外文翻译---废杂铜的回收与利用.docx

附录a 外文翻译-原文部分recycling of scrap copperchina as the largest developing country in the world, in realizing industrialized process especially in keeping tao min economy in the process of rapid development of non-ferrous metals demand is very, especially copper its supply is very tight. copper shortage is to restrict our country copper processing industry is one of the main factors. the 2011 world copper output is 20000000 t about, among them 85% to 90% from the copper extraction and smelting out 10% 15% from cu recycling. so the copper recycling industry becom the important way for copper resources shortage.in view of present situation of copper scrap copper resources and renewable investment, low energy consumption and cost, little pollution and has simple process and other characteristics, copper scrap recycling in china by mushroom considered.1 chinese copper demand and resource status1.1 chinese copper demandat present, china has become the worlds largest consumer of copper, copper processing industry manufacturing base and the copper base product export country. our country is in the world of refined copper consumption growth is the rapiddest, the average growth rate is2.4 times of world, especially since 2000, an average annual increase of about300000 t, become pull move consumption growth in the major countries of world copper. copper are mainly used for electric power, electrical and electronics, machinery manufacturing, construction, transportation and other industries. with the rapid development of automobile industry, the state of rural electrified wire netting transform, especially copper shortage. in 2010december the national development and reform commission report, in construction, automotive and other industries to speed the development of drive, china copper consumption showed a steady upward trend, demand growth is much higher than the growth rate of the chinese alligator.1.2 of chinas copper resourcescopper resources shortage is chinas copper industry the most outstanding problem, industry of our country copper smelting capacity greatly exceeds the guarantee ability of copper concentrate. chinas copper base reserves30420000 resources, resources total 62180000t. copper mine reserves and foreign comparable part, not exceeding 18000000 t12j, ranking seventh in the world. but from tell on the whole, the copper resources in china is still very poor ( especially the lack of rich copper ), and foreign copper resource countries still have quite big difference. chinas domestic copper concentrate supply is less than 30%, more than 70% of the need to rely on imports.copper resources in china is characterized by small deposits, large, superlarge deposit less. the characteristics of the hill of our country copper mine construction dimensions slants generally small, and after several decades of intensive mining, their reserves at a substantially reduced, some even have almost been exhausted. notably, chinas copper reserves most of them have been developed, the future there is a part of capacity to disappear.resource of our country copper is another characteristic of ore, ore less, complex polymetallic ore, copper ore less single. the average grade of 0.78% copper, copper grade of more than 1% high grade copper reserves accounted for only36%, and the underground mine, open pit mine is little, poor mining conditions.chinas copper resources are very unevenly distributed, mainly in the southwest of sanjiang, yangtze river, southeast is coastal, qin qikun metallogenic belt and jilin and liaoning eastern gangdese metallogenic belt, tibet. to provide alternative resources mining is mostly located in economy relatively backward center-west region, exterior construction condition difference, scale mining requires a certain amount of time, so the mine production of copper mineral of copper content to increase, will gradually decline.2 recycling of scrap copper statusaccording to the china nonferrous metals industry association, in 2004, chinas recycling scrap copper1160000 t, occupy the copper consumption 28%, not including copper and copper products factory direct recycle corner than expected and the imperfection of about 1000000 t.2004domestic recycling copper360000 t,171 into the copper scrap3960000t (equivalent