[PPT模板]Reading techniques and critical reading + referencing.ppt

Reading techniques and critical reading + referencing and plagiarism The Department of Biosciences Stage 3 Project Induction Shaun Theobald The Student Learning Advisory Service 1 Keywords for this lecture nAcademic integrity nAcademic dishonesty nReferencing nIn-text citations nReference list nNumeric referencing systems nVancouver 2 Keywords for this lecture nPlagiarism nCommon knowledge nCollusion nCollaboration nDuplication nParaphrasing nSummarising 3 Aims of this lecture nTo explore the process of reading effectively nTo explore the process of reading critically nTo examine the concept of academic integrity nTo relate this to final year projects nTo describe and examine plagiarism 4 Aims of this lecture nTo demonstrate the ways in which you can avoid plagiarism nPutting academic integrity into practice nUnderstanding referencing nNumeric referencing; Vancouver 5 Effective reading nGeneric principles- nSelect a suitable amount of text nE.g. short journal article nStage 1 nRaise questions in advance and think of keywords you are looking for nWhat do you hope/expect to find? nNote down these questions main hypothesis; key discussion of specific papers that shape the research Lierature reviewOverview of literature and research 12 Effective reading for science SectionContext Materials and methodsMainly practical rather than evaluative ResultsClearly, what was established DiscussionA rich evaluation and conclusion, often thematically organised. Will focus on alternative hypotheses results discussed and a conclusion reached nBut there may well be alternative ways of presenting research nAlternate interpretations may well be possible! 20 Critical reading nCommon Mistakes in presenting/preparing Final Year Dissertations: n “Not being critical enough. Both of previous researchers work and of yours. A good literature review and discussion is reliant on your ability to discuss, make comparisons and critically analyse previous researchers work. You should also be able to recognise shortcomings in your work and suggest how youd approach the same issue differently next time” (6) 21 Critical reading nThere is no magic solution to developing critical reading nContinuous practice, and a willingness to adopt a critical mind-set , will help nYou might like to consider how you can foster this mind-set by using a template for taking notes 22 Critical reading a notes template nConsider the following headings n1. Source information nFor accurate referencing n2. Key points nYour words n3. Quotations/information directly from source material n4. Key data/formula etc n5. Summary of results/discussion/conclusion n6. Alternative interpretation of results/discussion/conclusion 23 Critical reading a notes template nThe advantages of adopting this kind of template are as follows: nIt puts all your notes in a standard format nComparison (and critical comparison) of sources is easier, therefore nSeparating your words and source material means you are less likely to fall into the plagiarism trap nHaving a section in which you always record alternative interpretations/explanations helps foster a critical mind-set 24 BREAK n5-10 mins 25 Final year projects nExtensive piece of written work nFive formsbut all have in common- nFocus on originality, independent evaluation and quality of research nInformed by 80 / 100 sources nMarks to be gained for presentation nFollowing a formal academic style nCorrect referencing procedures n“For each section markers will consider both content (extent, relevance and understanding of information) and general presentation (e.g. clarity of style, figures, tables, referencing” (1) 26 Academic assessment nAll academic assessment requires basic honesty nYou must demonstrate what you know fairly nAll work is your own, except where you are required to collaborate with others nAcademic assessment also relates specifically to academic integrity nThis is especially relevant for written work drawing on other sources ne.g. essays; projects; dissertations 27 What is academic integrity? n”Academic integrity means the attitude of approaching your academic work honestly, by completing your own original work, attributing and acknowledging your sources when necessary and not relying on dishonest means to gain advantage.” (2) nImplementing academic integrity means taking an evidential approach 28 The evidential approach to academic writing nAll academic writing should be informed by reading and research nIn the case of a short piece of work, this might be one key source nWith longer pieces, e.g. a laboratory project report, this could be multiple sources nThe sources that you use must always be evidenced, i.e. “attributed