2016年职称英语综合B王霞字典小抄综合B.doc

g , gglobal warming few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the worlds climate. many scientists put the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase in the worlds temperatures and are convinced that, more than ever before, the earth is at risk from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. according to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and droughts, even more severe and causing sea levels all around the world to rise . environmental groups are putting pressure on governments to take action to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide which is given off by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problem at its source. they are in favour of more money being spent on research into solar, wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power stations . some scientists, however believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait several hundred years to notice the results. global warming, it seems, is here to stay.working motherscarefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems, compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. my personal view is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. whether we like it or not, there are a number of mothers who just have to work. there are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot afford to see it lost. then there are many who must work out of pure economic necessity . many mothers are not cut out to be full-time parents. after a few months at home with a much loved infant, they feel trapped and isolated. there are a number of options when it comes to choosing childcare. these range from child minders and nannies through to granny or the kind lady across the street. in reality , however, many parents dont have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. be prepared! no matter how good the childcare may be, some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. this is a perfectly normal stage of child development. babies separate well in the first six months, but soon after that they start to get a crush on mum and close family members. make sure that in the first week you allow plenty of time to help your child settle in. all children are different. some are independent, while others are more attached to their mothers. remember that if you want to do the best for your children, its not the quantity of time you spend with them, its the quality that matters. the difference between man and computerwhat makes people different from computer programs? what is the missing element that our theories dont yet account for? the answer is simple: people read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about what they are interested in. computers, on the other hand, dont. in fact, computers dont even have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. if a computer program is to be a model of story understanding, it should also read for a “purpose”. of course, people have several goals that do not make sense to attribute to computers1. one might read a restaurant guide in order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals, or to find a good place to go for a business lunch. computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches.however, these physiological and social goals give rise to several intellectual or cognitive goals. a goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find information about the name of a restaurant which serves the desired type of food, how expensive the restaurant is, the location of the restaurant, etc. these are goals to acquire information or knowledge, what we are calling learning goals. these goals can be held by computers too; a computer might“want” to find out the location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do so in the same way as a person might. while such a goal would not arise out of hunger in the case of the computer, it might well arise out of the “goal” to learn more about restaurants. the first bicyclethe history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. in 1791, count de sivrac delighted onlookers in a park in paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention, a machine called the celerifer. it was basically an enlarged version of a childrens toy which had been in use for many years. sivracs “celerifer” had a wooden frame, made in the shape of a horse, which was mounted on a wheel at either end. to ride it, you sat on a small seat, just like a modem bicycle, and pushed hard against the ground with your legs there were no pedals. it was impossible to steer a celerifer and it had no brakes, but despite these problems the invention very much appealed to the fashionable young men of paris. soon they were holding races up and down the streets. minor injuries were common as riders attempted a final burst of speed. controlling the machine was difficult, as the only way to change direction was to pull up the front of the “celerifer” and turn it round while the front wheel was spinning in the air. “celerifers” were not popular for long, however, as the combination of no springs, no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable. even so, the wooden celerifer was the origin of the modem bicycle. 