托福写作教程(新).ppt

托福写作教程 托福写作介绍 F综合写作 F形式: 读+听+写 F内容: 阐明观点相互联系性 F分数权重: 1/2 F时间要求: 20分钟 F字数要求: 150-225词 F独立写作 F形式: 议论文 F内容: 对议题发表看法 F分数权重: 1/2 F时间要求: 30分钟 F字数要求:至少300词 托福写作分数换算 F30 F28 F25 F22 F20 F17 F14 F10 F9 F8 F7 F6 F5 F4 应试写作的三个层次 F写得出 F写得对 F写得炫 应试写作难点 F写作本身难度大, 是驾驭一门语言的 最高境界, 属于信息的输出,是逻辑、 语法 、词汇 、文化等的综合统一 应试写作难点 F大脑一片空白 基本无话可说 F绿叶对根的情意 FDo you agree or disagree that progress is always good? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 应试写作难点 F表达漏洞百出 可读性相当差 FIn China, because its tradition, the old is most raised by their children. FIn China, because of its tradition, the old are mostly supported by their children. 应试写作难点 F中式英语泛滥 考官哭笑不得 FPollution makes us cannot breathe fresh air. FPollution makes us unable to breathe fresh air. 应试写作难点 F口语痕迹明显 好似娓娓道来 FI say its a good thing. FNow Ill tell you a story about myself. 应试写作难点 F表达捉襟见肘 词句鲜有亮点 F越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找 到好工作是越来越难。 FMore and more college graduates who have just graduated from university find that finding a good job is more and more difficult. F越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找 到好工作是越来越难 FA growing number of fresh graduates find that obtaining a decent job is increasingly difficult. F越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找 到好工作是越来越难。 FA growing number of fresh graduates find that being employed by a decent employer is increasingly difficult. F越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找 到好工作是越来越难。 FThe difficulty of being employed by a decent employer is on the rise, as the number of fresh graduates grows. 托福独立写作评分标准 F5分:文章切题,阐说充分,文章有说服力;段落组织有序,衔接紧密,过 渡自然,有很强的逻辑性;段落内句与句连接顺畅,句式使用恰当,灵活 ,成熟;用词确切,得体.文章中有个别语法拼写错误,但不影响内容表 达. F4分:文章切题,阐说基本充分,在某些细节上有缺陷.段落层次组织有 序,衔接紧密,过渡自然,逻辑性强;句间连接顺畅,句式使用恰当,灵活; 用词基本得体.文章中有少量用词不当和语法拼写错误. F3分:文章切题,阐说尚可,展开不够.段落层次组织有序,衔接紧密,过 渡自然,有逻辑性;句间连接基本顺畅;有部分句法错误;用词一般,有 时不得体.词性区分和拼写等有若干错误. F2分:文章切题,段落组织基本合理,有逻辑性,但只存在于语义层次上, 语言表达上未能体现;句子框架结构基本成立,但有许多语法错误,句 间联系不顺畅,往往是不善于使用逻辑连词,显得幼稚,生硬.词汇方面 拼写错误多,常有用词不得体现象. F1分:文章切题.阐说没有展开,只限于三言两语地回答问题;没有段落 组织,很乱,长度很短,只有一段;句子排列有一定的逻辑关系,能看出 各句基本框架,但结构或语法错误较多;用词不得题,拼写错误多. F0分:文章各方面都有严重错误,句子不像句子.总体印象是根本没有 写作能力,英语水平太低,够不上1分标准,只能打最低分. 托福独立写作要求 F谋篇: 观点突出 结构合理 F谋段: 论证充分 言之有物 F谋句: 正确 多变 关联 F谋词: 准确 多变 托福独立写作题目分类 F对比选择型 F支持反对型 F自选论述型 F问题分析型 托福独立写作的步骤 F审题 内容？ 形式？ F构思 头脑风暴 Outline F行文 F检查 The first draft of anything is SHIT. - By Hemmingway 对比选择型 FSome people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Outline FFor F方便高效 convenient while the idea that progress has its own flaws is still held by some others. Outline FAgainst FInternet FTransportation FSearching information FFast food FThe dramatic leap in tele- communication and transportation totally transforms the world. With Internet, one can have instant communication with his friends or workmates on different continents, and watch live NBA games at home via satellite. FNevertheless, human beings suffer greatly from technological innovation. The pace of life has been accelerated, and it seems every citizen, regardless of a student, an employee or a boss, is under great pressure. FSome advance in technology is physically detrimental, such as computer and Internet. Long time exposure before screen will lead to nearsightedness. In addition, radiation causes skin problem, and one may easily lead a sedentary life due to Internet. FAdvanced transportation shortens the distance and results in globalization. However, the environment is seriously polluted because of automobiles and airplanes, and fresh air and clean water are no longer available. Human beings cannot return to the era when carriages, which did not generate carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, were the main vehicle. FSo the environmental pollution and the depletion of natural resources are inevitable. Gradually, the ecosystem will be imbalanced and even break down. Finally, mankind cannot survive on this planet. FSome privacy is lost in the process of advance of searching information. The search capability is so powerful on Internet that it costs merely a few seconds to identify the needed information. By contrast, at least a few hours are spent by handwork. FMeanwhile, some private information can no longer be kept confidential. And the effortless “copy and paste” operation accelerates the spread of information. Names, ages, ID card numbers, addresses, and phone numbers could be easily obtained from Internet. FIt is not uncommon that one will receive