能源相关外文翻译.docx

外文资料翻译fossil energy and nuclear energy are considered nonrenewable energy types. nonrenewable energy is obtained from sources at a rate that exceeds the rate at which the sources are replenished. for example, if the biogenic origin of fossil fuels is correct, we could consider fossil fuels renewable over a period of millions of years, but the existing store of fossil fuels is being consumed over a period of centuries. because we are consuming fossil fuels at a rate that exceeds the rate of replenishment, we consider fossil fuels nonrenewable. similar comments apply to nuclear fuels such as uranium, as we observe in later chapters. solar energy is considered a renewable energy for the following reasons.1 renewable energy is energy obtained from sources at a rate that is less than or equal to the rate at which the source is replenished. in the case of solar energy, we can use only the amount of energy provided by the sun. because the remaining lifetime of the sun is measured in millions of years, many people consider solar energy an inexhaustible supply of energy. in fact, solar energy from the sun is finite, but should be available for use by many generations of people. solar energy is therefore considered renewable. energy sources that are associated with solar energy, such as wind and biomass, are also considered renewable. solar radiation may be converted to other forms of energy by several conversion processes. thermal conversion relies on the absorption of solar energy to heat a cool surface. biological conversion of solar energy relies on photosynthesis. photovoltaic conversion generates electrical power by the generation of an electrical current as a result of a quantum mechanical process. wind power and ocean energy conversion rely on atmospheric pressure gradients and oceanic temperature gradients to generate electrical power. in this chapter we focus on thermal conversion.we first discuss the source of available solar energy, and then consider solar energy technology in two of its three forms: passive solar, and active solar. the third form of solar energy, solar electric, is discussed in the next chapter. we end this chapter with a discussion of solar power plants.fossil fuels in the petroleum and natural gas is the worlds major one-time energy world energy council, according to statistics, has proven oil and gas recoverable reserves, according to the output of countries in 1992 terms, respectively, only the exploitation of 44 years and 60 years; although they may be recoverable reserves there will be new discoveries, but also the growth needs of the community, especially taking into account the economic development of third world countries, the exploitation of oil and gas fuel for a long time. in fossil fuels, although the most abundant coal reserves, but the serious pollution caused by coal-fired so that it can not become large the major source of energy worldwide. on the other hand, nuclear fusion reactions can provide clean energy, in the ocean contains about 42 trillion tons of the major nuclear fusion of deuterium-reactive substances; fusion reactor but it is very difficult to study, it is estimated that the next century to the late nuclear poly substation be possible to achieve widespread commercialization. therefore, in the 21st century, the prospects for energy, you may have to face the depletion of oil and gas resources, the commercialization of fusion power failure during the period of temporary shortage of such people. during this period in order to ensure sufficient human clean energy supply, use of solar energy for power generation is an inevitable choice. solar energy is the most important renewable sources of energy, the planet with all kinds of energy are closely related. in fact, the sun in earths evolution, biological reproduction and human development, plays a very important role, but also provides a human inexhaustible source of energy. solar interior ongoing response to the release of a high-temperature nuclear fusion power of about 3. 