339新编英语多功能词典teaching and learningmany teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. if a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect student to be familiar with the information in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. the ideal student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning, not the one interested only in getting high grades. sometimes homework is returned with brief written comments but without a grade. even if a grade is not given, the student is responsible for learning the material assigned. when research is assigned, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum guidance. it is the students responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works; they expect students particularly graduate students to exhaust the reference sources in the library. professors will help students who need it, but prefer that their students should not be too dependent on them. in the united states professors have many other duties besides teaching, such as administrative or research work. therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited . if a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either approach a professor during office hours or make an appointment.a success story at 19, ben way is already a millionaire, and one of a growing number of teenagers who have made their fortune through the internet. what makes bens story all the more remarkable is that he is dyslexic, and was told by teachers at his junior school that he would never be able to read or write properly. i wanted to prove them wrong , says ben, creator and director of waysearch, a net search engine which can be used to find goods in online shopping malls. when he was eight, his local authorities provided him with a pc to help with school work. although he was unable to read the manuals, he had a natural ability with the computer, and encouraged by his father, he soon began charging people $l0 an hour for his knowledge and skills. at the age of 15 he set up his own computer consultancy, quad computer, which he ran from his bedroom, and two years later he left school to devote all his time to business. by this time the company had grown and i needed to take on a couple of employees to help me, says ben. that enabled me to start doing business with bigger companies.” it was. his ability to consistently overcome difficult challenges that led him to win the young entrepreneur of the year award in the same year that he formed waysearch, and he has recently signed a deal worth $25 million with a private investment company, which will finance his search engine.a life with birds for nearly 17 years david cope has worked as one of the tower of londons yeoman warders, better known to tourists as beefeaters. david, 64, lives in a three-bedroomed flat right at the top of the byward tower, one of the gatehouses. from our bedroom we have a marvellous view of tower bridge and the thames, says david. the tower of london is famous for its ravens, the large black birds which have lived there for over three centuries. david was immediately fascinated by the birds and when he was offered the post of raven master eight years ago he had no hesitation in accepting it. the birds have now become my life and im always aware of the fact that i am maintaining a tradition. the legend says that if the ravens leave the tower, england will fall to enemies, and its my job to make sure this doesnt happen! david devotes about four hours a day to the care of the ravens. he has grown to love them and the fact that he lives right next to them is ideal. i can keep a close eye on them all the time, and not just when im working. at first, davids wife mo was not keen on the idea of life in the tower, but she too will be sad to leave when he retires next year. when we look out of our windows, we see history all around us, and we are taking it in and storing it up for our future memories.a lucky break actor antonio banderas is used to breaking bones, and it always seems to happen when hes doing sport. in the film play it to the bone he plays the part of a middleweight boxer alongside woody harrelson. during the making of the film harrelson kept complaining that the fight scenes werent very convincing, so one day he suggested that he and banderas should have a fight for real. the spanish actor wasnt keen on the idea at first, but he was eventually persuaded by his co-star to put on his gloves and climb into the boxing ring. however, when he realized how seriously his opponent was taking it all, he began to regret his decision to fight. and then in the third round, harrelson hit banderas so hard in the face that he actually broke his nose. his wife, actress melanie griffith, was furious that he had been playing silly macho games. she was right, confesses banderas, and i was a fool to take a risk like that in the middle of a movie. he was reminded of the time he broke his leg during a football match in his native malaga. he had always dreamed of becoming a soccer star, of performing in front of a big crowd, but doctors told him his playing days were probably over. thats when i decided to take up acting; i saw it as another way of performing, and achieving recognition. what happened to me on that football pitch was, you might say, my first lucky break.340t , t19the family原文：the structure of a family takes different forms around the word and even in the same society. the familys form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences. 