外文翻译---一种确定大气垂直折光系数的新方法.docx

附录a vertical atmospheric refraction coefficient to determine new ways offrist. interoductiona long time, trigonometric leveling observations in many types of geodetic measurement concept is considered a class of low precision, the reason for this is because of the vast numbers of measurements so far have not found work well to eliminate the impact of a trigonometric leveling a major factor in the accuracy of the methods and measures, thus limiting this approach in the elevation measurement. we know that, in addition to observational error, the impact of trigonometric leveling is a major factor in the accuracy of the vertical atmospheric refraction and vertical deviation, when the distance is longer, the accuracy of trigonometric leveling is mainly affected by the effects of atmospheric refraction vertical. therefore,many workers have long been measured in the study to determine the vertical atmospheric refraction coefficient method. long-term studies have shown that analysis of radio field as a result of the atmosphere of time and space with the rapidly changing, especially in recent changes in surface temperature gradient is very large, in order to establish a universal and practical model to eliminate or accurate atmospheric correction of the effects of the vertical refractive index is very difficult and even almost impossible. in recent years, with the continuous development of measuring instruments and updating, especially the precision range finder trigonometric leveling in the application, causing a number of scholars on the refractive index of geodesy more in-depth research.second, atmospheric vertical refraction coefficientwe know that the density of light through the medium non-uniform refraction will occur, so that light into a complex of both curvature and torsion of space curves. in the survey, because the temperature in time and space changes in the density of the atmosphere have also taken place in time and space changes, so the speed of light waves, amplitude, phase and propagation direction are randomly generated impact. in light of such properties, it is difficult to even make it almost impossible to use a general model useful to describe the light in。this gas properties. on a particular area, the atmospheric density in a variety of different conditions, differences arising from the need to use ecterms to describe the law, the same token, the vertical atmospheric refraction coefficient is also necessary to determine the statistical laws. the emergence of the phenomenon of refraction, which was mainly due to light through the atmosphere because of uneven density, the non-uniformity are mainly distributed in the vertical direction, with a wavelength of light shot out of the atmosphere, in the final analysis is the condition of the atmospheric density of the . trigonometric leveling refraction of the impact can be attributed to atmospheric refraction on the vertical angle vertical or zenith distance observations of the effects of atmospheric refraction effects of the vertical real-time field is always inevitably included in the vertical angle or zenith distance of the actual observations in.therefore, the impact is always in the vertical angle or zenith distance observations of changes in size and directly reflected to the same function and form of participation in the calculation, which have an impact.third, determine the atmospheric vertical refraction coefficient methodat present, the determination of atmospheric refraction coefficient vertical approach more, past and present, many scholars have conducted research, givenrefraction correction model for many, but these formulas are basically the use of meteorological elements measured refraction coefficient calculation, requiring a high degree ofangle measured at the same time observing a large number of meteorological data, it cost more, in practical work, using less. in this paper, the vertical atmospheric refraction coefficient as random parameters, in the adjustment together with the solution of the main parameters. the selection of the parameters measured in accordance with the geographical area the case may be, you can set up a parameter region can also be set up district election. the adjustment in this model, each station used to set a parameter to determine the method of measuring the average of the refraction coefficient.fourh. examplean example is a triangle with 13-point elevation of the triangular control net (network tulio), in the surveyed area, o is known to its point, the set of the points of vertical deflection relative to zero, that is the point of gravity direction and the corresponding ellipsoid of the normal surface direction. in the example, because of the distance has reached the mm-level observations, we assume that there being no error in the adjustment does not consider its impact. the example of field work is carried out in june, is t3 theodolite measuring instruments, allowed the goal is to cross-foot base, the base apparatus and horizontal feet are put in the cement column 1.20m high. a total of 13 specific points, 39 edges, and each side are at the same time of the observation,vertical angle measurement using four back, observing the 9 hours of 17:00 a.1. atmospheric refraction coefficient of the approximation used to identify examples of this type to determine the refractive index of each side of the approximation coefficients (rounded down to the nearest k negative value), and then calculated for each of the approximate average station.2. observing the right to determine the elevation differencedetermined by trigonometric leveling the elevation, the accuracy with the side length varies, the longer the length, the greater the error, the lower accuracy, and secondly, to the observation of one-way observation elevation and elevation difference accuracy is not the same . in the network adjustment, in order to distinguish between the accuracy of elevation differences, on the need to determine the elevation of the right of observation.sixth. conclusionby atmospheric refraction on the vertical impact of trigonometric leveling is always included in the zenith distance or vertical angle observations will refraction coefficient as random parameters and solving together the main parameters, obtained by atmospheric refraction coefficient thus reflecting its on the impact of observations. an example of this side of 39, some side of the river due to the impact of its large coefficient of atmospheric refraction, in 14 points, k value of 0.08 between o.11 have a 11, the average of the measured refraction coefficient k = 0.092, and chinas statistics are basically the same. therefore, the method recommended in this article can be a simple and economical method.一种确定大气垂直折光系数的新方法一、引言长期以来，三角高程测量的观测值在大地测量诸多类观测量中被认为是低精度的一类，之所以如此，是由于广大测量工作者迄今还没有找到一种能很好消除影响三角高程测量精度的主要因素的方法和措施，因而限制了这一方法在高程测量中的应用。我们知道，除观测误差外，影响三角高程测量精度的主要因素是大气垂直折光和垂线偏差，当距离较长时，三角高程测量的精度主要受大气垂直折光的影响。所以，众多测量工作者长期以来一直在研究、探讨确定大气垂直折光系数的方法。长期的研究表明，由于大气折射场随时间和空间的瞬息变化，特别是近地面温度梯度的变化非常大，要想建立一个普遍实用的模型来消除或精确改正大气垂直折光的影响是很困难的，甚至几乎是不可能的。近几年来，随着测量仪器的不断发展和更新，特别是精密测距仪在三角高程测量中的应用，引起了众多学者对大地测量折光的更深入的研究。二、大气垂直折光系数我们知道，光线通过密度不均匀的介质时会发生折射，从而使光线成为一条复杂的既有曲率又有挠率的空间曲线。在测量工作中，由于温度在时间和空间上的变化，使大气的密度也发生时间和空间上的变化，从而对光波的光速、振幅、相位和传播方向都产生随机影响。于光波的这种属性，使得我们很难甚至几乎不可能用一种普遍实用的模型来描述光波在大气中的这种属性。就某一地区而言，大气密度在各种不同条件下产生的不同差异，需要用统计规律来描述，同理，大气垂直折光系数也需用统计规律来确定。折光现象的产生，主要是由于光线所通过的大气密度不均匀的缘故，其不均匀性主要分布在垂直方向上，同一种波长的光波的大气折射，归根到底是由大气密度的状况决定的。大气折射对三角高程的影响，可以归结为大气垂直折光对垂直角或天顶距观测值的影响，大气垂直折光的影响总是实时实地不可避免地包含在垂直角或天顶距的实际观测值中。所以该影响总是在垂直角或天顶距观测值的大小与变化中直接反映出来，并以同样的函数形式参与计算，从而