，肯定回答用_，否定回答用_。（3）观察思考：翻译下列句子：（其中need为实义动词）：1. the door needs painting. = the door needs to be painted._ .2. you need to take good care of your mother._ .(4) 归纳总结：1.句1、句2中当主语是物时，其后跟的动词形式有两种：_或_ ,有类似用法的词还有_ _ .（5）观察思考：dare 可做情态动词也可做实义动词。dare作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用在肯定句中。如： how dare you say im unfair. he darent speak english before such a crowd, dare he? dare也常用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化，所不同的是，作实义动词时，在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带to .i dare to swim across this river. he does not dare (to) answer. i dare say 是习惯说法(用于肯定句)，并不一定要译为“我敢说”，它所表示的是一种不肯定的语气，常译为“大概”、“我想”等： i dare say (that) you are right. 我想你是对的。 虚拟语气一 基本概念：虚拟语气的概念：虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等 (在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。二 虚拟语气的考点： 1、条件句中的虚拟语气的用法；2、条件句中虚拟语气的倒装；3、名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法；4、几种特殊结构中虚拟语气的用法；5、虚拟语气与陈述语气的判定。三虚拟语气的基本用法：（一） 虚拟语气在条件从句中：（1）、在条件从句中 (叫虚拟条件句)，表示与事实相反的条件。分三种情况(以 do 为例)：表示与事实情况相反条件从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式表示现在情况过去式(did)(be常用 were)would / could / might / should +动词原形(do)表示过去情况过去完成式(had +done上面4个情态动词+have done表示将来情况过去式 (did)should + do were to do4个情态动词 + do例句1.if you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. 要是你早来几分钟的话，你就能见到他了。(与_事实相反)2. if it _ sunny tomorrow, i would come to see you. 明天要是天气好的话，我来看你。(与将来事实可能相反)3. if i were you, i _ at once. 假如我是你的话，我会马上走。(与现在事实相反，事实上我不可能是你)(2)省略 if 的条件从句:规律点拨：当从句中有 were, had 或 should 时，可省略if ，而把它们放在句首。小试牛刀：将下面两个句子变成倒装句： if i were to meet him tomorrow, i should ask him about it._ , i should ask him about it. if he should fail in the experiment this time, he would try again._ , he would try again.(3) 错综时间的条件句 即从句与主句的动作发生的时间不同。此时，需要按时间来确定虚拟形式。如：1. if they had studied hard, they _ it easily now. 如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。 2. if he _ my advice, he wouldnt do it much better like this. 如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。 （二） 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用：（1）宾语从句中的虚拟语气：1、记住：这些动词后面接的宾语从句：表示 建议(suggest, advice, propose, recommend) ，要求(demand, request, require, insist), 命令(order, command)，坚持（insist）等。其后的宾语从句用should + do 构成, should 可以省略。eg：he ordered that the students _(wash) the clothes every week by themselves。2、 wish接宾语从句有三种情况： 1) 现在：用过去式(did/were) 2) 过去：用过去完成式 (had done) 3) 将来：用情态动词(would / could) + doeg: i wish i _ 30 years younger.我但愿自己能年轻三十岁。i wish (that) you _ a good job.我希望你能找到一个好职业。he wished he _ it.他想要是他没这样做该多好。3. 记住：insist / suggest 各有两种意思，要用不同的语气 insist 表示“坚决要求干某事”时，用虚拟形式，即 should + do;insist 表示“坚称，坚持说一个事实”时，用陈述语气，表示事实。 suggest 表示“建议”时，用虚拟形式。suggest 表示“表明、暗示”时，用陈述语气。eg: the teacher suggested that we _( clean) the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。 he insisted that all of us _there on time by any means. 他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。 he insisted that he _(be) right.4. 在would (had) rather(宁愿) 引导的宾语从句中:当从句表示现在或将来的时间时,谓语动词要用一般过去时;表示过去时间时,谓语动词要用过去完成时。i would rather he _(come) tomorrow than today.（2）主语从句中的虚拟语气：在句型 “it is important (necessary, strange, natural) that . ” 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形 eg：its necessary that we _ a walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。 its natural that she should do so. 她这样做是很自然的。（3）表语从句中的虚拟语气：主句的主语常是表示说话人愿望(wish / desire)、建议(suggestion / advice) 要求(requirement / demand)、命令(order, command)等的名词，表语从句的谓语动词用 (should) + do.eg：our suggestion is that you _(be) there on time.（4）同位语从句中的虚拟语气：同位语从句的先行词常是表示说话人愿望、建议、要求、命令等的名词。eg: the suggestion that students _(learn) something practical is worth considering.(三)虚拟语气中的几个特例：（1）在as if 从句中，常用虚拟形式，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式 (had done).1.as if 连接表语从句 she looked as if she were made of ice. 她看起来似乎是冰做的 he looked as if he _(sleep) for two days.2 、as if 连接方式状语从句。 she looked after the boy as if he _(be) her own son. 她照顾这男孩就像自己的儿子一样。he speaks to us as if he _( be ) there. 