全国英语等级考试三级英语写作方法指导(word档，.doc

(一)写作 PETS三级写作常为160-200个词左右的短文，文章难易程度适中，对于文章的文体，语言等要求较高，考生在写作时，要注意审请题目，抓住作文题目的核心重点，围绕着题目展开写作，考生在组织文章时要注意思路清晰，语言准确，句子完整，避免出现语法错误，另外，在写作，要尽量运用连词，如However，Nevertheless等，还要尽量运用谚语，如Every coin has two sides， More practice，more benefit，这样会增加作文的写作色彩，从而提高作文的得分。 作文考试的文体常分为四类:议论文;说明文;记叙文;描写性作文。下面分别分析以上四类文章: （一）议论文 议论文是作者就某个问题或事件发表自己看法的一种文体。作者旨在通过讲事实、摆道理来说明自己的见解、主张，从而使人信服。写议论文时要特别注意以下几点:在段首就必须提出问题和作者的观点，使读者明确你的立场;充分运用逻辑推理来说明自己的观点，以理服人; 说明材料（或论据）必须真实可靠，有说服力;驳斥他人观点时，应首先承认自己的观点可能会有人反对，然后再去批驳他人的观点，这样才容易获取他人的信任，使自己的观点更加真实可靠、有说服力; 结尾句进一步明白无误地阐述自己的观点，赢得读者的赞同。 下面以一篇习作如何解决交通拥挤问题来看看这种文章的写法。 为解决城市交通拥挤，有人建议建造更多的道路。有的人则建议开辟更多的公共汽车线路。我的建议。How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic? With population rapidly increasing，heavy traffic has become a big headache for many cities. For this very reason，many government officials and experts have thought up some solutions，among which two draw much attention the country over. Some people suggest that more and wider roads should be laid down. It is evident that it can relieve the traffic congestion in the streets，thus accelerating the flow of buses and cars. And meanwhile， the fast and smooth flow of traffic reduces the air pollution caused by engine-idling. But the disadvantage of this solution lies in the fact that too much land that could be used for farming or housing will inevitably be occupied by more and more roads. Therefore，others hold that the number of public bus routes should be raised so that more people can be transported and fewer people will have to travel in their own cars or ride bikes. Less use of bicycles and private cars will make the roads less crowded. Unfortunately，there is also a drawback in this solution; it will bring inconvenience to those who live or work far away from bus stops. As neither of the two solutions is effective enough to solve the problem of heavy traffic in cities，I favor a combination of the two. While building more roads in places where land is less useful，we should increase the number of public bus lines. Only in this way can we more efficiently solve the problem of heavy traffic. 【译文】 如何解决交通拥挤的问题 随着人口的迅速增长，交通拥挤已成为许多城市难以解决的问题。正是由于这种原因，许多政府官员以及专家提出了一些解决方案，其中有两个引起了全国的极大关注。 有人建议建造更多更宽的道路。很明显，这样会缓解道路交通的拥挤，从而加快车速。同时，快速而又流畅的车辆还会减少由发动机变速导致的空气污染。但此种方案的不足之处在于这样一个事实;建造道路会不可避免地占用过多的土地，而这些土地本来是可以用于耕作或建房的。故此，另一些人主张开辟更多的公共汽车线路，使更多的人不去驾车或骑车，而是让他们去乘坐公交汽车。这样一来，也可以降低道路拥挤。不幸的是，它也有缺陷，即给那些远离公共汽车站的人的生活和工作带来不便。 由于这两种解决方案都不能有效地解决城市交通拥挤问题，我赞成采取将两者结合起来的方法。一方面在土地不紧张的地方建造更多的道路，另一方面增加公共汽车线路。只有用这种方法，我们才能更有效地解决交通拥挤问题。当然，我们也可以运用作文模式来写议论文。 作文模式（一） There is no denying the fact that is a popular topic which is much talked about not only by but also by .The reasons for are as follows. To begin with， .Secondly .Therefore we should attach significance to solving this problem. There are，I think，at least two possible ways to copy with it.The first way to tackle it is to appeal to authorities to take measures to .The other way that is worth adopting is to work out new regulations to .Only in this way，can we succeed in solving the problem in the near future.To conclude，it is seems obvious that .So the prospect we are looking forward to will be bright and encouraging.作文模式（二） Its generally believed that is a hot topic which is widely talked about both at home and abroad. Now our government attaches great importance to solving this problem. Scientists in the filed have put forward a number of suggestions tending to relieve it. To begin with， we should .Further more， .Its clear that . People，however，differ in opinions on this matter. Some think that .According to them，we should .Others argue that .In their opinion，nobody can ，without .There is no doubt that .As a consequence . In short，I firmly support the view that .Its because .So my conclusion is that .