much spam after registering in a website and leaving E-mail address, and the same situation happens when mobile phone numbers are given away accidentally, all of which will cause some trouble due to some evil purposes. FIt is convenient and efficient to have fast food. In contrast, traditional food is time-consuming and usually costs several hours to have one meal. In the current fast-pace society, fast food solves the problem well. One can finish a meal within 10-20 minutes, saving much time and energy. FHowever, fast food is physically detrimental. Lacking vitamin and minerals, fast food always contains much fat and calories. Consequently, most overweight problem is due to excessive intake of fast food, and little nutrition and unbalanced diet endanger health. 支持反对型 FIt has recently been announced that a large shopping center may be built in your neighborhood. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. Outline FFor F就业机会 job opportunities F休闲娱乐 recreation F丰厚收入 large income and revenue FAgainst F噪音污染 noise pollution F不稳定因素 social unstability F交通阻塞 traffic jam 支持反对型 FIn some countries, teenagers have jobs while they are still students. Do you think this is a good idea? Support your opinion by using specific reasons and details. Outline FFor F积累经验 accumulate experience F学会技能 learn skills F培养责任感 develop responsibility FAgainst F浪费时间 time consuming F分散注意力 distract attention F误入歧途 may go astray 自选论述型 FA gift (such as a camera, a soccer ball, or an animal) can contribute to a childs development. What gift would you give to help a child develop? Why? Use reasons and specific examples to support your choice. Outline F学习知识 acquire knowledge F培养责任感 develop responsibility F解除寂寞 relieve loneliness Introduction 总起段 FIt is believed that in the formative years of children, a gift is very beneficial. However, preferences vary from person to person. From my view, I would pick a pet. And a few reasons would be presented as follows. 学习知识 acquire knowledge FChildren can acquire knowledge via pet raising. FUsually, what is leant in textbooks is superficial and children can not have a vivid impression on the information. FPlaying with pets enables children to know more about animals and the nature, and may stimulate their interest in biology. FIt is likely that they will decide to have further education or research in the related domain. 培养责任感 develop responsibility FPet raising develops responsibility. FMost children from single-child families are a little spoiled because their parents love them in a crazy and blind way. FChildren over-protected by parents may have a carefree life, and can obtain whatever they demand without effort, such as pocket money, toys and digital products. FHowever, they have no idea on what responsibility is. FTherefore, children are encouraged to raise pet to fulfill their duty, which is of vital importance when they become parents in the future. 解除寂寞 relieve loneliness FLoneliness can be relieved by keeping pet. FIt is not uncommon that in China, due to its one- child policy, a child always feels lonely at home, especially during vacations, as he does not have any siblings. FNot surprisingly, he would resort to Internet, playing on-line games and leading a sedentary life all day to kill the time. FWith a pet, the situation differs dramatically. He can play with the pet, take a walk, and is supposed to feed the pet. FTime spent on these activities is much more worthwhile and meaningful than on idling. Conclusion 总结段 FIn conclusion, I would regard pet as the best gift to a child for his growth. Few children can resist loving a pet. 自选论述型 FIf you could make one important change in a school that you attended, what change would you make? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer. 问题分析型 FIn general, people are living longer now. Discuss the causes of this phenomenon. Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay. Outline F丰富营养 rich nutrition F先进医疗 advanced medicine F体育锻炼 physical training Introduction 总起段 FBackground 背景 FStatement 观点 Background 背景 FAccording to a recent survey, the average lifespan extends rapidly, and this issue has aroused great public attention. FIt is reported that longevity prevails among the elderly, which attracts great public concern. Statement 观点 FIt is the goal of this essay to explore some possible causes to the problem / phenomenon. Conclusion 总结段 FStatement 观点 rewrite, not copy FAll in all / To conclude / In conclusion / In general / To sum up, many factors contribute to the dramatic expansion of lifespan. FIt is estimated that longer life is not a dream as long as medicine keeps developing, and the importance of health is highly emphasized. 