English for the Oil Industry(石油英语教程).doc

the english for the oil industrypetroleum programme石油英语教程 bbc (english) contentsunit 1 the rig(钻机)3unit 2 fishing jobs（打捞工作）11unit 3 traps geology（圈闭和地质）20unit 4 reservoir fluids（油藏流体）28unit 5 natural flow（自喷）38unit 6 blowout control（井控）47unit 7 drives and stimulation（驱油和增产措施）55unit 8 directional wells（定向井）64unit 9 jobs on the rig（钻井作业）72unit 10 gathering centres（集输中心）81unit 11 downstream of production(生产下游)88unit 12 primary secondary refining(粗炼和精炼)97unit 13 finishing processes(精炼工艺)105unit 14 refinery products(炼制产品)113unit 15 safety(安全)122unit 16 ways of improving recovery（提高原油采收率的方法）131unit 17 unconventional sources of oil（特殊石油资源）139unit 18 oil the environment（石油与环境）146unit 19 oil conservation（石油资源保护）154unit 20 into the future（能源前景）161the petroleum programmebbc (english) unit 1 the rig(钻机) section a reading comprehensionread the following passage if there are any words or expressions that you dont understand，look under special words and expressions。 the diagrams will also help you。 oil is contained in rocks under the ground and the sea。 *to find it(注1)，oilmen have to drill boreholes。 the equipment for drilling these holes is the drilling rig。 most rigs work on the rotary system。 a bit rotates at the end of a pipe。 as the bit rotates， it cuts and crushes the rock at the bottom of the hole。 the cuttings are carried to the surface by a special fluid。 this fluid is called mud。 mud is a mixture of clay，water and chemicals。 look at the diagram of rotary rig。notice the string。this*is made up of(注2) joints or singles。 each joint or single is a hollow section of pipe， *30ft。long(注3)。 the string is made up of *a number of these singles(注4)， all joined together。 the bit is connected to the bottom of the string。 at the top of the string there is a special pipe called the kelly。the kelly isnt ronud， but hexagonal。 it fits into(注5) a hexagonal hole in the rotary table。the rotary table turns the kelly， the kelly turns the string。 and the string turns the rotary bit。rotary drilling rig crown block 天车 derrick 井架 travelling block 游车 hook 大钩 swivel 水龙头 kelly 方钻杆 kelly hose 水龙带 standpipe 立管 rotary table 转盘 drawworks 绞车 mud tanks 泥浆罐 shale shaker 震动筛 string 钻柱 jont/single 钻杆 bit 钻头 annulus 环行空间 mud is not only used for carrying the cuttings up to the surface。 it also used *for keeping the bit cool(注6)。 the mud is pumped down through the string。 it comes back up again through the annulus。 the mud engineer ormud man *is in charge of(注7) the mud。*for example(注8)，he tells the floormen how to mix the mud at the mud tanks。 the mud system mud pumps 泥浆泵 nozzles 钻头水眼 mud down 泥浆下降 mud up 泥浆上返 *it is often necessary to pull the string out of the hole(注9)。 there are different reasons for this。 perhaps， for example， the drill bit is dull。if the bit is dull。 it must trip the pipe。 to do this， the driller and the floormen must trip the pipe。 they must pull the string out， change the bit， and then run the string back into the hole。 tripping the pipeis also called making a round trip。 round trips are expensive。 oilmen make them only if they must。 special words and expressions boreholes: in petroleum industry， the words borehole， hole， well，and oil well usualy mean the same thing。 rotary: turning like a wheel。 