1. another good title for this passage would be_ -what makes a family?2. a nuclear family is defined as_-a married couple with their minor children 3. the information in this passage would most likely be found in_ -an anthropology textbook 4. the information in the first paragraph is presented mainly through_ -pointing out similarities 5. the word mobility means_ -readiness to move 20tales of the terrible past原文：it is not the job of fiction writers to analyze and interpret history. yet by writing about the past in a vivid and compelling manner, storytellers can bring earlier eras to life and force readers to consider them seriously.1. this passage is mostly about -two novels that deal with slavery 2. beloved is set in -ohio after the civil war 3. the writer seems to feel that- the books are worthwhile but challenging 4. the writer emphasizes that the two books are similar in their-_portrayal of violence 5. the word appalling means_ -terrible 26.seeing the world centuries ago原文：if you enjoy looking through travel books by such familiar authors as arthur frommer or eugene fodor, it will not surprise you to learn that travel writing has a long and venerable history. 1. this passage is mostly about -where three early travel writers went and wrote about 2. ibn battutah traveled_ -throughout the muslim world 3. the books of the three writers were popular because-_they told of strange and exotic locales 4. the overall organization of this passage is through_- chronological order 5. in this passage attest means to_ -give proof of 29.find yourself packing it on? blame friends原文：obesity can spread from person to person, much like a virus, researchers are reporting today. when a person gains weight, close friends tend to gain weight, too. 1. who had the greatest influence on people who became obese?their friends. 2. which of the following statement about a friends influence is false according to the report? people were not likely to lose weight when they have skinny friends. 3. according to dr. nicholas a. christakis, what is the explanation for friends being the greatest influence? friends affected each others feelings of fatness. 4. which factor of becoming obese is not mentioned in this report?. life style. 5. in what way is obesity contagious and epidemic?social networks let the obesity spread rapidly.30.“lucky” lord lucan alive or dead原文：on 8th november 1974 lord lucan, a british aristocrat, vanished. the day before, his childrens nanny had been brutally murdered and his wife had been attacked too. 1. the public are still interested in the investigation because_ lord lucan has never been found 2 . it is thought that lucan killed the nanny because_it was dark and he thought she was lady lucan 3. aspinall thought lucan killed himself by_ sinking his boat 4. lucan could have been killed because people thought he might talk to the police about them if he was caught 5. ex-detective maclaughlin claimed that mr. barry haplin_was really lord lucan in disguise 3.shark attack! 原文：craig rogers was sitting on his surfboard, scanning the distance for his next wave，when his board suddenly stopped moving. he looked down and was terrified to see a great white shark biting the front of his 1.after craig rogers fell into the water, the shark swam away 2. it is difficult for the author to understand why great whites often let humans escape 3. which of the following is closest in meaning to make up in line 2 of paragraph 4? _ increase. 4. the word their in line 2 of paragraph 4 means_ great whites5. what is the main idea of the fourth paragraph? _we now know great mistake humans for other animals.5.the travels of ibn battuta原文：“i left tangier, my birthplace, the 13th of june 1325 with the intention of making the pilgrimage to mecca. to leave all my friends both female and male, to abandon my home as birds abandon their nests. ” 1. what is the passage mainly about? .the adventures of ibn battuta. 2. which of the following is closest in meaning to set off for in line 5?. left to go to. 3. the sultan of delhi gave ibn battuta a position of judge because . ibn battuta had studied in mecca. 4. which of the following would the writer of this passage most likely agree with?.ibn battuta should be better known in the west today. 5. why did ibn battuta finally return to his home?.the sultan of morocco asked him to return.22.some things we know about language原文：many things about language are a mystery, and many will always remain so. but some things we do know. 1. in the second paragraph the author thinks that any human race, whether backward or not, has a language. 2. according to the author, people of undeveloped cultures can have complicated language. 3. the author has used american indian languages as an example to show that they are just as advanced as some well-known languages. 4. which of the following statements is incorrect? some primitive languages are better than other languages. 5. according to he author language changes are most likely to occur in vocabulary.21.spacing in animals原文：flight distanceany observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. 1. which of the following is the most appropriate definition of flight distance? distance between an animal and its enemy before fleeing. 2. if an animals critical distance is penetrated, it will begin to attack. 3.according to the passage, social distance refers to psychological distance. 4. which of the following could best replace the word “band” in “we can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group” (in paragraph 3.? strip of land 5. the example of the children holding hands when crossing the street in the last paragraph shows that social distance is sometimes determined by outside factors. 641新编英语多功能词典18.goal of american education原文：education is an enormous and expensive part of american life. its size is matched by its variety. differences in american schools compared with those found in the majority 1. which of the following best states the goal of american education? to give every student the opportunity to fully develop his/her ability. 2. it is implied in the passage tha-the subject every student takes may vary. 3. american schools place great emphasis on the learners -acquisition of the ability to be creative 4.according to the passage, a