丰富营养 rich nutrition FLongevity partly comes from rich nutrition. FIt is widely accepted that nutrition plays an essential role in maintaining healthy. FIn the past, starvation was the main threat to life, and adequate food was the common wish, so nutrition was always ignored. FCurrently, it is known vitamin, minerals, protein and fiber all have their contribution to healthy diet and longevity. FThese ingredients strengthen the figure, and help the long-term operation of some organs. 先进医疗 advanced medicine FThe advance of medicine results in longer lifespan. FMany breakthroughs over the decades are now simply taken for granted, and have prevented many diseases which, in bygone days, led to early deaths, such as small pox. FEven though no certain cure has yet been discovered for heart attack and cancer, the latest technologies used in various treatments and operations as well as the use of new medications have greatly increased the chances of survival for patients. FDoctors are able to control the spread of viruses or cells, preventing the worsening of disease. 体育锻炼 physical training FPhysical training can not be ignored as well. FIn early days, when the living standard was low, everyone was busy working to make a living, and no recreation was available at that time. FNowadays, technology develops so dramatically that work is simplified and burden is relived. Thus, one has his free time to do physical training. FIt is said there is a positive link between amount of exercise and lifespan. FThere is no doubt those elderly who do exercises every day in early morning usually have longer lifespan. 问题分析型 FMany students have to live with roommates while going to school or university. What are some of the important qualities of a good roommate? Use specific reasons and examples to explain why these qualities are important. 托福写作遣词用句常见错误 F中式英语 F主谓不一致 F句子不完整 F句子成分多余 F时态语态使用错误 F词性理解错误 F单词使用错误 F倒装和平行结构 F从句使用错误 F错误大杂烩 中式英语 FEnvironmental pollution hurts peoples health. FEnvironmental pollution is physically harmful / detrimental. 中式英语 FIf have no electricity, we cant do anything. FWe can do nothing without power. 中式英语 FI have a wish, I wish world peace, no wars, this also is the wish of people in the whole world. FI wish world peace, without wars, which is the wish of people worldwide as well. FI wish world peace, without wars, and this is the wish of people worldwide as well. 中式英语 FNon-stop studying knowledge is very important. FIt is very important to keep acquiring knowledge. FIt is of vital importance to keep acquiring knowledge. 中式英语 FWe must take active solutions to control environmental pollution. FActive solutions should be taken to control environmental pollution. 中式英语 FIf you do not pay attention to environmental problems, you must suffer huge loss sooner or later. FIf we do not pay attention to environmental problems, we must suffer huge loss sooner or later. FIf environmental problems are not given enough attention, huge loss is inevitable. 中式英语 FGames take up too much time of students, and ignore learning, sports and even family. FStudents spend too much time on games, and ignore learning, sports and even family. 中式英语 FPollution makes us cannot breathe fresh air. FPollution makes us unable to breathe fresh air. FPollution disables us to breathe fresh air. FPollution prevents us from breathing fresh air. 中式英语 FPlease give me a reply if you are convenient. FPlease give me a reply if it is convenient for you. FPlease give me a reply if you are free. 中式英语 FE-mail makes people easier and quicker to know each other. FE-mail makes it easier and quicker for people to know each other. 中式英语 FInternet is easier to search information than library. FIt is easier to search information on Internet than library. FIt is easier to search information on Internet than it is in library. FIt is easier to search information on Internet than in library. 中式英语 FThe present situation becomes serious and serious. FThe present situation becomes more and more serious. 中式英语 FOne will be dangerous if one risks helping the adventurer out when the situation is unclear. FIt will be dangerous if one risks helping the adventurer out when the situation is unclear. FOne will be endangered / in danger if one risks helping the adventurer out when the situation is unclear. 