rotates: turns around and around like a wheel。 crushes: breaks up into small piecea， using great power。 cuttings: the pieces of rock drilled by the bit。 fluid: anything that flows。 liquids， gases and melted substences are all fluids。 clay: an earthy material， plastic when it is wet。the most common clay in drilling fluid is bentonite。bentonite consists of calcium (ca)， magnesium (mg) and aluminium (al)。 it is made up of: consists of。 bentonite is made up of ca，mg，and al。 hollow: having an empty space on the inside。 drill pipe is hollow，so that mud can pass through it。 hexagonal: having six angles and six sides。 floormen: workers on a rig。floormen are also called roughnecks。a mud man or driller can tell a floorman what to do。 dull: not sharp;worn out;gone。if the bit is gone，it must be changed。 driller: the person in charge of the drilling。 comprehension answer the following questions。the information can be either in the reading passage and diagrams or in special words and expressions。 a。 what is the drillers job? (he is 。 ) b。 how long is a single? how long is a joint? (they are both 。 ) c。 as the bit rotates， what two things does it do? d。 in the petroleum industry， what is mud? e。 what is the string made up of? f。 what is the name of the space between the drill pipe and the sides of the borehole? (the space is called 。 ) g。 who mixes the mud? where is the mud mixed? h。 oilmen make round trips only if they must。 why? (because 。 ) i。 what is bentonite? what does it consist of? j。 why is the drill pipe hollow? (so that . ) now choose from these words and expressions to complete the paragraph below: cuttings， fluid， shale shaker， rotary， mud tanks，annulus， crushes。 the.bit cut and.the rock at the bottom of the hole。drilling.carries the.from the bottom of the hole， up the.t othe surface。 the cuttings are separated from the mud at the. ，and the clean mud then returns to the. section b listening comprehension 1 1。 listen to the conversation between bob and geoge。bob: *hey(注1)， george! over here!george: *yeah?(注2)bob: *well have to trip the pipe(注3)。george: what?bob: i said well have to trip the pipe。george: whats wrong， bob?bob: im not sure。 well have to bring it up and find out。george: *any ideas?(注4)bob: i think *the bits gone(注5)。george: the bit?bob: *aye(注6)， the bit。george: it was changed last shift， bob。bob: i know， but i think its gone。 lets bring up the string and find out。 (the crew trip the pipe out of the hole)bob: *well(注7)， look at that。george: you were right， it is worn out。 well have to change it。bob: *thanks for telling me(注8)。 2. now see if you understood the tape。 answer the following questions。if you have difficuty， listen to the tape again。 a. who is in charge，bob or geoge? whos the driller? whos the rough neck? what gives your the answers to these questions? b. bob uses another word for yes。 what word does he use? c. any ideas? is a short way of saying have you got any ideas? now make complete sentences for these short expressions: any cigarettes?，any problems?，any answers?，any tools for the job? d. what does bob want to find out? (he wants to find out if 。 ) e. offshore， in the north sea， drilling crews usually work 12-hour shifts。 onshore， they usually work 8-hour shifts。 