8 1026 watts of huge radiation, of which only arrived in regard to the atmospheric level二十亿分之一; through the atmosphere, about 30% reflected, 23% be absorbed, only half (approximately 8 1016 watts) of energy reaching the earths surface. even so, as long as they can make use of the very few, will be able to meet all the needs of humanity today. however, due to its low energy density, but also by the day and night, seasons, climate, location and other factors, on the ground by the use of solar energy to power a lot of constraints. in order to avoid these shortcomings, natural to consider the use of solar power in space of the feasibility of the possibility. power generation in 2010 is expected to the practical use of space space solar power is the first way of engineers first proposed by p. glaser. the basic idea is in the earths outer space or the moon to establish a base of solar power satellites, and then through the microwave energy transmitted to the scene to the receiving device, and then beam microwave energy into electrical energy for human use. advantage of this program is to make full use of solar energy outside the atmosphere, the elimination of solar energy in the ground, changes in the density of small and large shortcomings, without a huge energy storage device, not only to reduce the square, but also save a lot of equipment investment. it can be expected, with the photoelectric conversion materials and delivery areas such as technology, space solar power generation costs will be greatly reduced. the idea is proposed, subject to national attention. 1977 -1980 in the united states department of energy and nasa organizations to the concept of space solar power study, believe that its implementation does not exist insurmountable technical difficulties. at that time, a design known as the reference system of power generation systems; from 60 to solar panels, each block 10 kilometers long, five kilometers wide, generating 5,000,000 kilowatts, with a total capacity of 300 million kilowatts. with such a power generation satellites, the united states will be able to replace all of the ground station. as the system is too large, about 3,000 of the money to invest 100 billion u.s. dollars, at that time under the conditions of the cold war can hardly be supported. with the energy of all the outstanding progress in space technology in 1995, nasa set up a study group to re-examine this issue, a more comprehensive analysis of space solar power generation technical and economic feasibility of the program also are very different: adopted a progressive self-development model, that is, the first 100-150 to launch a 100 million u.s. dollars investment for 250,000 kilowatts of power satellites, the sale of electricity in order to recover their investment and profit, and then expand the scale of power generation satellites. the research group estimates that after 2010, space power will be practical. at present, a number of other countries and international organizations, space solar power generation is also carried out work.solarsolar (solar) generally refers to the suns radiation energy. carried out in the solar interior from h together into a helium the nuclear reaction, kept a huge release of energy, and continue to the space radiation energy, which is solar energy. this solar nuclear fusion reaction inside the can to maintain the hundreds of millions of百亿年first time. solar radiation to space launch 3.8x10 23kw power of the radiation, of which 20 billionth of the earths atmosphere to reach. solar energy reaching the earths atmosphere, 30% of the atmosphere reflectance, 23% of atmospheric absorption, and the rest to reach the earths surface,its power of 80 trillion kw, that is to say a second exposure to the suns energy on earth is equivalent to five million tons of coal combustion heat release. the average per square meter in the atmosphere outside the area of energy per minute to receive about 1367w. a broad sense of the solar energy on earth many sources, such as wind energy, chemical energy, potential energy of water and so on. the narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemical conversion of the directly. at this stage, the worlds solar energy is still the focus of the study of solar energy power plant, but the diversification of the use of the condenser, and the introduction of flat-plate collector and a low boiling point working fluid, the device gradually expanded up to maximum output power 73.64kw, objective to compare the clear and practical, cost remains high. the construction of a typical device are as follows: 1901, california built a solar-powered pumping devices, the use of truncated cone condenser power: 7.36kw; 1902 1908 years, built in the united states five sets of double-cycle solar-powered engines, the use of flat-panel