2016年职称英语考试精品理工B阅读理解小抄.doc

第1篇-ford abandons electric vehicles福特放弃电动汽车the ford motor companys abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology，analysts saygeneral motors。and hondaceased production of batterypowered cars in 1 999, to focus on fuel cell and hybrid electric gasoline engines, which are more attractive to the consumerford has now announced it will do the samethree years agothe company introduced the think city twoseater car and a golf cart called the think, or think neighborit hoped to sell 5，000 cars each year and 10，000 cartsbut a lack of demand means only about l，000 of the cars have been produced，and less than 1。700 carts have been sold so far in 2002“the bottom line is we dont believe that this is the future of environment transport for the mass market”tim holmes of ford europe said on friday“we feel we have given electric our best shot”the think city has a range of only about 53 miles and up to a six-hour battery recharge timegeneral motorsevi electric vehicle also had a limited range。of about 100 milesthe very expensive batteries also mean electric cars cost much more than petrol-powered alternativesan electric toyotrav4 ev vehicle costs over$42，000 in the us, compared with just $17，000 for the petrol versiontoyota and nissanare now the only major automanufacturers to produce electric vehicles“there is a feeling that battery electric has been given its chanceford now has to move on with its hybrid program“，and that is what we will be judging them on，”roger higman，a senior transport campaigner at uk friends of the earth，told the environment news servicehybrid cars introduced by toyota and honda in the past few years have sold wellhybrid engines offer greater mileage than petrolonly engines , and the batteries recharge themselves. ford says it thinks such vehicles will help it meet planned new guidelines “on vehicle emissions” in the u.s.however, it is not yet clear exactly what those guidelines will permitin june，general motors and daimler chrysler won a court injunction，delaying by two years californian legislation requiring carmakers to offer 100，000 zero-emission and other lowemission vehicles in the state by 2003car manufacturers hope the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more low-emission，rather than zeroemission，vehicles1what have the ford motor company c) they have given up producing electric cars2according to tim b) will not be the main 3. which auto manufacture a)toyota and nissan 4according to the eighth paragraph，hybrid carsc)run more miles than petrol driven cars5which of the following d)the legislation 第一篇福特放弃电动汽车分析人士评论，福特汽车公司放弃电动汽年的举动有力地证明了这种技术是行不通的。通用汽车公司和日本本田汽车公司早于 1999年就停止了电池动力汽车的生产，转而开发燃料电池和电池内燃混合机，这对消费者更有吸引力。福特宣布它现在也要做同样的尝试。 3年前，福特推出名为 think city的双排座汽车和 think或 think neighbor系列高尔夫车，希望能销售 5000辆汽车、 10000高尔夫车。但由于需求不足，截至 2002年仅生产了大约 1000辆汽车，售出的高尔夫车还不足 1700辆。 “关键是我们认为电动车不能代表大众市场环保交通的未来”，福特欧洲区的 tim holmes于周五说，“我们感觉自己对电力车已做了昀好的尝试。”think city系列的运行里程仅 53英里，电池充电需 6小时。通用公司的 evi电力车也仅能运行 100英里。昂贵的电池也意味着电动汽车的造价比汽油动力车高出许多。日本丰田产的 rav4ev系列电动车在美国的售价达 42000美元，而同系列的汽油动力车仅售 17000美元。丰田和日产汽车公司是现在仅存的两大电动车制造商。 “应该说电池动力车已经获得了充分的机会。福特现已转向电池内燃混合机开发项目，我们应据此评价他们的发展。”roger higman，英国 friends of the earth组织的一位高级交通运动代表这样对环保新闻评论说。日本本田和丰田公司推出的混合机汽车在过去几年取得了良好的销售业绩。混合动力车比汽油机车运行里程更长，电池又可自行充电。福特表示，他们认为这样的机车有助于达到美国新制订的车辆排放规定。 不过，这些规定究竟允许怎样的排放物现在还不十分清楚。六月份通用和戴姆勒克莱斯勒公司赢得一项法庭裁决，可推迟两年执行一项加州法令，该法令要求汽车生产商在2003年前向该州提供10万辆零排放和其他低排放汽车。制造商希望修改此法令，允许他们生产更多低排放而不是零排放的汽车。第2篇-world crude oil production may peak a decade earlier than some predict世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值 in a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014. this prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictionstheir study is in acs energyfuels1 ibrahim nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting peak oilpeak oil is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the date at 2020 or later. one of the most famous forecast models is called the hubbert model2. it assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3. a related concept is that4 of