数字电路介绍外文翻译.docx

附录1 译文数字电路介绍数字电路定义：用数字信号完成对数字量进行算术运算和逻辑运算的电路称为数字电路，或数字系统。由于它具有逻辑运算和逻辑处理功能，所以又称数字逻辑电路。 数字逻辑电路分类（按功能分）： 1、组合逻辑电路 简称组合电路，它由最基本的的逻辑门电路组合而成。特点是：输出值只与当时的输入值有关，即输出惟一地由当时的输入值决定。电路没有记忆功能，输出状态随着输入状态的变化而变化，类似于电阻性电路，如加法器、译码器、编码器、数据选择器等都属于此类。 2、时序逻辑电路 简称时序电路，它是由最基本的逻辑门电路加上反馈逻辑回路（输出到输入）或器件组合而成的电路，与组合电路最本质的区别在于时序电路具有记忆功能。时序电路的特点是：输出不仅取决于当时的输入值，而且还与电路过去的状态有关。它类似于含储能元件的电感或电容的电路，如触发器、锁存器、计数器、移位寄存器、储存器等电路都是时序电路的典型器件。 数字电路的特点： 1、同时具有算术运算和逻辑运算功能 数字电路是以二进制逻辑代数为数学基础，使用二进制数字信号，既能进行算术运算又能方便地进行逻辑运算（与、或、非、判断、比较、处理等），因此极其适合于运算、比较、存储、传输、控制、决策等应用。 2、实现简单，系统可靠 以二进制作为基础的数字逻辑电路，简单可靠，准确性高。 3、集成度高，功能实现容易 集成度高，体积小，功耗低是数字电路突出的优点之一。电路的设计、维修、维护灵活方便，随着集成电路技术的高速发展，数字逻辑电路的集成度越来越高，集成电路块的功能随着小规模集成电路（ssi）、中规模集成电路（msi）、大规模集成电路（lsi）、超大规模集成电路（vlsi）的发展也从元件级、器件级、部件级、板卡级上升到系统级。电路的设计组成只需采用一些标准的集成电路块单元连接而成。对于非标准的特殊电路还可以使用可编程序逻辑阵列电路，通过编程的方法实现任意的逻辑功能。 数字电路的应用： 数字电路与数字电子技术广泛的应用于电视、雷达、通信、电子计算机、自动控制、航天等科学技术各个领域。集成电路的发展:从20世纪60年代开始，集成电路的发展经历了小规模、中规模、大规模和超大规模的发展阶段，现在正向规模更大的集成电路发展。到2000年，半导体动态随机存贮器将达10位比，相当于每个芯片上10个元器件，电路设计规则将缩小到0.1微米。6070年代，技术焦点是成熟电路的集成化。19701985年，技术发展的中心是微处理器和存贮器。1985年以后技术研究的热点是专用集成电路。进入大规模集成电路以后，设计技术的进步，特别是计算机辅助设计的发展起着越来越重要的作用。自1958年第一块集成电路问世后，1960年首批集成电路在美国出现。这属于小规模集成电路。由于工艺条件的限制，开始的集成电路大多是混合型的，即综合了集成工艺和分离电子元件工艺。第一台集成电路计算机含有587块集成电路。随着集成电路工艺的改进和发展，到1964年集成电路的价格已经低于分离元件等效电路的价格。通用计算机集成化的时代终于来临了。 到60年代末，美国发展集成工艺所达到的水平已经可以用大规模集成电路来制造专用计算机。1969年自动化公司制成机载计算机d200的样机，它的中央处理器由24块大规模集成电路做成，每一块包含142到1050个晶体管。到70年代，已经可以把一电子计算机的中央处理部件集成在一个硅片上，诞生了集成的微处理器和微处理机。它不仅给工业界带来了变革，也影响了整个人类的生活。1977年，超大规模集成电路工艺取得突破性进展，一片硅片上已经可以容纳万个以上的晶体管，16k位和64k位的存贮器生产出来。1985年英特尔公司推出的80386微处理器，集成度达到27万个晶体管。到90年代，多芯片集成方式在美国提出，对解决集成电路的规模有极大的益处。附录2 英文参考资料to introduce digital circuit definition digital circuit: with the completion of the digital signal for digital arithmetic and logic operations of computing circuits known as digital circuits, or digital systems. because of its logic operations and processing logic, therefore, also known as digital logic circuits. classification of digital logic circuits (according to the functions of points): 1, the combination of logic referred to as the combination of circuit, which isthe most basic logic gate combination. characterized by: the output value and only then enter the value, that is, the only output from the input value at the time the decision. no memory circuit, with the input output status of a state of change, similar to the resistance of the circuit, such as the adder, decoder, encoder, data selector and so on, belong to this category. 2, sequential logic circuits referred to as the timing circuit, which is the most basic logic gates together with the logic of the feedback loop (output to the input) device or a combination of the circuit, with the combination of the nature of the circuits timing difference is that the circuit has a memory function. timing circuit is characterized by: not only depend on the output value of the input, but also with the state circuit in the past. it is similar to the energy storage device with the inductor or capacitor circuit, such as flip-flops, latches, counters, shift register, memory circuits, and so are the typical timing circuit devices. digital circuit characteristics: 1, at the same time with arithmetic operations and functions of logic operation digital logic circuits based on binary math to algebra basis for the use of binary digital signal, not only for arithmetic operations and can easily carry out logic operations (and, or, non-judge, compared to deal with, and so on) and therefore extremely suitable for operations, compared with , storage, transmission, control, decision-making applications. 