collector and a low boiling point working fluid; in 1913,human use of solar energy has a long history. china more than 2000 years ago, back in the warring states period, one will find that the use of four steel mirror to focus sunlight ignition; use of solar energy to dry agricultural products. the development of modern, solar energy has become increasingly widespread use, it includes the use of solar energy solar thermal, solar photovoltaic and solar energy use, such as the photochemical use. the use of solar photochemical reaction, a passive use (photo-thermal conversion) and the photoelectric conversion in two ways. a new solar power and renewable sources of energy use.silicon photovoltaic cells mainly in the absorption of solar light energy emitted by silicon photocell is mainly extracted from the sand by the development of bell labs. solar energy is the internal or the surface of the sun sunspot continuous process of nuclear fusion reactions produce energy. earths orbit on the average solar radiation intensity for the 1367w / . circumference of the earths equator to 40000km, and thus calculated the earths energy can be obtained 173000tw. at sea level standard for peak intensity 1kw/m2, a point on the earths surface 24h of the annual average radiation intensity 0.20kw / , which is equivalent to have 102000tw energyhuman dependence on these energy to survive, including all other forms of renewable energy (except for geothermal energy resources), although the total amount of solar energy resources is the human equivalent of the energy used by ten thousand times, but low energy density of solar energy, and it vary from place to place, from time to time change, the development and utilization of solar energy which is facing a major problem. these features will make solar energy in the integrated energy system of the role of subject to certain restrictions.the use of solar cells, through the photoelectric conversion to solar energy conversion is included in electricity, the use of solar water heaters, the use of solar heat hot water and use water for power generation, using solar energy for desalination. now, the use of solar energy is not very popular, the use of solar power costs are high there, the problem of low conversion efficiency, but for satellite solar cells to provide energy has been applied.although the earths atmosphere solar radiation to the total energy only 22 billionths of a radiation energy, it has been as high as 173,000 tw, that is to say a second exposure to the suns energy on earth is equivalent to five million tons of coal. earth wind energy, hydropower, ocean thermal energy, wave energy and tidal energy as well as some comes from the sun; even in the face of the earths fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc.) that is fundamentally since ancient times the storage of solar energy down, so by including a broad range of solar energy is very large,the narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemical conversion of the directly.solar energy is the first time, but also renewable energy. it is rich in resources, can use free of charge, and without transportation, without any pollution to the environment. for mankind to create a new life, so that social and human energy into a era of reducing pollution.solar cells have to respond to a light and convert solar energy to power the device. photovoltaic effect can produce many kinds of materials, such as: single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, gallium arsenide, copper indium selenium. they are basically the same principle of power generation is now crystal as an example to describe the process of light generation. p-type crystalline silicon available after phosphorus-doped n-type silicon, the formation of p-n junction.when the surface of solar light, the silicon material to be part of photon absorption; photon energy transfer to the silicon atom, electronic transitions have taken place, as a free-electron concentration in the pn junction formed on both sides of the potential difference, when the external circuit connected when the effects of the voltage, there will be a current flowing through the external circuit have a certain amount of output power. the substance of this process are: photon energy into electrical energy conversion process.si is our planets abundance of storage materials. since the 19th century, scientists discovered the properties