peak oil. the term peal oil indicates the moment in which world wide production will peak, afterwards to start on irreversible decline the hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the united states in 1970. the model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide however, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countriesthose cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say. the new study describes development of a new version of the hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecastusing the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries, which supply most of the worlds conventional crude oil6they estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier than anticipated. the scientists also showed that the worlds oil reserves7 arebeing reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. the new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.科威特科学家预测世界常规原油产量将在2014年达到峰值，这一发现可能会促进储存石油的努力。这一预测比其他预测提前了将近十年，已经发表在美国化学学会能量与燃料杂志上。伊布赫姆纳夏威和同事们指出，全球石油消耗的快速增长使人们对“石油峰值”预测的兴趣越来越浓。“石油峰值”指的是石油产量达到最大值后开始 下降的时间点。科学家已经构建了几个模型来预测这一时间，有些模型认为这一时间在2020年或更晚。其中最著名的预测模型之一是赫伯特模型。赫伯特模型认 为世界石油产量呈钟形曲线，与此相关的概念是“石油峰值”。这一术语指的是世界石油产量达到峰值的那一刻，之后将呈现无法逆转的下降趋势。赫伯特模型精确地预测到美国石油产量于1970年达到峰值。这一模型从此受到欢迎，已经用于预测世界石油生产。但是，最近研究表明，这一模型不足以解释某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期。科学家称，这些生产周期受到技术变化、政策和其他因素的很大影响。最近研究描述了赫伯特模型的新版本，提供了更加实际、更加准确的石油生产预测。科学家使用新模型评估了47个主要产油国家的石油生产趋势，这 47个国家是世界常规原油的主要提供者。科学家预计全球常规原油产量将于2014年达到峰值，比之前预计的要早很多年。科学家还指出，世界石油储量正在以 2.1%的速度逐年减少，他们认为新模型会帮助做出与能源相关的决定，帮助进行国家政策辩论。1which of the following is closest in meaning to the word sparked appearing in paragraph 2? bstimulated 2the term a bell shaped curve appearing in paragraphdstart to decline after global oil production peaks3which of the following is not dit provides a very realistic and accurate oil production4what is the major achievement of the new sait predicts global oil production will peak in 20145who develop the new version bkuwaiti scientists第3篇-citizen scientists 公民科学家understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1 events-flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring - all around the world. but ecologists cant be everywhere so theyre turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.climate scientists are not present everywhere. because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, theyre asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. the citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest - birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. - and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. this helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat2, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. all thats needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it3 in.a group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the national pheonology4 network. phenology is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.one of the groups first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. the program, called project budburst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the united states. people participating in the project - which is open to everyone - record their observations on the project budburst website.people dont have to be plant experts -they just have to look around and see whats in their neighborhood, says jennifer schwartz, an education consultant with the project. as we collect this data, well be able to make an estimate of how plants and eommunities5 of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.理解大自然对气候变化有怎样的反应需要监视世界各个角落的关键生命周期事件花开、叶子的出现、第一只青蛙叫出春天的到来。但是生态学家不可能去到世界的各个角落，所以他们向非科学家求助，这些非科学家有时也被称作公民科学家。 气象科学家不可能足迹遍及天下。因为在世界上有如此多的地方，没有足够的科学家来观察它们。所以他们请求你来帮助观察全世界气候变化的迹象。公民科学家运动鼓励普通人根据自己的兴趣来观察某一个特定的方面鸟儿、树木、花卉等等一一并把他们的观察结果发送到一个巨大的数据库来供专业科学家研究。这有助于数量有限的科学家得到如果只靠他们自己根本收集不到的巨大数据。就像公民记者帮助报道传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区的相关信息一样，公民科学家也对他们所居住的环境很熟悉。所需要的就是每天或每周留出儿分钟来搜集数据并发送过来。 一群科学家和教育家在去年发起了一个叫做纽约国家物候学的组织。“物候学”就是科学家们所说的在自然中研究每个事件的时间。 