do you work 12-houror 8-hour shift? section c structure practice 1. see if you remember these sentences from the tape。 well have to trip the pipe。 well have to bring it up and find out。 well have to change it。 those sentences all mean that it will be necessary to do something。 example: it will be necessary for us to trip the pipe。 (well 。 ) well have to trip the pipe。 a. it will be necessary for us to check the mud tanks。 (well 。 ) b。 it will be necessary for us to run the pipe back in。 (well 。 ) c。 it will be necessary for me to ask the driller for permission to do that， (ill 。) d。 it will be necessary for you to come to work on time。 (youll 。 ) e。 it will be necessary for him to work two shifts tomorrow。 (hell 。 ) 2。 to explain the function of something， we can use for followed by a verb with-ing (the gerund)。 the equipment for drilling these holes is the drilling rig。 mud is not only used for carrying the cuttings up to the surface。 study this example: mud is also used 。 the bit cool。 (keep) mud is also used for keeping the bit cool。 now complete the following in the same way。 a。 the fluid 。 the bit is called mud。 (cool) b。 the drawwork are used 。 the drill pipe。 (raise and lower) c。 the bit is used 。 the rock at the bottom of the hole。 (cut and crush) d。 the equipment 。 boreholes is rig。 (drill) e。 the drill pipe is hollow。 this is 。 the drilling fluid。 (carry) 3。 passive voice the cuttings (carry) to the surface by a special fluid。 the cuttings are carried to the surface by a special fliud。the fluid (call) mud。 in these sentences， put the verbs in brackets into the same passive form。 a。 the string 。 a number of joints or singles。 (make up of) b。 if the bit is worn out it 。 (change) c。 round trips 。 only if they are necessary。 (make) d。 the drilling fluid 。 by the mud engineer。 (control) e。 cuttings 。 to the surface in the drilling fluid。 (carry) 4。 tense and questions: present simple what dose a roughneck do? he/work/rig floor he works on the rig floor。 answer the questions below in the same way。 a。 what do the drawworks do? they/raise and lower/pipe b。 where does a floorman mix the mud? he/mix/it/mud tanks c。 when is the bit changed? when/driller/think it is worn out d。 what is a fluid? a fluid/anything/that/flow e at what temperature does water boil? water/boil/100 5。 now look at this example: ask what the driller does。 (what/driller/do)(in charge of drillingoperation) what does the driller do? hes in charge of the drilling operation。 in the same way， make questions and answers for these。 a。 ask where the floormen work。 (where/floormen/work)(rig floor) b。 ask what the mud does。 (what/mud/do)(keep bit cool) c。 ask how the mud reaches the bit。 (how/mud/reach/bit)(pass throughhollow string) d。 ask what bentonite consists of。 (what/bentonite/consist of) (calcium， magnesium and aluminium) e。 ask why oilmen make round trips only if they must。 (why/oilmen/make/round trips/only if they must)(because expensive) 6。 present continuous in the picture below， something is happening now。 look at the first picture。 what is the driller doing? hes examining the bit。 now make two sentences for each of the other pictures。 driller/examine/bit floormen/mix/clay and chemicals drilling crew/trip/pipe out of hole mudman/check/drilling fluid supply boat/deliver/bentonite roughneck/move back/single section d listening comprehension 2 1。 