作文模式（三） As is show in the table（in the picture） dropped（increased） from in 1944to in 1996.According to figures given in the table， has greatly increased（decreased）.From the table，we can also see that there has been a sharp decline（rise）in .Its clear that . There are at least two good reasons. For on the one hand .Lets have an example to illustrate the great increase in .On the other hand is due to the fact that .In addition， is responsible for .Maybe there are some other reasons to show .But its generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly acceptable. As far as Im concerned，O believed that Im sure my opinion is both sound and well grounded. （二）说明文 说明文是对客观事物的特征、功能和作用等进行说明的文体。要求根据客观事实，如实地逐一予以说明。写作时，可以按时间、空间、逻辑或认识等顺序展开。下面就是一个依照逻辑上的因果关系而展开的说明文。 下面就以一篇习作青春来看看这种文章的写作。 青春是什么? 对于不同年龄的人，青春又意味着什么? 就大学生而言，青春是On Youth In the case of college students，youth is just the same as a race in which knowledge competes against time for their sake. During the course of this competition，most students try and invest as much time as possible in the ocean of knowledge，while some yield up the pursuit of knowledge to the enjoyment of pleasures that time offers. It has al-ready been proved that economy of knowledge will feature the century to come，which is a direct challenge to the college students，masters of the new century. If a student realizes the challenge as well as the fact that anyone has youth but once，he or she will never let youth down and help knowledge always hold the lead in the race against time. 【译文】 青春就大学生们而言，青春恰似知识为了大学生们的利益而与时间展开的一场竞争。在这场竞争中，大多数学生千方百计将尽可能多的时间投入知识的海洋，但有一些学生把对知识的追求让位于及时行乐。现已证实，知识经济将是下一个世纪的主要特征;这是对大学生新世纪主人的直接挑战。如果一个学生能意识到这一挑战以及一个人的青春只有一次的事实，那他（她）就不会辜负青春，使知识在与时间的赛跑中永远处于领先地位。（三）记叙文 记叙文是阐述一件事情的发生、发展、起因、高潮，以及结果的文章，对于它的写作最重要的是把文章的思路屡清，把事情的读者介绍清楚，特别注意时间、地点、人物的变化。 下面以一篇习作来看看这种文章的写作。An Unforgettable Test Last Sunday，I took the GRE. It was the longest test I had ever taken. I entered the examination room at eight oclock and did not come out until twelve. For the first hour I sat there waiting anxiously for the proctor to give out the paper. Then the exam officially began. I saw nothing but the test paper. How time flew. I did one section after another. The test was over without my knowing it. Earlier I had taken many tests，yet at no test did I feel time so limited as this one. Usually there is plenty of time for me to go over what I have written when I finish the test. I would sit there waiting restlessly for the test to be over. But this time，it took me over twenty minutes to have finished the two sections on math at a much slower speed than usual. God bless me. I wish I had been careful enough this time. At noon，someone came over to talk with me about the test，which put me in doubt of whether or not I had put the number of my test certificate right on the answer sheet. I was sure I filled in the number，but I did not remember whether or not I had circled the corresponding number under it. However，maybe all of my efforts are not made in vain. It would be terrible if I got no grades after working so hard. 【译文】 难忘的考试 上星期天，我参加了GRE考试。这次考试是我考得最久的一次。8点钟进考场，一直到12点多才出来。刚开始1个小时，我急不可耐地坐等发卷子。正式开考后，只觉得时间飞逝。哗一下，一部分做完了;哗，又另一部分做完了，不知不觉中考试完了。 以前，从没有哪次考试像这次一样时间扣得如此的紧。通常，我都是较快做完，并用大量时间复查，坐在那儿等时间过去，等得很着急。 这次考试，仅数学的两个部分，我就花了20多分钟，大大慢于平时练习的速度。老天保佑，但愿我这次够细心! 今天中午，来了个人与我聊起考试的事情，结果使我怀疑起我是否 把准考证号码正确地填在答题纸上。填肯定是填过的，可是我记不清是否划过圈了。真糟糕!别辛苦了一场，连成绩都没有，那就惨了。 （四）描写文 描写文就是用生动形象的语言将人物的外部特征、心理状态、言谈举止以及事物的特征和性质等描写出来，使读者能够通过文字就有“身历其境”和“如见其人”的感觉。 描写文有人物描写和事物描写两大类。描写人物的时候，应抓住其主要特征，如:相貌、服饰、语言、行为举止和内心世界等一些与众不同的地方，用最恰当的语言进行描写;而在描写事物，尤其是景物的时候，则需要将其有代表性的外部特征，如:形状、颜色等描写出来。值得注意的是，写景的目的并不一定是专门为写景。在更多情况下，写景是为了抒情，是为了表达作者此时此刻的某种心情，让读者也能够触景生情，感受到作者的心情。 下面分别看一下写人和写景的两篇范文。