and acknowledged” (2) nYou must provide information that shows nThe author(s) nThe year the source was published/available nThe full title nFor books at the end of your main text nYou need to understand buying an essay from an on- line essay-bank nVery often plagiarism is unintentional nE.g. Bad practice in note-taking where you confuse words, information and data from your source material with your own wordsfragments of unacknowledged material pop up in your writing, mixed with your own language (mosaic plagiarism) 42 Plagiarism nBad practice: where plagiarism occurs n“Direct copying” (1,3,4) of any material nMissing in-text citations nUnacknowledged paraphrasing nUnacknowledged summaries n“Unattributed reproduction of tables and figures” (1,3,4) nCollusion nDuplication 43 Plagiarism nGood practice: ways to avoid plagiarism n“Direct copying” (1,3,4) nAny actual words from source material that you use must be accompanied by an in-text citation, and a reference in the reference list nThey must appear as a quotation nException: words and phrases that are common knowledge nMake sure your assignment notes separate your words, and the words of your sources n(In scientific writing, how often do you need to use an actual quotation?) nMissing in-text citations nWherever your writing has a direct engagement with your sources, an in-text citation must appear, and a reference in the reference list 44 Plagiarism nUnacknowledged paraphrasing nWhere you express part of someones argument/research in your own words nParaphrasing is fine if accompanied by in-text citation, and a reference in the reference list nUnacknowledged summaries nWhere you summarise the whole of someones argument/research in your own words nSummarising is fine if accompanied by in-text citation, and a reference in the reference list 45 Plagiarism n“Unattributed reproduction of tables and figures” (1,3,4) nAll tables and figures reproduced in your work must be attributed, i.e. accompanied by an in-text citation, and a reference in the reference list nRe-interpreting and redrawing tables and figures is fine, provided the source is attributed, i.e. accompanied by in -text citation, and a reference in the reference list n(Note that judicious re-interpretation and re-drawing of figures and tables is actively encouraged on the Final Year Project as a means of demonstrating real knowledge and give an in-text citation, and a reference in the reference list nIf this is relevant to your final year project, then earlier work must be properly referenced 48 Plagiarism nNote that the central issue in all the above instances of good practice, avoiding plagiarism, is a sound knowledge of the relevant referencing system nThis allows you to insert correct in-text citations, and produce a correct reference list nThe referencing system you are required to adopt for the Final Year Project is a numeric system nThe referencing process is described in the Guidelines (1) nDetailed guidelines for numeric referencing are also provided by the Vancouver referencing system 49 Referencing nNumeric/Vancouver referencing is straightforward once you start using it nAt every in-text citation you provide a number nIn superscript 1 or parenthesis (1) nNew in-text citations have a new number nAt the end of your text, you provide a numbered reference list with bibliographical information nNumbers correspond to in-text citations, and are in the same order therefore 50 Referencing nExample taken from Guidelines (1) nIn-text citation: n“Studies in a variety of species, from insects to mammals, demonstrate the remarkable fidelity with which growth cones of developing neurons project to and recognise their synaptic targets (1). nReference list n(1) Goodman, C.S., Shatz, C.J. (1993) Developmental mechanisms that generate precise patterns of neuronal connectivity. Cell 72: 77-98. 51 Referencing nFurther information: nThe Academic Integrity webpages n http:/www.kent.ac.uk/uelt/ai/ nCurtin University of Technology n.au/referencing/ind ex.html nProject Guidelines (1) nStaff in Biosciences 52 Final points nDont be nervous of using sources! nLearn how to reference properly nObserve academic integrity through good practice nSeek guidance on the referencing process if you need to nConsult the Department nConsult the Student Learning Advisory Service nwww.kent.ac.uk/uelt/learning nRead actively and strategically, employing a variety of techniques nRead critically! 53 GOOD LUCK. nFor the Final Year Project 54 Reference list Department of Biosciences (2007) Guidelines for Preparing Final Year Project Reports. Faculty of Science, Technology and Medical Studies: The University of Kent 2. The Unit for the Enhancement of Learning and Teaching, The Universit