to belong to base800000 t ). according to the 2003china copper raw materials and products in the v1number display of copper into the f1growth is the rapiddest, reached 25%, copper concentrate in8% vi growth, cathode copper into a 12% fall in el. in 2006 i because of refined copper output is 3000000 t, and scrap copper include n and gang in the recovery of the already amounted to 5620000 t ( copper scrap metal dong a total of approximately1680000 t ). copper scrap recycling and trading status of copper market will produce bigger and bigger effect.chinas most economically developed areas in the yangtze river delta, pearl river delta, bohai is the most in short supply of copper mineral resources in the region, is also our country renewable copper and copper processing production the biggest area. 80% of the countrys copper processing enterprises located in three regions,75% of the countrys annual recycling of scrap copper. the three to ninth regenerated copper industry has its own characteristics: the pearl river delta region are mainly imported waste dismantling, classification, sales copper materials; yangtze river delta ix represented zhejiang, the use of copper production of copper and brass products; of area of annulus bohai mainly in tianjin, has more than 200warehouse industry the use of copper wire and cable production. in the copper use, can be divided into direct and indirect use of two by according to estimation, copper by plus j:, about l / 3to fine copper returned form market, namely through the anode furnace smelting production of electrolytic copper, often called the regeneration of copper; the other2/ 3with a refined copper or copper alloy form xia new a connection for use, production of copper or copper alloy products.3 copper scrap classificationcopper according to the different stages, can be divided into: industrial production process resulting in a copper, produced during the processing of new copper, consumers use after the old copper three class;(1) a copper. as substandard anode cathode and anode material, waste. these wastes are not deep processing or selling, it is usually to return to the previous step, substandard copper usually xia new return export converter or anode furnace for refining, defective material is melting and recasting.(2) the new copper. new copper refers to new trim or internally generated copper factory. this copper is produced during machining, it with a copper the main difference lies in the alloy or covering of cho could have been doped.(3) the old copper. the old copper is abandoned, used or externally generated scrap copper. it comes from has reached its limit the use of the product.according to scrap copper copper amount is different, also can be divided for copper:(1) the l copper. this copper copper in the lowest content is 99%, the minimum diameter or thickness of 1.6 mm. l copper including cable, heavy copper ( cutting chip, chip, a bus bar piercing ) and wire nodules.(2) no. 2copper. this copper copper in the minimum content of 96%, with the line, heavy copper or nodular form, and contains several other restrictions.(3) low copper. the minimum amount of copper scrap copper92%, the composition of pure copper, pure copper surface paint or coating (drain pipes,) or had been heavily oxidized (4) refining brass products. this include various types of components in mixed alloy of copper, the minimum amount of copper is 61.3%, other less restrictive.(5) copper containing waste. this type includes all low copper content of raw materials, such as slag, slag, sludge, return material, powder and other waste.4copper processing4.1wire and cable processingwire and cable so far is the old copper in a most general kind. scrap wire, cable recycling is mainly to make copper wire and an insulating layer separation, there are four main ways: (1) mechanical separation, the law can be divided into two types. the debarking machine processing method, this method is suitable for processing the thickness of basically the same wires. this process has the following characteristics: can be used for comprehensive recovery of scrap wire and cable and copper in an embedding material, comprehensive utilization level is higher; the output of the copper shavings contain substantially no plastic, reducing the