句子成分讲解配练习.doc

语法学习：句子成分句子成分及其划分符号：1. 谓语 =2. 宾语 3. 主语 4. 定语 （）5. 状语 6. 补语 句子成分划分方法：1. 主语：一般由名词、代词充当（前）2. 谓语：一般由动词、形容词充当（中）3. 宾语：一般由名词、代词充当（后）4. 定语：用在主语、宾语前面，起限定作用5. 状语：用在谓语前面，起修饰作用6. 补语：用在谓语后面，起补充作用例如：1、我国的石拱桥有悠久的历史。2、一大早，勤奋的同学们就在教室里认真地复习各门功课。一、句子成分定义： 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主语和谓语； 次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。一主语：主语 (subject)：表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。练习：划出主语，并决定什么做主语。1. music plays an important part in our life.2. we should practice english more. 3. one-third of the students in this class are girls.4. to swim in the river is a great pleasure.5. smoking does harm to the health. 6. the rich should help the poor. 7. when we are going to have an english test has not been decided. 8. it is necessary to master a foreign language.什么情况下用it作形式主语？当不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。练习：找主语，做翻译。1) it is wrong to tell a lie. ( ) 2) it is no use arguing about it. ( ) 3) it is uncertain who will come. ( （二）谓语 谓语 (predicate)：说明主语做什么或怎么样。动词在句中作谓语一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： he practices running every morning.the plane took off at ten oclock.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如： you may keep the book for two weeks. （2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如： do you speak english？ they are working in a field. he has caught a bad cold. （3）由系动词加表语构成。如： we are students/strong/at school.（三）宾语 宾语（object）：表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。练习：划出宾语，并决定什么做宾语。1. he is doing his homework.2. t he heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3. how many dictionaries do you have? i have five.4. they helped the old with their housework yesterday.5. he pretended not to see me.6. i enjoy listening to popular music.7. i think（that）he is fit for his office.宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）例如：lend me your dictionary, please.to: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：he sent the novel to william yesterday.for: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：she bought a gift for her mother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补）they elected him their monitor.（四）表语 表语(predicative)：用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。练习：找出表语，并决定什么做表语。1. our teacher of english is an american.2. is it yours? 3. the weather has turned cold.4. the speech is exciting.5. three times seven is twenty one?6. his job is to teach english. 7. his hobby is playing football.8. the meeting is of great importance.9. time is up. the class is over.10. the truth is that he has never been abroad.注意：系动词（linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，如： he is a teacher. 2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, stand, 如： he always kept silent at meetings.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 如：he seems (to be) very sad.4）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 如：this kind of cloth feels very soft. 5） 变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.如： the river was beginning to run dry. 6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 意为“结果是;证明是。”如： the rumor proved false. his plan turned out a success.（五）宾语补足语 宾语补足语（object complement）:用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。练习：找出宾补，并决定什么做宾补。1. his father named him xiaoming.2. they painted their boat white.3. let the fresh air in.4. you mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5. we saw her entering the room.6. we found everything in the lab in good order.7. we will soon make our city what your city is now.（六）定语(attribute)修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语练习：划出定语，并决定什么做定语。1. guilin is a beautiful city.2. china is a developing country; america is a developed country. 3. there are thirty women teachers in our school.4. his rapid progress in english made us surprised.5. our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.6. the teaching plan for next term has been worked out.7. he is reading an article about how to learn english.8. she is the girl who sings best in my class.（七）状语（adverbial）修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，可由以下形式表示 ：1. light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）2. he has lived in the city for ten years. （介词短语）3. he is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）4. he is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）5. wait a minute.（名词）6. once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下： 1. how about meeting again at six?2. last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3. i shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4. mr smith lives on the third floor. 5. she put the eggs into the basket with great care.6. she came in with a dictionary in her hand.7. in order to catch up with the others, i must work harder. 8. he was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 9. she works very hard though she is old.10. i am taller than he is.（八）同位语（appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如： this is mr. zhou, our headmaster.（九）插入语（parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , i think (suppose, believe-)等，如： to be frank, i dont quite agree with you.（十）补语补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。everyone calls him jack. （宾补）he is called jack.（主补）五种基本句型概述主系(谓）表；主谓宾；主谓间宾直宾；主谓宾宾补；主谓（vi.)。练习：划分句子成分1. we are working.2. i can swim very well.3. the waiter brought a bottle of beer to me.4. why does the wind blow ？5. the rain has been pulling down for a whole day.6. both tom and jack enjoy country music.7. jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone.8. you must get the car ready by tomorrow.9. the landlord had them working day and night.10. i think a sound knowledge of grammar is important to good writing.11. they returned tired and hungry. 12. i woke up at 6:00 in the morning.13. the book weighs five kilos.14. they will be flying to london