unit2翻译的原则.ppt

Translation Principles Unit 2 Teaching Contents: Principles of translation Factors of translation Process of translation Teaching Aims: To teach students the theory of translation. Teaching Focus: The principles of the translation Teaching Methods: Discussion Teaching Approaches: Multi-media aided. Teaching Procedures Teaching Plan 1. What are the principles of translation? George Campbell, the English translators principle: The first thingis to give a just representation of the sense of the originalThe second thing is, to convey into his version, as much as possible, in a consistency with the genius of the language which he writes, the authors spirit and mannerThe third and last thing is, to take care, the version have at least, so far the quality of an original performance, as to appear natural and easy. (首先，准确地再现原作的意思；第二，在符 合译作语言特征的前提下，尽可能地移植作者 的精神和风格；第三，也是最后，使译作至少 具有原创作品的特性，显得自然流畅。) Alexander F. Tylers principle: a. That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. b. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. c. That the translation should have all the ease of original composition. (一、译作应完全复写出原作的思想；二、译 作的风格和手法应和原作属于同一性质；三 、译作应具备原创作品的通顺。) 他们都以“忠实”为大前提，要求译文从 三个方面中忠实于原作：一是忠实地传 达原作的内容，二是忠实地展示原作的 风格，三是忠实地体现原创作品的通顺 。 Yan Fus principle on translation: The so-call principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator, who should follow them while translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation works. Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fus “three-character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, would evoke controversy, namely the principle of “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”. “信”：严复认为译文应该抓住全文要旨，对于 词句可以有所颠倒增删，只要不失原意，不必 斤斤计较词句的对应和顺序。 “达”：严复认为达很重要。只信而不达，译了 等于没译。只有做到达，才能做到信。要做到 达，译者必须首先认真通读全文，做到融会贯 通，然后进行翻译。为了表达原意，可以在词 句方面作必要的调整改动。 “雅”：严复认为译文要雅，否则没有人看。 雅主要是指古雅，要采用汉代以前使用的古文 。对此很多人有不同看法，不能脱离原文片面 追求雅，如果原文不雅，译文怎么能雅？况且 ，严复主张的是古雅，即用古文进行翻译，这 是不可取的。 2. The principle the author put forward: Generally speaking, two criteria are very important: the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness/fluency (通顺/流畅). By faithfulness/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness/fluency, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries. examples: 【例1】 Public opinion plays a vital and healthy role in the political realm. 公共舆论在政治领域起着生命力的、健康的作用 。 【译文】 舆论在政治领域起着极其重要的、有益 的作用。 【例2】 Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment. 职业和工作带来很大的幸福和满足，而我们大多 数人并不意识到这一点。 【译文】 职业和工作对于获得幸福和满足起了很 大的作用，我们大多数人对此却认识不足。 两类问题： 一类是译文语义基本符合原文，但汉 语表达有欠正确； 另一类是汉语表达尚有可读性，但译 文语义不符原文。 Exercises: 1.For Nat Nakasa the pledge he was required to sign - to leave his country and never return proved too much; he committed suicide in New York. 纳特纳卡萨不得不发誓离开祖国，不管情况如何永不 返家，并自杀于纽约。 【译文】 对纳特纳卡萨来说，要他签字保证离开祖国 永不返回是难以接受的：他在纽约自杀了。 2.In the wake of his mothers death some thirty-six years later, Hemingway turned back to the adventure and tried to write a novel about it. 在他母亲去世36年之后，海明威又想起了那次历险奇遇 ，并试图写一部小说。 【译文】 大约36年过后，在他母亲去世后的不久海明威 又想起了那次遭遇的险情，并试图就此写一部小说。 What are the highest and lowest criteria for translation? The highest standard: To make the readers of the target language have the same feeling as those of the original works. That is to say, to keep the same meaning, style and the smoothness. (最高标准: 达到基本相同的感受, 包括达意 、传神、入化， 即不仅保存原作的思想内容 、风格神韵而且自然流畅，读起来不象是译 本）。 The lowest standard: To keep the same meaning and make the translated version smooth. (最低标准：译文起码应该达到的标准。忠实 原文，表达通顺，达意。) 2. How to apply these principles in translation? A translator should pay attention to the following: 1) Represent the content of the original: (再现原作的思想内容) To convey the content and ideas of the original work completely. Try to avoid wrong translation and missing translation. Besides try to be careful with the tones and the distribution of the emphasis of the original work. For examples: Do you see any green in my eyes? 