其中一个小组的首要尝试就是依靠科学家和非科学家来收集关于每年植物开花和长叶子的数据。这一项目叫做花季追踪计划，它收集遍布美国的各种各样的植物生长周期的数据。参与这一项目的人们一一这一计划对所有人开放把他们的观察记录登录在花季追踪计划网站上。 “人们不需要是植物学家他们仅仅需要环视四周看看周围有什么。”jennifer schwarts说，她是这项计划的教育顾问。“通过收集数据，我们就能够估算出气候变化对植物和生物群落会有怎样的影响。1. ecologists turn to non-scientist c)to collect data of the life cycle of living things. 2. what are citizen scientists b)to send their research observations to a professional database.3. in all thats needed to become one. (paragraph 2) , what does the word one stands for?b)a citizen scientist. 4. what is not true of a)only experts can participate in it. 5. what is the final purpose d)to investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.第4篇-motoring technology 汽车技术1.2 million road deaths worldwide occur each year,plus a further 50 million injuries.to reduce car crash rate,much research now is focused on safety and new fuels-though some electric vehicle and biofuel research aims at going faster. travelling at speed has always been dangerous.one advanced area of research in motoring safety is the use of digital in-car assistants.they can ensure you dont miss important road signs or fall asleep.most crashes result from human and not mechanical faults. some safety developments aim to improve your vision.radar can spot obstacles in fog,while other technology“sees through”big vehicles blocking your view. and improvements to seat belts,pedal(脚踏)controls and tyres are making driving smoother and safer.the colour of a car has been found to be linked with safety,as have,less surprisingly,size and shape. but whatever is in the fuel tank,you dont want a thief in the driving seat and there have been many innovations(创新).satellite tracking and remote communications can also come into play if you crash,automatically calling for help. accidents cause many traffic jams,but there are more subtle interplays between vehicles that can cause jams even on a clear but busy road.such jams can be analyzed using statistical tools.robotic drivers could be programmed to make traffic flow smoothly and will perhaps one day be everyonss personal chauffeur(司机),but their latest efforts suggest that wont be soon. 每年，全世界有120万起路面交通死亡事故，以及五千万起路面交通伤残事故。为降低车祸发生率，现在有很多研究将注意力放在行车安全和开发新型燃料上。而有些关于电动机车和生物燃料的研究旨在达到更快的速度。 高速驾驶一向是很危险的。一项在机动车安全前沿领域的研究是有关车内数字化辅助设施的。这些设施会确保司机们不会错过重要的路况指示牌或在开车时睡着。通过运用人工智能软件，这些辅助设施可监控行车过程并确保在关键时刻司机不会被手机或广播干扰注意力。许多车祸是由人为原因造成的而非机械故障。一些行车安全方面的改进力图改善司机的视野。雷达可对雾中的障碍物定位，而其他的科技手段可透过阻碍你视线的高大车辆看到前方。 对安全带、刹车板控制和车胎的改进也使行车过程变得更顷畅、安全。人们发现车的颜色与安全有关，令人不会感到惊讶的是，车的大小和形状也与安全有关。 从矿物燃料中提取的汽油的替代物，例如植物油，也是研究中的一个热门区域。取材于氢气的燃料电池燃烧时无污染，并已成为一项重要研究的攻克对象。但不管燃料箱中盛为何物，你可不想在驾驶座上坐的是一个窃贼。对此，也有很多创新来打击汽车盗窃，其中一些运用了卫星跟踪和远程通讯。当发生车祸时，这些通讯系统也可起作用，自动地呼叫帮助。 交通事故可引发许多交通堵塞。但在一畅通却繁忙的路段上，汽车间也有很多的细微互动，从而导致可能的阻塞。此类阻塞可用数据统计工具来进行分析。被编程的机器人可使交通流动更顺畅，并有朝一日有望成为每个人的私家司机。但最新成果表明这种设想并 非短期内可以实现。1、to reduce car crash rate，many scientists d) improve the safety of cars and develop new fuels. 2、according to the second paragraph，most road accidents b) human mistakes. 3、which of the following safety a) windscreens that can h4、satellite tracking and remote communication systems c) call for help when ones car crashes. 5、which of the following statements is a) it will take some time before robotic drivers are available. 第5篇-late-night drinking 在深夜饮咖啡coffee lovers beware. having a quick “pick-me-up” cup of coffee1 late in the day will play havoc with2 your sleep. as well as being a stimulant, caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin, the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. levels then peak between 2 am and 4 am, before falling again3. “its the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,” says maurice ohayon of the stanford sleep epidemiology research center at stanford university in california. but researchers in israel have found that caffcinated coffee halves the bodys levels of this sleep hormone. lotan shilo and a team at the sapir medical center in tel aviv university found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decal. on average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee, compared with 415 minutes after decal. they also took half an hour to drop off4 - twice as long as usual - and jigged around5 in bed twice as much.in the second phase of the experiment, the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample, shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin. the results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers. in a paper accepted for publication in sleep medicine, the researchers suggest6 that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body, ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.