2, simple, reliable system on the basis of binary digital logic circuits, simple and reliable, high-accuracy. 3, highly integrated, feature easy to achieve high integration, small size, low-power digital circuit is one of the outstanding advantages. circuit design, repair andmaintainflexibility,withthedevelopmentofhigh-speedintegratedcircuit technology, digital logic circuits of increasing integration, the functions of chips as small-scale integrated circuits (ssi), inscale integrated circuits(msi),large-scaleintegratedcircuits(lsi),ultra-large-scaleintegrated circuits (vlsi) from the development of the component level, the device level, component level, board level to system-level rise. circuit composed of just using standard cell chips connected. for the special non-standard circuit can also use programmable logic array circuit through the programming method of arbitrary logic function. application of digital circuit: digital circuits and digital electronic technology usedinawiderangeof television, radar, communications, computer, automation, space science and technology in various fields.the development of integrated circuits:from the beginning of the 1960s, the development of the integrated circuit has gone through small-scale, medium scale and large-scale and ultra-large-scale stage of development, is now an even larger scale, the development of integrated circuits. by 2000, dynamic random access memory semiconductors will reach more than 10, each the equivalent of 10 chip components, circuit design rules will be reduced to 0.1 micron. 60 to 70 years, is the focus of the technical maturity of the integrated circuit.from1970 to 1985, technology development center is the microprocessor and memory. research in 1985 after the application specific integrated circuit is hot. into the large-scale integratedcircuits,design and technological progress, especially in the development of computer-aided design plays an increasingly important role. since 1958, the first piece of integrated circuits come out, in 1960 the first batch of integrated circuits in the united states. this is a small-scale integrated circuits. as the process conditions, the beginning of the integrated circuit are mixed, that is a combination of technology and integrated electronic components separation process. the first integrated circuit computer containing 587 integrated circuits. with the improvement of the integrated circuit technology and development of the integrated circuit in 1964 the price had been below the separation of components of the price of equivalent circuit. general integrated computer era has finally come. 60 to the end, the united states the development of integration process has reached the level of large-scale integrated circuits can be used to create a dedicated computer. in 1969 the company made automated on-board computer prototype of the d200, its central processing unit by 24 large-s