melting plastic pollution of the atmosphere; and has the advantages of simple process, easy to mechanization and automation; process higher electricity consumption, the blade wear. the method is suitable for processing thick cables and wires. (2) iow temperature freezing method, low temperature processing waste recycling metals and insulators in the process the method is suitable for processing various sizes of wires and cables. waste wire by freezing insulation layer is brittle, then the broken insulating layer and copper separation. (3) chemical stripping method. using an organic solvent of the wire insulation layer is dissolved away, this method can produce high-quality copper, thismethod is to find an effective and cheap solvent. (4) the thermal decomposition method, the united states patent no. 4040865was proposed by using the method of thermal decomposition insulating layer obtained after burncopper wire. 4.2 car scrap recyclingchinas automobile waste quantity along with the car retains the quantity increases sharply. these vehicles will be accumulated elimination, scrapped, the still has tens of thousands of home every year tens of millions of tons of vehicle garbage. other countries have to transfer to china auto trash situation. vehicle g arbage may be recycled resources are very rich, of which there are 3cho copper recycling potential resources.the first is open collector, in broken before it has been separated from the car manual. radiator accessories the tin lead solder, this requires the use of radiator parts remelting and refining, in order to obtain pure copper. however, using different solder or brazing new assembly technology can directly from the radiator or heater zero components without the need for refining. this kind of radiator of copper call charge utilization rate is close to100%.a car is scrapped in the waste steel and iron separation out after the rest of the nonferrous metal scrap scrap copper second source. nonferrous metal scrap metal: there are three main types of aluminum, copper and zinc. but the automobile circuit is mainly composed of copper wire. from the non-ferrous metal waste separation of copper with several methods, such as hand picked, air filter and heavy medium separation.finally, a source of copper metal separation cracked residue. this residue is mainly composed of dust and organic matter composition - the dashboard and steering wheel, plastic cushion, carpet and fabric fluff. the residue includes up to 3% copper and some oil value.4.3 electronic waste processingelectronic waste is the two copper in a rapidly growing. is now vigorously develop the recycling of the raw material of copper technology. electronic waste is defined as the production of electronic hardware wastes and discarded used electronic products. because of this, it includes the old copper and copper.the overall composition of electronic scrap cho to fall into three categories: (1) plastic (2) refractory oxide; (3) metal the metal is approximately half the copper, also contains several base considerable gold and silver.the separation of metal from electronic waste and become ore processing method of similarity. the method is similar to automobile scrap recycling, namely: to facilitate the recovery of large split; broken in order to reduce the residual material size; separating metal from plastics and ceramics.5conclusionchinas copper scrap recycling also has many of the problems to be solved.(1) iow grade copper scrap to flood the market. chinas imports of copper scrap mostly low grade scrap copper, such as discarded cables, electrical equipment, i.e. without pretreatment of useless miscellaneous copper, while imports after the selection after the no. 1, no. 2copper is relatively less. recommended strict copper imports of quality, amount of imports of scrap copper.