Autumn It is autumn. The sky is clear and cloudless. The summer heat is gone. The autumn wind brings us cool. At once the version comes to my mind，“Autumn is rich with fruit and grain.” Actually I see pomegranates red and round on the stall in the market and the pears big，yellow and juicy. My mouth waters for them. The grains have been harvested，the rice，wheat and corn. The laurel trees give off fragrance. The perfume makes its way straight into my nose. The bright red canna are standing behind rows of tall plane trees. I am waiting for their leaves to turn yellow. Then I can trample on the fallen leaves on both sides of the ground. At times the autumn rain keeps falling silently on the trees and flowers and the ground. It washes everything clean. When the sun comes out，the droplets shine bright on the yellow leaves. What a beautiful painting! Autumn is the season for harvest; no pains，no gains. I must study hard so tat I can have a big harvest in all my subjects. 【译文】 秋 天 已是秋天了，天空晴朗，万里无云，夏热已逝，秋风送爽。我顿时想起秋天是收获的季节。市场上已可见到红红的石榴和黄橙橙而又多汁的大梨，实在今人垂涎。此时，稻子、小麦和谷子等庄稼也已开镰收割。 桂花吐香，芬芳扑鼻;在一排排高大的梧桐树后是鲜红的美人蕉。我在等待树叶变黄，然后踩着满地的落叶。 有时，秋雨无声地落到树上、花上和地上。它洗涤一切。太阳出来时，晶莹的水珠在黄色的树叶上闪闪发亮，一幅多么美丽的油画，秋天是收获的季节，而不劳者将一无所获，我要努力学习，以便所有的功课都获得丰收。 二、写作常用句型 （一）文章开头句型 对立法 1.When asked aboutthe vast（overwhelming majority of most /many/quite a few）people say（think/believe/answer）thatBut other people regard/view/see/think ofas（I think/view quite/a bit differently）. 2.When it comes to，some people think（believe）thatOther argue（claim）that the opposite（reverse）is true. There is probably some truth in both arguments（statements），but 3.There is a public（general/much）debate（discussion/controversy） today（nowadays）on（about/over/as to）the problem（issue）ofThose who criticize（oppose/object to）contend（argue）thatThey believe thatBut people who advocate（favor），on the other hand，maintain/assert that 4.Now，it is commonly（generally/widely）believed（thought/held/accepted/felt/recognized/acknowledged）thatThey claim（believe/argue）thatBut I wonder（doubt）whether 5.To the general public（To most people/In the popular mind/In most peoples opinion），But despite（in spite of/for all），I believe （one should） 6.Now a lot of（the majority of/many/most）people believe （think/feel）thatBut although（Admittedly，），there is no（little）evidence（it is questioned/doubted）that 7.In reaction（response/answer）to the event（phenomenon/idea/ question），some people say（think）But do they realize? 8.is a popular（widespread/common）method（way）of，but is it a fair（wise/reasonable）one? The（Its）method（way/value/wisdom）is now being questioned （challenged）by more and more people. 9.These days we often hear aboutThey claim（argue/say）that But has（is）it? Close examination（analysis/scrutiny）doesnt bear out the claim（argument）. 10.We are often shown（told）these days thatBut is this really the case?现象法 11arisen（loomed up/cropped up as controversial/as noteworthy/more distinctly for settlement）.12.Recently the issue（problem/question）ofhas been in the limelight（brought into focus/brought to public attention/posed among the general public） 13.In recent（the past）5years，many cities（nations/people）havebeen faced（plagued/troubled with）experienced（witnessed/under-gone）thea（n）serious problem of（acute shortage of/alarming in-crease in）. 14.One of the searching burning/pressing/interesting）questions （problems）facing（confronting）our nation（society/world）today is 15.One of the biggest issues（hottest topics/most popular things/most serious problems）many people talk（complain）about now is 16.Now（Perhaps）most dangerous（undesirable/harmful）for our nation（society/world/college）is the trend（tendency/phenomenon）ofwhich is apparent（obvious/evident/pervasive/rampant/under way） in 17.Inflation（Corruption/Social inequality）is yet another of the new and bitter truths we have to learn to face now（constantly）. 18.A（n）virtual epidemic（acute shortage/serious campaign）ofis now under way in this country（society）.According to a recent（new）study（poll/survey）. 