中式英语 FThe old are inevitable to have generation gap with their children. FIt is inevitable for the old to have generation gap with their children. 中式英语 FOverseas study makes students eyes wider. FOverseas study widens / broadens students vision / horizon. 中式英语 FMy MP3 can not listen even though it has much electricity. FMy MP3 can not work even though it is fully charged. 中式英语 FPeople now have condition to eat good things. FIt is affordable to have a nutritional diet now. 中式英语 FThe reasons for the change have 5 points. F5 reasons lead to / bring about / result in the change. 主谓不一致 FMemorizing as many new words as possible are the wish of every English learner. FMemorizing as many new words as possible is the wish of every English learner. 主谓不一致 FSmoking, coupled with / as well as alcohol, are physically detrimental. FSmoking, coupled with / as well as alcohol, is physically detrimental. FSmoking and alcohol are physically detrimental. 主谓不一致 FHow to deal with these problems are a serious challenge for the government. FHow to deal with these problems is a serious challenge for the government. 主谓不一致 FA significant number of young people is the crazy fans of Jay Chow. FA significant number of young people are the crazy fans of Jay Chow. 主谓不一致 FSomeone even suggest that we should wear traditional clothes every day in order to remind us of the culture and history. FSomeone even suggests that we should wear traditional clothes every day in order to remind us of the culture and history. 主谓不一致 FThe problems which are brought about by raising pets is hard to solve. FThe problems, which are brought about by raising pets, are hard to solve. 主谓不一致 FHow you react to the incident reveal what side you stand on. FHow you react to the incident reveals what side you stand on. 主谓不一致 FTelevision, along with other means of communication, help us to keep informed about the latest news. FTelevision, along with other means of communication, helps us to keep informed about the latest news. 主谓不一致 FOne of the most pressing problem human beings face are the old age boom. FOne of the most pressing problems human beings face is the old age boom. 主谓不一致 FAir pollution, which lead to some diseases, is very serious. FAir pollution, which leads to some diseases, is very serious. 句子不完整 FOne of the many benefits of overseas traveling learning to communicate with foreigners. FOne of the many benefits of overseas traveling is learning to communicate with foreigners. 句子不完整 FIt is easy for people who overweight to get heart attack. FIt is easy for people who are overweight to get heart attack. FIt is easy for the overweight to get heart attack. 句子不完整 FThe main point of my essay is that personal success only comes from. FThe main point of my essay is that personal success only comes from honesty and hard work. 句子不完整 FI will discuss in detail in the following paragraphs. FI will discuss the issue in detail in the following paragraphs. 句子不完整 FMy roommate is so troublesome, I can hardly put up with him any more. FMy roommate is so troublesome that I can hardly put up with him any more. FMy roommate is so troublesome, and I can hardly put up with him any more. 句子不完整 FSmoking, drinking are not allowed in school. FSmoking and drinking are not allowed in school. FSmoking and alcohol are not allowed in school. 句子不完整 FIt is unclear Red Bull can help revive energy. FIt is unclear whether Red Bull can help revive energy. 句子不完整 FThe output of 2007 is more than 2006. FThe output of 2007 is more than the output of 2006. FThe output of 2007 is more than that of 2006. 句子不完整 FIt is advertisement makes some sports brands famous worldwide, such as Nike and Adidas. FIt is advertisement that makes some sports brands famous worldwide, such as Nike and Adidas. 句子不完整 FStudents spend too much time on TV, ignore their studies. FStudents spend too much time on TV, and ignore their studies. FStudents spend too much time on TV, ignoring their studies. 句子不完整 FFirst of all, foreign countries, which create a wonderful language atmosphere for students. FFirst of all, foreign countries create a wonderful language atmosphere for students. 句子成分多余 FIn China has more than 10 million people watch Prison Break. FIn China, more than 10 million people watch Prison Break. FIn China, more than 10 million viewers watch Prison Break. 句子成分多