他给我们讲的好象他去过那儿。 (2). if only 意为：若是.那该多好啊; 真希望.; 表示现在的情况,应用过去式; 如果是过去的情况,应用过去完成时态 eg:if only i _ （arrive） in time!if only i _(be)a bird flying in the sky ! 比较only if：只有，此结构其实是“only +状语+部分倒装”结构。eg：only if we study hard can we succeed .(3) its (high/right) time that意为：“是该干某事的时候了”。that 从句要用虚拟语气：谓语用过去时或should + do 。 its time that you _(leave) here.(4) 一些介词短语或副词, 如:but for(要不是), without, otherwise(否则)(一般是otherwise后的谓语用would have done.), 表示含蓄的条件,这时主句要用虚拟语气，谓语一般是用would have done.，but for和without后面通常加短语。eg: without your help, we _(make) such rapid progress.eg: i was ill that day, otherwise i _(take) part in the sports meet. 那天我病了，否则我会去参加运动会的。exercises1. alan _ the party if he had gone to london. a. would have missed b. had missedc. would miss d. missed2. if i knew you were coming, i _ you at the airport. a. had met b. met c. would meet d. would have met3. if only i _ to my parents! (but i didnt.) a. listened b. had listened c. should listen d. would listen4. tom suggested that ann _ the house. a. sell b. sold c. shall sell d. would sell5. i wish this bus _ to the university. a. go b. went c. has gone d. had gone6. simon looks as though he never _ a square meal(吃得饱), though his parents feed him very well. a. get b. getting c. got d. should get7. he is talking so much about america as if he _ there. a. had been b. were c. was d. been8. i _ you some money, but i hadnt got any then.a. would lend b. would have lent c. could lend d. may have lent9. have you ever been to beijing? - no, but i wish i _. a. have b. will c. do d. had10. i dont think it is the right time that you _. a. will go b. went c. go d. must go11.- do you mind if i leave the window open? - well, id rather you _ . a. dontb. didntc. wontd. mustnt12. its half past eleven. its high time _ home. a. well b. wed c. were going d. we went13.how i wish every family _ a large house with a beautiful garden! (02 上海) a. hasb. hadc. will haved. had had14. when a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _. a. breaks b. has broken c. were broken d. had been broken15. his suggestion that you _ once more sounds reasonable. a. try b. tries c. must try d. can try16. is it necessary that he _ the examination? a. takesb. has to takec. must taked. take17. the teacher demanded that the work _ before 4 oclock.a. finished b. be finished c. should finish d. finish18. what would have happened, _ as far as the river bank? a. bob had walked fartherb. if bob should walk fartherc. had bob walked fartherd. if bob walked farther【知识运用】1.-hows your newbaby-sitter? - we _ ask for a better one. all our kids love her so much. (浙江 11) a.should b.might c.mustnt d. couldnt2. i _ through that bitter period without your generous help. ( 陕西 22) a. couldnt have gone b. didnt go c. wouldnt go d. hadnt gone3. i dont really like james. why did you invite him? dont worry. he _ come. he said he wasnt certain what his plans were（北京24 ） a. must not b. need not c. would not d. might4. if you _ go, at least wait until the storm is over. (辽宁 21) a. can b. may c. must d. will5. mark have hurried. after driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early. a. neednt b. wouldnt c. mustnt d. couldnt （2010天津）6. teachers recommend parents their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety. (2010福建) a. not allow b. do not allow c. mustnt allow d. couldnt allow7. -i havent got the reference book yet, but ill have a rest on the subject next month. -dont worry. you _ have it by friday. （2010江苏） a. could b. shall c. must d. may8. -john went to the hospital alone. -if he me about it, i would have gone with him. （2010天津） a. should tell b. tells c. told d. had told9. - why didnt you come to simons party last night? - i want to, but my mom simply _ not let me out so late at night. a. could b. might c. would d. should (重庆 25)10. where are the children? the dinners going to be completely ruined. i wish they always late. （北京28） a. werent b. hadnt been c. wouldnt be d. wouldnt have been11. they h