listen to the conversation between bob and peter bob: hey， george。 over here。 george: *whats up(注1)， bob? bob: get me the mud man。 gorge: who? bob: the mud man， george。 the mud man。 george: anything wrong? bob: later。 now go and get petwe。 *get a move on(注2)。 george: right， im going。 (peter comes to talk to bob) bob: oh good， there you are， peter。 peter: what can i do for you， bob? bob: the holes getting tight。 peter: tight? bob: *yup(注3)， hows the mud? peter: the muds ok。 bob: whats *bottoms up(注4)? peter: about an hour。 bob: all right then。 well give it an hour and see。 peter: right。 (an hour passes) peter: hows the hole now， bob? bob: better。 i dont think we have to worry。 peter: good。 bob: hows the mud? peter: no problems。 bob: then lets make hole。 2。 read this explanation。 bob is worried because the hole is becoming tight。when the hole is tight， its difficult to turn the string and to move the pipe up and down in the hole。there can be different reasons for this。perhaps rock or sand is falling back into the hole。 perhaps the mud isnt supporting the open sides of the hole。 perhaps the mud isnt moving the cuttings away from the bit。 to find out， bob wants peter to check the mud from the bottom of the hole。 how can peter check the mud from the bottom of the hole? he must wait for the mud to travel from the bottom up through the annulus to the surface。 in a deep hole this can take a long time。 the time that it takes is called bottoms up。 bottoms up is the time that it takes for the mud to travel from the bottom of the hole to the surface。 some oilmen also use the expression lag time。 3。 listen to bob and peter again。 then do the exercises below。 a。 choose the right expression: whats up? means (1)。 what is that up there? (2)。 what can i do for you? (3)。 whats is the matter? b。 choose the right expression: get a move on means (1) move that for me。 (2)。 put something on。 (3)。 hurry up。 c。 why doesnt bob explain to geoge what the trouble is? d。 bob can say get me the mud man to geoge， but geoge cannot say get the mud man to bob。 why not? e。 whats another expression for bottom up? section e writing practice sentences look at these examples: drill pipe is hollow。 the reason for this is to make it possible for the mud to pass through it。 drill pipe is hollow， so that mud can pass through it。 the kelly hose is made of rubber。 the reason for this is to made it possible for the kelly hose to bend without breaking。 the kelly hose is made of rubber， so that it can bend without breaking。 now join the sentences below， using so that + can。 a。 mud is heavy。 the reason for this is to make it possible for the mud to support the open sides of the borehole。 b。 peter is going to the mud tanks。 the reason for this is to make it possible for peter to check the drilling fluid。 c。 the driller is making a round trip。 the reason for this is to make it possile for the driller to examine the bit。 d。 rotary bits are made of very hard steel。 the reason for this is to make it possible for the rotary bits to drill through many feet of rock without getting dull too quickly。 e。 the kelly is hexagonal。 the reason for this is make it possible for the rotary table to turn the kelly without slipping。 