喜欢喝咖啡的人要小心了。晚上喝一杯快速提神的咖啡对你的睡眠造成严重破坏。并且咖啡因作为一种刺激物会打断褪黑激素的流动。褪黑激素是使人们进入睡眠的神经激素。 褪黑激素的浓度在睡前两小时开始上升。凌晨2点和4点之间达到最高植，然后再次下降。加利福尼亚斯坦福大学的斯坦福睡眠流行病学研究中心的maurice ohayon说：“控制我们睡眠是神经激素，它告诉我们的身体什么时候睡觉什么时候醒。”但是以色列的研究者发现含咖啡因咖啡能使人体中这种睡眠激素减半。 特拉维夫大学的塞帕医学中心的lotan shilo和一个小组发现六个志愿者在喝了一杯含咖啡因的咖啡后平均每晚睡336分钟，而喝完脱咖啡后平均每晚睡415分钟，他们用半个小时才能睡着比平常长一倍，而且翻来覆去的时间比平常多一倍。 在试验的第二阶段，研究者每三个小时叫醒志愿者一次，并要他们提供一个尿样。shilo测量了褪黑激素分解物的浓度。结果表明饮用含咖啡因咖啡的人体内的褪黑激素的浓度是饮用脱咖啡因咖啡的人体内褪黑激素浓度的一半。在睡眠知学上发表的一篇论文中，研究者表示咖啡因阻碍促使褪黑激素产生的酶的形成。 ohayon建议爱喝咖啡的人午饭后应该换喝脱咖咖啡，因为要排除体内的咖啡因要用好几个小时。1. the author mentions “pick-me-up” to indicate that c coffee is a stimulant. 2. which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep? c caffeine halves the bodys levels of sleep hormone. 3. what does paragraph 3 mainly discuss? a different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep. 4. what does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove? d caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone.5. the author of this passage probably agrees that b we should not drink coffee after supper. 第6篇-making light of sleep不要太在意睡眠all we have a clock located inside our brains. similar to your bedside alarm clock， your internal clock2 runs on a 24-hour cycle. this cycle，called a circadian rhythm，helps control whenyou wake，when you eat and when you sleep.somewhere around puberty，something happens in the timing of the biological clock. theclock pushes forward，so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to. when your mother tells you its time for bed，your body may be pushing you to stay up3 for several hours more. and the light coming from your computer screen or tv could be pushing you to stay up even later.this shift4 is natural for teenagers. but staying up very late and sleeping late can get your bodys clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark5. it can also make it hard to get out of bed in the morning and may bring other problems，too. teenagers are put in a kind of a gray cloud6 when they dont get enough sleep，says mary carskadon，a sleep researcher at brown university in providence，ri7 .it affects their mood and their ability to think and learn.but just like your alarm clock，your internal clock can be reset. in fact，it automatically resetsitself every day. how? by using the light it gets through your eyes.scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks. for years，researchers thought that the signals that synchronize the bodys clock8 were handled through the same pathways that we use to see.but recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems. one system allows us to see. the second system tells our body whether its day or night.我们每个人的大脑里都有一个像我们床边的闹钟一样的生物钟。人脑里的生物钟24小时走一圈，这一圈也就是一次完整的昼夜节律，正是这个节律决定了我们吃饭、睡觉和起床的时间。青春期时，人的生物钟在定时方面会发生变化，生物钟会提前。这时，青少年会比以前睡得晚，所以当你妈妈告诉你该睡觉时，你的生物钟可能会让你多推迟几小时，并且电脑或电视光线可能会导致你熬夜到更晚。生物钟的这种变化对青少年说是正常的，但熬夜到太晚会打乱你生物钟与昼夜时间循环之间的平衡，这样就会带来一些问题，例如：早晨很难按时起床。位于美国罗得州布郎大学睡眠方面的研究员mary carskadon说：“当青少年睡眠不足时会打不起精神，这将影响到他们心情、学习和思考问题的状态。”其实生物钟与闹钟一样，也是可调的，事实上，生物钟每天都在进行着自我调节，其方式就是通过你眼睛接收到光线的变化。 很早之前，科学家就知道了昼夜光线强弱的变化对生物钟调节起到了重要的作用，长久以来，研究者们认为眼睛所接受到的平衡生物钟的光信号同样作用于人类的视觉系统。但最近几年的研究发现，人类眼睛有两个感光系统，一个是视觉系统，而另一个是感知昼夜的系统。1 .the clock located inside our b it has a 2. what is implied in the c children before puberty tend to fall asleep 3. in the third paragraph the author wants to b staying up late has a bad effect on t4. which of the following statements is not true according to the fourth and fifth paragraphs?c our internal clock as well as the ala