外文翻译----企业家与企业家精神概述.docx

附录1the entrepreneur and the entrepreneurial spirit outlinesfirst, entrepreneurs definitionmay divide into 4 kinds regarding entrepreneurs definition and the description: (1)system economical school of thought “technical structure social stratum”; he system economical school of thought embarks from “the technical determinism”, the system economical school of thought embarks from “the technical determinism”, thought “the most important element of production” the decision society power forward and the social system evolution, in the feudal period most important productive forces essential factor is “the land”, in the capitalism time most important productive forces essential factor is “the capital”, when deposits surpasses the investment, the capital decision strength drops, after marches into the capitalism time (modern capitalism), the most important productive forces essential factor turns “the specialized knowledge as well as the organization form which adapts with it”, the theory knowledge becomes the social core, becomes policy-making the dependence, by now the authority also changed “the technical social stratum” from the capitalist, the technical social stratum was refers to the technical personnel, the management social stratum. american economic wife and children hall buddha reddthe money forces called this is “manager revolutionizes”; in 1973, american economist douglasnourse studies from the a.d. 900-1700 west economic history, proposed the system production is the source in transaction cost economy, the enterprise system design into economical educational world focal point. at the same time, costs enterprises nature enables us to be possible from the property right decision angle research enterprise and the entrepreneur, in recent years our country state-owned enterprise reformed the goal establishes the modern enterprise system, hoped solved enterprise questions and so on operators drive, restraint, surveillance from the property right relations; separate according to the property right theory right of management and the property rights, produce the principal-agent to relate, entrepreneurs role is the property agent, has the business entity property rights; “the entrepreneur” this word 16th century appears in french, namely direction military expedition person. in 1755, french economist richard the ridge abundant dragon defines the entrepreneurial spirit for “undertakes the uncertainty”; in 1815, zaire political economy introduction first time included the entrepreneur one of economical development essential factors, although zaire has neglected the capital formation creativity and the sense of responsibility - - entrepreneurial spirit important two wings.(2)schumpeter “the innovation function said”; in 1942 “father of the innovation principle economic” the american nationality austria economist bear bit in capitalism, socialism and democracy, caused “the entrepreneur” this unique productive forces essential factor to become the most important essential factor. the bear bit pointed out that, the so-called innovation is the entrepreneur the control which to the new product, the new market, the new production method, the new organizations development as well as the new raw material originates mixes; the entrepreneur is called “the innovation soul”. the bear bit economical development theory pointed out in it that, the economical development is dynamic, is to the extant balanced condition change. the economical development is not because the population, the desire condition, the economical and production organizations change these are called “exterior factor which the production expands”, the entrepreneur to the element of production again combination is the basic power which the economy grows, is the intrinsic factor which the economy grows, in other words, the innovation is the growth soul, the innovation is the company grows the rapid reason. the innovation is the company grows the rapid reason. in today, the traditional industry time is specially progressive to the information age, the innovation spirit full small company develops surpasses traditional the big company, the american small business bureaus statistics indicated, the new company creates new product compared to big enterprise many 250%. a us national science foundations research believed, new company each us dollar the research and development expense obtain the innovation profit is big enterprises 4 times, the new company innovates enters the market is equally 2.2 years, but the big enterprise is 3.1 years.(3)caisson “the entrepreneur judges (entrepreneurial judgments) to say”; caisson (casson.mark) to entrepreneur and entrepreneur function limits.casson believed that, entrepreneurs function is the entrepreneur judges (entrepreneurial judgments), the entrepreneur is specially the human who makes the judgment for the scarce resources coordination. in the entrepreneur function, besides affirmed schumpeter “the innovation function”, proposed: 1st, arbitrage function; 2nd, creates the market the function. the entrepreneur reduces the transaction cost through intermediary and the internalization two ways, the improvement transaction system, urges the market the formation.