(2) the serious pollution to the environment. as a result of our country scrap copper enterprises belong to the collective or private enterprises, these enterprises to fully to copper scrap as raw material, using simple production process for smelting recycled, thus the environment causes serious pollution. suggestion: 1. the scrap copper processing using, especially the major scrap copper center of environmental protection departments to strictly implement the state environmental regulations, strengthen supervision, propaganda, such as further formulate relevant provisions, resolutely banned the burning of waste electric wires cables in the hair wire; no impurity containing too much copper scrap ( copper content below 90%) direct smelting furnace, so as to avoid large area of air pollution. the gradual improvement of scrap copper base copper scrap management, improve the quality of employees, strengthen the consciousness of environmental protection. the strictcan use scrap copper direct production of black rod, national classics trade appoint already will produce the black rod technology as an out process, the relevant departments should supervise the implementation.(3) the production technology and equipment behind. chinas scrap copper production enterprises not only quantity, small scale, manage dispersive, backward technology and equipment, and large energy consumption, low utilization rate of resources recycling. suggestion: the elimination of backward technology, the introduction of advanced production equipment.(4) iack of resources, serious waste. chinas shortage of mineral resources, prospecting difficulty is big, the main mineral shortage, in a short period of time is difficult to improve, it must be imported large quantities of scrap copper to make up the gap. according to statistics, china mineral resources recovery rate of only 30%, and associated mineral resources comprehensive utilization rate of less than 20%, and foreign average above 50% in. as the level of science and technology is backward, resource products in the subsequent use of process efficiency, at present, our country to create a unit of gdp energy consumption and raw material is developed several times to several times. geological administrative lag, management of mineral resources is relatively weak, some mineral resources development and utilization of order disorder, collect rich abandon poor, resulting in a tremendous waste of resources. suggestion: cherish the resources, the importance of renewable. effective use of existing copper resources, expansion of copper natural resources can use range. 附录b 外文翻译-译文部分废杂铜的回收与利用我国作为世界上最大的发展中国家，在实现工业化的过程中尤其是在保持陶民经济快速发展的过程中对有色金属的需求十分强劲，特别是铜，其供应十分紧张。铜资源的严重不足将是制约我国铜加工业发展的主要因素之一。2011年世界精铜年产量约为2000万t，其中8590是从铜矿提取冶炼出来的，1015来自铜的回收利用。因此铜再生产业成为弥补铜资源不足的重要途径。鉴于铜资源现状和废杂铜再生投资、能耗和成本低、污染小和工艺较简单等特点，废杂铜回收在我国极受蕈视。1我国铜的需求及资源状况11我国铜的需求状况目前，我国已成为全球最大的铜消费国、铜加工业制造基地和铜基础产品输出国。我国是世界上精铜消费量增长最快的国家，平均增长率是全球的24倍，特别是2000年以来平均每年增加约30万t，成为拉动世界铜消费增长的主要国家。我国的铜主要用于电力、电子电气、机械制造、建筑、交通运输等行业。随着汽车工业的快速发展，国家对农村电网进行改造，铜的短缺状况尤为突出。2010年12月国家发改委公布的报告显示，在建筑、汽车等行业高速发展的带动下，我国铜材消费呈稳步上升态势，需求鼍的增速远远高于产量增速。12我国的铜资源状况铜资源严重不足是我国铜工业最突出的问题，我国铜工业冶炼能力大大超过铜精矿的保障能力。我国铜基础储量3042万t，资源量3177万t，资源总量6218万t。铜矿储量与国外可比部分，不超过1800万t，居世界第七位12j。但是从总体上讲，我国铜资源依然很贫乏(尤其是缺乏富铜矿)，与国外铜资源国家相比仍然有相当大的差距。我国国内铜精矿的供应不到30，超过70的需要依赖进口。我国铜矿资源的特点是中小型矿床多，大型、超大型矿床少。该特点使我国铜矿山建设规模普遍偏小，且经过几十年的强化开采，它们的资源储量在大幅度减少，有的甚至已接近枯竭。尤为突出的是，我国铜储量绝大部分都已被开发，未来还有一部分产能要消失。我国铜资源的另一个特点是贫矿多，富矿少，复杂多金属矿多，单一铜矿少。铜矿平均品位为078，含铜品位大于1的富矿仅占铜储量的36，且地下矿多，露天矿少，开采条件较差。我国铜矿资源分布很不均匀，主要分布在西南三江、长江中下游、东南沿海、秦祁昆成矿带以及辽吉黑东部、西藏冈底斯成矿带。能提供接替资源的矿山大多地处经济较落后的中西部地区，外部建设条件差，规模开采需要一定的时间，因此近期矿山铜产量难以增加，矿产铜量将逐步下降一。2我国废杂铜回收利用的现状据中国有色金属工业协会再生金属分会介绍，2004年，我国回收利用废铜1 16万t，占铜消费量的28，不包括铜加工和铜制品生产厂直接回收利用的边角余料和残次品约100万t.2004年国内回收废铜36万t、进171含铜废料396万t(折合属鼍80万t)。据2003年我国铜原料及产品的进v1数量显示废铜进f1增长最快，达到25，铜精矿进vi增长8，阴极铜进el下降12。2006年我因精铜产量为300万t，而废杂铜包括进n和冈内回收的已达562万t(废杂铜金属董合计约168万t)。废铜的回收利用及交易状况对铜市场会产生越来越大的影响。我国经济最发达地区长江三角洲、珠江三角洲、环渤海等是铜的矿产资源最紧缺的区域，也是我国再生铜和铜加工产量最大的地区。全国80的铜加工企业分布在这三个地区，每年回收利用了全国75的废杂铜。这三个地的再生铜产业具有各自的特色：珠江三角洲地区主要是进口废料进行拆解、分类、销售废铜原料；长江三角洲地以浙江为代表，利用废铜生产铜材及黄铜制品；环渤海地区主要是以天津为主，有超过200家仓业利用废铜生产电线电缆。在废铜利用方式上，可分为直接利用与间接利用两种。据估算，废铜经再加j：后，有大约l3以精铜的形式返回市场，即经过阳极炉熔炼之后生产电解铜，即通常所称的再生精铜；另23以非精炼铜或铜合金的形式霞新a接使用，生产铜材或铜合金产品。3废杂铜的分类废铜按其产生的阶段不同，可以分为：工业生产过程中产生的一次废铜，加工过程中产生的新废铜，消费者使用后产生的旧废铜三类；(1)一次废铜。如不合规格的阳极、阴极和坯料，阳极废品。这些废料不能进行深加工或出售，通常是将其返回上一步工序，不合规格的铜通返回转炉或阳极炉进行电解精炼，有缺陷的坯料则进行重熔和重铸。(2)新废铜。新废铜是指新的边角料或工厂内部产生的废铜。这种废铜是在加工过程中产生的，它与一次废铜的主要区别在于其在合金化或加覆盖物过程中町能已被掺杂。(3)旧废铜。旧废铜是指废弃的、用过的或(生产企业)外部产生的废铜。它来自已经达到其使用期限的产品。按废铜中含铜量的不同，又可以把废铜分为：(1)l号废铜。这种废铜中铜的最低含量是99，最小直径或厚度为1.6 mm。l号废铜包括电缆线，“重”废铜(削剪屑、冲孔屑、公共汽车杆)和线结节。(2)2号废铜。这种废铜中铜的最低含量是96，以线、重废铜或结节的形式出现，并且包含其他几种限制。(3)低铜。这种废铜最低含铜量为92，其组成以纯铜为主，纯铜表面被油漆或是涂层覆盖(排水管，水口)或早已被严重氧化(锅炉、茶壶)。其中通常包含了少量的铜合金。(4)精炼黄铜制品。这个类型包括各种成分的混合合金