of crystalline silicon semiconductor, it almost changed everything, even human thought, end of the 20th century. our lives can be seen everywhere, silicon figure and role of crystalline silicon solar cells is the formation of the past 15 years the fastest growing industry. production process can be divided into five steps: a, purification process b, the process of pulling rod c, slicing the process of d, the process of system battery e, the course package.solar photovoltaicis a component of photovoltaic panels in the sun exposure will generate direct current power generation devices, from virtually all semiconductor materials (eg silicon) are made of thin photovoltaic cells composed of solid. because there is no part of activity, and would thus be a long time operation would not lead to any loss. simple photovoltaic cells for watches and computers to provide energy, and more complex pv systems to provide lighting for the housing and power supply. photovoltaic panels can be made into components of different shapes, and components can be connected to generate more power. in recent years, the surface of the roof and building will be the use of photovoltaic panels components,even be used as windows, skylights or sheltered part of devices, which are often called photovoltaic facilities with pv systems in buildings.solar thermalmodern technology solar thermal polymerization sunlight and use its energy produced hot water, steam and electricity. in addition to the use of appropriate technology to collect solar energy, the building can also make use of the suns light and heat energy is added in the design of appropriate equipment, such as large windows or use of the south can absorb and slowly release the sun heat the building materials .according to records, human use of solar energy has more than 3,000 years of history. to solar energy as an energy and power use, only 300 years of history. the real solar as the near future to add much-needed energy, the basis of the future energy mix is the latest thing. since the 20th century, 70s, solar technology has made rapid advances, solar energy use with each passing day. solar energy utilization in modern history from the french engineers in 1615 in the solomon and germany cox invented the worlds first solar-powered engines run. the invention is a use of solar energy heating the air to the expansion and pumping machines acting.in 1615 1900, between the developed world and more than one solar power plant and a number of other solar energy devices. almost all of these power plants collect the sun means the use of condenser, engine power is not, the working fluid is water vapor, which is very expensive, not practical value, the majority of individual studies for manufacturing solar enthusiasts. 100 years of the 20th century, the history of the development of solar energy technology in general can be divided into seven stages.化石能源和核能被认为是不可再生的能源类型。不可再生能源的来源获得的速度超过了在它的来源补充率。例如，如果化石燃料的生物起源是正确的，我们可以考虑化石燃料的可再生超过万年的时期，但现有的化石燃料被储存在一个世纪内消耗掉。因为我们的速度超过了化石燃料的消耗补充率，我们认为不可再生的化石燃料。类似的评论适用于如铀核燃料，正如我们在后面的章节中观察。太阳能被认为是以下reasons.1可再生能源可再生能源是能源的来源获得的速度，小于或等于在哪个源补充率。在太阳能的情况下，我们只能使用的能源量由太阳提供的。由于太阳的剩余寿命是在数百万年来衡量，很多人认为太阳能取之不尽，用之不竭的能源供应。事实上，来自太阳的能量是有限的，但应该是多少代的人所使用。因此，我们认为太阳能是可再生能源。能源是太阳能与风能，生物质能等，相关的来源，也被认为是可再生的。太阳辐射会被转化为其他能源形式的转换过程中的几个。热转换依赖于太阳能加热冷却表面吸收。太阳能生物转化依赖于光合作用。由光电转换产生的电流作为一个量子力学过程的结果产生电力。风力发电和海洋能源转换依靠大气压力梯度和温度梯度对海洋产生电力。在这一章中，我们重点对热conversion.we首先讨论可用太阳能源，然后考虑在其三种形式两个太阳能技术：被动式太阳能，太阳能和主动。太阳能的第三种形式，太阳能发电，是在下一章讨论。最后我们这个太阳能发电站的讨论一章。化石燃料中的石油天然气是当今世界的主要一次性能源据世界能源委员会统计，已探明的石油、天然气可采储量，按 1992 年各国的产量计算，分别只能开采 44 年和 60 年；虽然可采储量还会有新的发现，但社会需求也有增长，特别是考虑到第三世界国家的经济发展，油气燃料可供开采的时间不会很长。在化石燃料中，尽管煤炭的储量最为丰富，但燃煤造成的严重污染使其大不可能成为世界范围的主要能源。另一方面，核聚变反应可提供清洁的能源，在海洋中蕴藏着约 42 万亿吨核聚变的主要反应物质氘；但核聚变堆研究的难度很大，估计要到下一世纪后期核聚变电站广泛出现才有可能实现商品化。因此， 在展望 21 世纪能源问题的前景时，可能不得不对油气资源面临枯竭、核聚变发电又未能商品化的一段青黄不接时期。为保证这一时期内人类有充足的清洁能源供应，利用太阳能来发电是一种必然的选择 。 太阳能是最重要的可再生能源，地球上各种能源无不与之密切相关。事实上，太阳在地球的演化、生物的繁衍和人类的发展中，起了无比重要的作用，也为人类提供了取之不尽的能源。太阳内部不断进行的高温核聚变反应释放着功率约为 3. 8 1026 瓦的巨大辐射能，其中只有二十亿分之一到达至于大气高层；经过大气时，约 30% 被反射， 23% 被吸收，仅有一半（约 8 1016 瓦）的能量到达地球表面。即使如此，只要能够利用其万分之几，便可满足今日人类的全部需要。但是，由于其能量密度低，还要受昼夜、季节、气候、地点等因素的影响，在地面上利用太阳能来发电受到很大限制。为了避免这些缺点，自然要考虑在空间利用太阳能发电的可能性各可行性。 2010 年空间发电可望实用化 空间太阳能发电方式最初是 美国工程师 p.glaser 首先提出的。其基本构想是在地球的外层空间或月球上建立太阳能卫星发电基地，然后通过微波将电能传输到场面的接收装置，再把微波能束转变成电能供人类使用 。这一方案的优点是在大气层外充分利用太阳能，消除了在地面上太阳能密度小而变化大的缺点，无需庞大的储能装置，既减少占地，又节约大量设备投资。可以预计，随着光电转化材料和运载等方面技术的进步，太阳能空间发电的成本将大大降低。 这一设想提出后，受到了各国的重视。 197