19.Here and there（In city after city/At offices and plants）across the country（land），a（n）growing（increasing/surprising/significant） 20.With the rapid（marked/amazing）development（improvement/expansion）ofincrease（growth/decline in） With the general（growing/common）recognition（realization/acknowledgement of）commitment（devotion/dedication）to interest in（concern over/enthusiasm for） Withplaying an increasingly big role in（attaching much importance to）more and more. 21.Nowadays（Currently/Recently）there is a growing/commonly tendency to/in/that general/deep-seated belief in/that general/uneasy feeling of/against/that growing/nation-wide recognition of/that growing/general awareness of/that deep/serious concern over/for/that deep/keen interest in growing/great demand for growing/great enthusiasm for/among sb. 22.In recent few years（the past few decades）there is（has been）a sharp（marked/sudden/dramatic increase/growth/rise/decline in） astonishing（increasing/sizable number/percentage/proportion/population of） According to a（n）recent（new/official）study（survey/report/ poll） 23.Any visitor to this city（country）would almost inevitably deduce（draw his conclusion） be surprised（struck/impressed）by the fact 24.Whenever you see（find），you cannot help being struck（surprised/astonished/disappointed/impressed）by（at） 观点法 25.Nothing（Few things） No idea（opinion/belief/view/attitude）is（are）more（as）foolish dangerous/untrue/undesirable/basic/important/essential）than（as）（which is widely（commonly/generally）held by）.26.Never（Nowhere）in history（the world/China）has the issue （change/idea）ofbeen more（as）visible（evident/popular）than（as） 27.It is about（high）time we exploded（shattered/freed ourselves from）the myth（illusion/fiction）about28.Perhaps（Maybe）we should（it is time to）rethink（reexamine/have a fresh look at）the idea（value/attitude wisdom/desirability）that 29.Now people in growing（increasing/significant）numbers are beginning（coming）to realize（recognize understand/accept/be aware）that 30.Nowthere is a growing awareness/recognition on the part of peoplepeople become increasingly aware/conscious of the need （necessity/importance）to（of）31.We might marvel atIn spite of（Despite）the great（giant/extraordinary/tremendous）progress stride/advance）made in science and technology（nearly every field），（but）remain basically un-changed（the same as it was/asas ever they were）. 引用法 32.One of the great early men（writers/philosophers/scientists）said（wrote/remarked）thatIf this is true（the case），then the present （current）view（value/attitude/situation）should make us wonder whether （ponder over） 33.“Knowledge is power” “Awareness of ignorance is the beginning of wisdom”“Familiar notions are often those least examined”“Mutual ignorance breeds mutual distrust” “Genius is2percent inspiration and98percent perspiration” Such is the opinion of（remark made by）Bacon（Edison One of the great men）.This view（remark）has been shared（confirmed）now（time and again）by more and more people（many historical events）。 34.“”Thats how one college student（official/housewife/father）described（commented/complained/criticized）He/She is hardly alone in the experience（Many people have shared the experience like this）. 35.“”The same idea（complaint/attitude）is voiced（echoed/shared）by36.“”How often we hear（We are used to hearing/Many people have heard）（such）statement（words/complaint）like（as）this（those）.比较法 37.For years（Until recently）had been（was）seen（viewed/regarded）asBut that is changing now（people are taking a fresh look at it）.With the growing（mounting）demand for（interest in/concern over），people 38.People used to think（It was once thought）thatIn the past （old days）But things are quite different（few people now share this view） 39.Several years（decades）ago，peopleNow（Today），Why to people（has such change taken place）? 40.After a good many years of efforts to（enthusiasm for），people begin to 41.It is a traditional way（custom/practice）toBut now the pendulum has swung to another direction（in the opposite direction/the other way） 42.In recent years，there is a steady there is asteady（subtle/significant shift of）general（growing/healthy tendency to）upward（welcome/undesirable trend to