你认为我幼稚可欺吗？ His grandfather is physically weak, but mentally sound. 他祖父身体虽然虚弱，但是精神尚佳。 （不能译成思想健康） He was slightly struck by the cashier, a young and giggling girl with ankles. 他有点被那个年轻漂亮咯咯笑的收款员所打动.（ 英美文化中把脚踝的好看与否作为评价女性漂亮 与否的标准之一。） 2) Represent the expressions of the original work: (再现原作的表现手法) Try to use different methods to express the original meaning according to the content, such as figure of speech, simile, metaphor, etc. to keep the original style. For examples: Gentlemen like him carry only large note. 只有象他那样的人才拿大票子。（讽刺） Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. 读书足以怡情，足以博采， 足以长才。 其怡情 也， 最见于独处幽居之时；其博采也， 最见于 高谈阔论之中； 其长才也， 最见于处世判事之 际。（排比） 把原文中的意义美、形式美和声韵美都淋漓尽 致地表现出来了。 3）Represent the style of the original. (再现原文的文体风格) ： 不同的文体所用的语言不一样。政论性文章与科技文章不 同，新闻报道和文学作品不同，书面材料和口头报告不同 ，应用文也有其自己的格式，翻译时一定要使用适合的文 体。如： For example: and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 书面语：并且使这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存 。（书面语，比较文雅。） 口语： 要使这个归人民所有，由人民管理，为人民办事 的政府永世长存。 （口语化，琅琅上口。） 4) Be careful with the selection of vocabulary and expressions in the target language: (注意遣词用句，避免洋化现象) Try to avoid words or expressions difficult to understand and those which sound like the source language or not idiomatic in the target language. For examples: They had barely enough time to catch the train. 原译：他们仅有足够的时间赶上火车。 改译：他们差点没赶上火车。 It is now thought that the more work we give our brain, the more work they are able to do. 原译：现在人们认为，我们让脑子工作得越 多，它就能赶更多的工作。 改译：现在人们认为脑子越用越好使。 5) Keep the implied meaning and make your translation readable: (传神达意) Try to fully understand the writers purpose of writing the article and get the main idea of it. While translating, do it from the view of the passage or paragraph, not only from the view of some individual words or phrases. For examples: If the management provides pleasant background music and beautifies the dull setting, the factory will be much productive. (background music： 配乐) 如果厂方播放悦耳的音乐，美化一下单调的环境，工厂的 生产效率就可以大大提高。 Betty cooked her goose when she cheated in the exam. 贝蒂因考试作弊而葬送了前途。 This is a fine kettle of fish! I forgot my book. 真糟糕, 我的书忘了带来了！ armed to the teeth: 武装到牙齿 The paratroopers were armed to the teeth. 伞兵部队已做好了战斗准备。 3.What are the reasons that the translation cant keep the same feeling as that of the original material? Because of many differences between the two languages and the culture, etc., readers of the translated works can not have the same feeling as those of the original ones. These are reflected from many aspects, such as: 1) 两种语言表达方式不同 由于两中语言的表达方式不同如直译， 很难符合译 语的习惯，容易造成含混费解，或意思走样。在翻 译时应与原文的意思为依据，按译语的习惯重新表 达，在用词、句法结构以及比喻修辞等方面作相应 的调整和改变。 2) 原作的对象与译作的对象不同。 作者写作时考虑的是原文的读者的实际情况，写 作时着眼点不同。翻译后是以译语的读者为对象 。译语读者和原语读者在社会背景、文化水平、 知识领域以及国情等方面不同。因此， 即使翻 译得十全十美， 译文读者对某些地方理解起来 也难免会遇到一些困难。有时要采取“译者注”的 办法进行补救。 例如： 史记：Shiji/Historical Records by Simaqian 离骚：Li Sao, a long poem of patriotism 水浒传：Heroes of the Marshes(沼泽地)/Water Margin, a Chinese novel of the early Ming Dynasty by Shi Naian 红楼梦：A Dream of Red Mansion/Shitouji/the Story of the Stone, novel published in the early Qing Dynasty about 1790 by Cao Xueqin/Red Chamber 3) 原语作者与译语作者的理解和表达水平 的差异。 要达到使译文读者的感受与原文读者完全 相同，从理论上讲， 应要求译者对原文 的理解水平不低于原文读者的一般水平； 对译语的表达能力不低于原文作者的表 达能力。这一点是达不到的。因为译者对 外语（译语）的理解水平不可能等同与原 语的读者，他的表达能力也不可能等同与 原语作者的表达水平。 4) 礼俗文化的语境干涉 英、汉语有着各自不同的文化，在表达 上各有不同。如汉语中的自谦语、尊称 语问候语、道歉语和感谢语等体现了汉 民族的谦虚仁让。然而， 在该文化信息 转换成目标语时， 信息编码存在很大阻 力。译者虽能译出所指， 却难保语体色 彩和感情色彩，“形似而神不似”， 语境 得不到体现。因此给人“有骨无肉”的遗憾 ，造成文化失真。如下面的翻译: a. 自谦语的翻译： 汉语：不才、小人、家兄、谨上、愚师等； 英语：均译为“I, me, mine, myself”。 b. 尊称语： 汉语：尊姓、贵庚、玉体、令堂 英语：name; age; health, mother 5) 典籍文化的语境干涉 在各自的语言中都有一些典故，由于东、 西放文化的差异，这些典故如直译出来会 造成译文读者的费解或误解。 在这中情况 下就要采取不同的方法， 如增词译法、加 注译法或引伸译法以及与译语大致接近的 典故等译法进行翻译， 方可将原译比较贴 切地翻译出来。 如： 中山狼：the zhongshan wolf, a mountain wolf attacked and wanted to eat the person who has just saved him She is as beautiful as Helen. 她是绝代佳人 （或她象杨玉环一样美丽。/ 她象海伦一 样美