(4)in our country practical life entrepreneur definition, is manager (manager) regards as operator like factory manager entrepreneur (entrepreneur).if the chinese business owners state-owned enterprises reform course, discovered the state-owned enterprise operators choice used to appoint, enterprise systems and so on the appointment, contract, has not had the satisfying effect. our country scholars thought chinese enterprise is radically “the entrepreneur vacancy”, the operator only is “the national cadre”; some scholars thought if does not have the operator to choose the mechanism the establishment, in fact our operator equally business capacity cannot compared to total population average ability high how many, our country state-owned enterprise loss reaches above 40%, besides other factors, operators choice does not work as is the most major problem, take state-owned enterprises operator as the example, did not have operators turnover mechanism, the elimination mechanism, the operator troop still to maintain at one kind the level which made one satisfy with difficulty. synthesizes several kind of classifications: below the authoritative source obtains the quite accurate definition: the economic theory and the economical practice development clue all closely is connected with the entrepreneur, the entrepreneur has the special human capital, is most important, the scarcest social resources. from entrepreneurs characteristic, the function and the function realization explores the analysis, has the possibility to obtain the theory the coordination entrepreneur to define the answer with the practice in. entrepreneurs characteristic is refers to the entrepreneurial spirit and ability essential attribute, entrepreneurs function is by the entrepreneur market function, the resources function, manages the function, the innovation function for the main body function system. entrepreneurs full essential condition is, has the entrepreneur substantive characteristics, under certain environmental condition restraint, maximum limit realizes the entrepreneur function, and obtains the remarkable achievement operator.second, the entrepreneurial spirit definitionin this terminology connotation analyzes from “the entrepreneurial spirit”, the spirit first is one energetic quality, “the spirit first is one thought form, is ideology which one kind of actuation wisdom exercises the mind,” but “the spirit is incompletely indicated merely individual consciousness condition or the process psychology, the subjective concept, the spirit is opposite in consciousness, it as if should be is abstract to the consciousness one kind of value.” the entrepreneurial spirit also is indicated entrepreneur this special community has the common characteristic, is the unique individual quality, the value orientation as well as the thought pattern abstract expression which they have, is to the entrepreneur rationality and non-rational logical organization one kind of surmounting, the sublimation. the entrepreneur community is in sole possession of the remarkable energetic characteristic distinguishes on and other community characteristic, the people daily also regard as it are successful entrepreneur personally intrinsic management consciousness, the idea, the courage and the charm, and may distinguish, choose and assigns the entrepreneur by this rod. the entrepreneurial spirit is an extremely broad concept is containing the extremely rich content, very difficultly to its next standard, eternal definition. says from the narrow sense, entrepreneurial spirit (entrepreneurship) is entrepreneur this special community forms in long-term production management and operation, take entrepreneur own unique individual quality as the foundation, take innovates the spirit as the core, take risk load bearing spirit as symbol one comprehensive energetic quality.in the people daily economic society life, the entrepreneurial spirit is symbolizing one kind individual talent which differentiates obviously with the average person, but how much height manifests not merely for the actual wealth or status, this kind of talent enables the entrepreneur naturally to become the main undertaker who the social welfare promotes the responsibility, becomes the impetus economy development and the system vicissitude formidable power. the entrepreneur is the enterprise personification symbol; the entrepreneurial spirit is entrepreneurs rod.附录2企业家与企业家精神概述第一、企业家的定义对于企业家的定义和描述可以分成4种：（1）制度经济学派的“技术结构阶层”；制度经济学派从“技术决定论”出发，制度经济学派从“技术决定论”出发，认为“最重要的生产要素”决定社会权力转移和社会制度演进，在封建时代的最重要的生产力要素是“土地”，在资本主义时代最重要的生产力要素是“资本”，当储蓄超过投资时，资本的决定力下降，步入后资本主义时代（现代资本主义），最重要的生产力要素变成“专门知识以及与之相适应的组织形式”，理论知识成为社会核心，成为决策的依靠，这时权力也从资本家转向“技术阶层”，技术阶层是指科技人员、管理阶层。美国经济学家小阿尔佛雷德钱得勒称这是“经理革命”；1973年，美国经济学家道格拉斯诺斯研究从公元900-1700的西方经济史，提出制度的产生是源于交易成本的节约，企业制度的设计成为经济学界的焦点。同一时期，科斯的企业的性质使我们可以从产权决定角度研究企业和企业家，近年来我国国企改革目标就是建立现代企业制度，希望从产权关系下解决企业经营者的激励、约束、监督等问题；根据产权理论经营权与所有权分离，产生委托代理关系，企业家的角色就是资产的代理人，拥有企业法人财产所有权；“企业家”这个词16世纪出现在法语中，即指挥军事远征的人。18世纪法国人用这个词定义其它种类冒险活动的人。1755年，法国经济学家理查德坎博龙将企业家精神定义为“承担不确定性”；1815年，萨伊政治经济学概论第一次将企业家列入经济发展的要素之一，尽管萨伊忽略了资本形成的创造性和责任心企业家精神重要的两翼。 （2）熊彼特的“创新功能说”；1942年“创新主义经济学之父”美籍奥地利经济学家熊比特在资本主义、社会主义与民主主义中，使“企业家”这一独特的生产力要素成为最重要要素。熊比特指出，所谓创新就是企业家对新产品、新市场、新的生产方式、新组织的开拓以及新的原材料来源的控制调配，企业家被称为“创新的灵魂”。熊比特在其经济发展理论中指出，经济发展是动态的，是对现存的均衡状况的改变。经济发展不是因为人口、欲望状态、经济和生产组织的变化这些被称为“生产扩张的外部因素”，企业家对生产要素的重新组合才是经济增长的基本动力，才是经济增长的内在因素，也就是说，创新是增长的灵魂，创新是公司成长迅速的原因。特别是在今天，传统的工业时代向信息时代进步，创新精神十足的小公司发展超过传统的大公司，美国小企业局的统计表明，新公司创造的新产品比大企业多250。美国国家科学基金会的一项研究认为，新公司每一美元研究与发展费用所获得的创新利润是大企业的4倍，新公司创新进入市场平均是2.2年，而大企业是3.1年。 （3）卡森的“企业家判断（entrepreneurial judgments）说”；卡森（caissonmark）对企业家和企业家职能的界定。卡森认为，企业家的功能是企业家判断（entrepreneuri