第一单元 钻机 阅读理解 译文: 石油是储藏在地下岩石和海底岩石中。为了找到石油， 石油工人就要钻井。钻井的设备就是钻机。大多数的钻机都是旋转式的。钻头在钻杆的下端旋转。当钻头旋转时，钻头切削和粉碎井底的岩石。岩屑被一种特制的流体带上地面。 这种流体称为泥浆。泥浆是一种粘土，水和化学试剂的混合物。 请看旋转式钻机的插图。注意钻柱。钻柱是由几节或几根钻杆组成的。每一节或每一根钻杆都是空心的。钻杆有30英尺长。钻柱是由若干连接在一起的单根组成的。钻头就连接在钻柱的下端。在钻柱的上端有一根叫做方钻杆的特殊钻杆。它不是圆的，而是六边形的。方钻杆正好插入钻盘上的一个六边形的孔中。钻盘转动方钻杆，方钻杆转动钻柱，钻柱再转动钻头。 泥浆不仅用来把岩屑带上地面。泥浆还可用于冷却钻头。通过钻柱用泵把泥浆压下去。通过环形空间，泥浆又返回地面。泥浆工程师或泥浆工就是负责泥浆工作的。例如，他告诉场地工在泥浆池中如何配制泥浆。 经常需要把钻柱起出井眼。这样做有各种不同的原因。例如，或许是钻头钝了。如果是钻头钝了，就必须更换一个。要换钻头，司钻和钻台工就必须起下钻。他们必须先起出钻柱(a)，更换钻头(b)，然后把钻柱下到井眼里(c)。起钻和下钻也叫做 往返一个行程。起下钻的耗费是很大的。只有在必要时，石油工人才这样做。 注释: 1。 在本句中作目的状语。不定式短语用作修饰谓语动词的目的状语时，其位置一般在句首或句末。例如:to understand the law better， you must do this experiment。(为了更好地理解这条定律，你们必须做这个实验。) matter must move to do work。 (物体必须移动才能作功。) 有时在不定式前面加上 in order， 表示强调。 如: in order to measure matter， we must have units of weight， volume，and length。 (为了度量物质， 我们必须要有重量，体积和长度单位。) 2。 意为由。 。 构成，由。 。 组成，常用被动语态，如: all matteris made of atoms。 (一切物质由原子构成) 表示以上意思的其他常用词组有: to be composed of (用被动语态) to consist of (用主动语态) 3。 这里 30ft。 是一名词词组，在句中作状语修饰后面的形容词 long。 4。 a number of + 复数名词 作 若干。 。， 或 许多。 。 解。如: a number of students have done these experiments。 (一些学生已做了这些实验。) 当 number 前加 large 或 great 构成 a large (或 large) number of + 复数名词 作 大量。 。， 许多。 。 解。 5。 意为正好插入， fit 作 (使)配合， (使)适合， (使)符合 解。 如: he fits his actions to his words。 (他言行一致)。 he fit a stopper into a bettle。 (他配了一个 瓶塞。) 6。 介词短语， 在句中作目的状语。 the bit 是 keeping 的宾语， cool 补充说明 the bit 的情况， 是宾语补足语。 7。 意为 主管。 。， 掌管。 。， 看管。如:an experienced engineer is in charge of the project。 (一位有经验的工程师负责这项工程。) 8。 它是表示例证的一种连接纽带， 即说明该句与上句的逻辑关系，用举例的方式来进一步说明上句所述的内容。看下面两句: some devices are quite simple。 for example， this one consists of only five parts。 (有些设备非常简单。例如，这个设备只有五个部件构成。) 第二句用实例来说明第一句所述的设备的简单程度。表示例证，除 for example 外，常用的还有 for instance， in particular， in other words namely， such as， that is 等。 9。 当作主语的不定式短语较长，而句子的谓语部分较短时，通常用 it 作形式主语引导全句，而把真正的主语置于句末。这种现象还见于从句和动名词短语作主语时，用 it 作形式主语，如: it is probably a good thing that sound cannottravel through a vacuum。 (声音不能在真空中传播，也许是件好事。) it involves many problems getting to other planets or to the moon。 (到其他星球或到月球上去，牵涉到许多问题。) 听力理解 (1) 译文: 请听鲍勃和乔治的对话。 鲍勃: 嘿，乔治!过来! 乔治: 什么事? 鲍勃: 我们只好起钻了。 乔治: 什么? 鲍勃: 我说我们只好起钻了。 乔治: 鲍勃，出了什么事? 鲍勃: 我现在还说不上，我们只有起钻才能弄清楚。 乔治: 是怎么回事? 鲍勃: 我估计是钻头磨光了。 乔治: 钻头? 鲍勃: 对，是钻头。 乔治: 鲍勃，这个钻头是上一班采换的。 鲍勃: 我知道，但我看是钻头磨光了，我们起钻吧，看看是什么问题。 (钻工们把钻杆起出了井眼) 鲍勃: 哎呀，看哪儿。 乔治: 你说的对。钻头是磨光了。我们只好另换一个了。 鲍勃: 多劳你的吩咐。 注释: 1。 意为嘿!，哎!，表示惊愕，喜悦，疑问或唤起注意。 2。 yeah = yes， 美国口语用语。本文中的yeah后有一问号，故有两层含义:一是回答对方表示听见了，二是问对方有何事。 3。 well have to trip the pipe。 = its necessary for us to trip thepipe。 somebody will have to do something 意为 its necessary for somebody to do something。 4。 any ideas? = do you have any ideas about that? 意为 对此事你有什么想法 (或主意)? 5。 the bits gone = the bit is worn out 意为 钻头磨光了。 6。 在这里 ay， 意为是，行，赞成等。 7。 在这里表示吃惊，意为哎呀。 如: well， who would have though it?(咳，谁会想到这呢?) 8。 thanks for telling me。 : 意为多谢你的指教或多劳你的吩咐。这一句带有讽刺(iriny)意味，暗含这话还用得着你来说的意思。又如: are youtelling me? 不是一句寻常的问句，而是表示我早已知道了，还用得着你来告诉我吗?又如: youre telling me! (还用你告诉我!) 听力理解 (2) 译文: 请听鲍勃和彼得的对话。 鲍勃: 嘿，乔治。过来。 乔治: 怎么啦，鲍勃? 鲍勃: 给我把泥浆工叫来。 乔治: 谁? 鲍勃: 泥浆工，乔治，泥浆工。 乔治: 出了什么事? 鲍勃: 等会儿再说。马上去叫彼得来。赶快去。 彼得: 好。我就去。 (彼得过来和鲍勃交谈。) 鲍勃: 噢， 太好了，彼得你来了。 彼得: 鲍勃，找我有什么事? 鲍勃: 井眼越来越紧了。 彼得: 井眼紧了? 鲍勃: 是的。泥浆怎么样? 彼得: 泥浆正常。 鲍