[英语学习]新概念第四册练习册-阅读.doc

Lesson 1听力STATEMENT1 What does the speaker mean? A.I believe I can find you in other places as well. B.I had no idea that I could find you here. C.I believe that I can only find you in this place. D.This is not the place for me to meet you.Mark! Here you are! This is the last place in the world I would have expected to find you.词汇阅读Part A (2001研究生入学考题)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. (61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth. Anthropology derives from the Greek words anthropos human and logos the study of. By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind. Anthropology is one of the social sciences. (62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particulary close to anthropology. All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. (63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylors formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. (64) Tylor defined culture as . that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylors definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior. (65) Thus, the anthropological concept of culture, like the concept of set in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.Key:61而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。62社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。63强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。64泰勒把文化定义为“一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯”。65因此，人类学中的“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。Part BTEXT C(2001英专八级) Human migration: the term is vague. What people usually think of is the permanent movement of peoplefrom one home to another. More broadly, though, migration means all the waysfrom the seasonal drift ofagricultural workers within a country to the relocation of refugees from one country to another. Migration is big, dangerous, compelling. It is 60 million Europeans leaving home from the 16th to the20th centuries. It is some 15 million Hindus, Skihs, and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizensbetween India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. Migration is the dynamic undertow of population change: everyones solution, everyones conflict. As thecentury turns, migration, with its inevitable economic and political turmoil, has been called one of the greatest challenges of the coming century. But it is much more than that. It is, as it has always been, the great adventure of human life. Migrationhelped create humans, drove us to conquer the planet, shaped our societies, and promises to reshape them again. You have a history book written in your genes, said Spencer Wells. The book hes trying to read goeshack to long before even the first word was written, and it is a story of migration. Wells, a tall, blond geneticist at Stanford University, spent the summer of 1998 exploring remote partsof Transcaucasia and Central Asia with three colleagues in a Land Rover, looking for drops of blood. In theblood, donated by the people he met, he will search for the story that genetic markers can tell of the longpaths human life has taken across the Earth. Genetic studies are the latest technique in a long effort of modern humans to find out where they havecome from. But however the paths are traced, the basic story is simple: people have been moving since theywere people. If early humans hadnt moved and intermingled as much as they did, they probably would havecontinued to evolve into different species. From beginnings in Africa, most researchers agree, groups ofhunter-gatherers spread out, driven to the ends of the Earth. To demographer Kingsley Davis, two things made migration happen. First, human beings, with theirtools and language, could adapt to different conditions without having to wait for evolution to make them suitable for a new niche. Second, as populations grew, cultures began to differ, and inequalities developed between groups. The first factor gave us the keys to the door of any room on the planets the other gave us reasons to use them. Over the centuries, as agriculture spread across the planet, people moved toward places where metal wasfound and worked and to centres of commerce that then became cities. Those places were, in turn, invadedand overrun by people later generations called barbarians. In between these storm surges were steadier but similarly profound tides in which people moved out tocolonize or were captured and brought in as slaves. For a while the population of Athens, that city of legendary enlightenment was as much as 35 percent slaves. What strikes me is how important migration is as a cause and effect in the great world events. MarkMiller, co-author of The Age of Migration and a professor of political science at the University of Delaware,told me recently. It is difficult to think of any great events that did not involve migration. Religions spawned pilgrims orsettlers; wars drove refugees before them and made new land available for the conquerors; political upheavalsdisplaced thousands or millions; economic innovations drew workers and entrepreneurs like magnets; environmental disasters like famine or disease pushed their bedraggled survivors anywhere they could replanthope. Its part of our nature, this movement, Miller said, Its just a fact of the human condition.23. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? A Migration exerts a great impact on population change. B Migration contributes to Mankind, s progress. C Migration brings about desirable and undesirable effects. D Migration may not be accompanied by human conflicts.24. According to Kingsley Davis, migration occurs as a result of the following reasons EXCEPT _. A human adaptability B human evolution C cultural differences D inter-group inequalities25. Which of the following groups is NOT mentioned as migrants in the passage? A Farmers. B Workers. C Settlers. D Colonizers.26. There seems to be a(n) _ relationship between great events and migration. A loose B indefinite C causal D remoteKey23D 根据第三段的“Migration is the dynamic undertow of population change”，可以排除A。根据第 四段中的“Migration helped create humans，drove us to conquer the planet，shaped our societies， and promises to reshape them again”可以排除B。根据第十一段中的“What strikes me is how important migration is as a cause and effect in the great world events”可以排除C。根据第三段 中的“its(migrations) inevitable economic and political turmoil”，就可知D是错误陈述，是正确 答案。作者相信，读者根据自己的常识也可以发现D的陈述错误。24B答案可在第八段中找。根据“human beings.could adapt to different conditions”，可以排除A。 根据without having to wait for evolution to make mem suitable for a new niche，可以肯定B。 根据“Second，as populations grew，cultures began to differ，and inequalities developed between groups.the other gave us reasons to use them”可以排除C和D。25A根据倒数第二段中的“Religions spawned pilgrims or settlers，可以排除C。根据“economic innovations drew workers and entrepreneurs like magnets，可以排除B。根据“wars.made new land available for the conquerors，可以排除D。由此，可以断定A为正确答案。26C 根据第十一段中的What strikes me is how important migration is as a cause and effect in the great world events”以及第十二段中的“It is difficult to think of any great events that did not involve migration”，可以断定“great events和“migration”之间的因果关系，所以C为正确答案。写作Lesson 2听力词汇阅读Passage15（托福阅读） Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and other single- celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classi- fied as members of the plant kingdom. However, in reality they are very different fromLine plants and today they are placed in a separate group altogether. The principal reason for (5) this is that none of them possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates, they obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms. Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugarlike polymer called chitin, the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and(10) insects are made. The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi and those of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphae, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the wails of plant ceils without having any effect on those of the fungus itself. It is these cellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood(15) pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material. The destructive power of fungi is impressive. They are a major cause of structural damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting. Some fungi can grow at +50C, while others can(20) grow at -5 , so even food in cold storage may not be completely safe from them. On the other hand, fungi bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, thus enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms. In addition, fungi are the source of many of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including(25) penicillin.1. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss? (A) differences between simply and complex fungi (B) functions of chlorophyll in plants (C) functions of sugar in the walls of fungal cells (D) differences between fungi and plants 2. Which of the following is mentioned as a major change in how scientists approach the study of fungi? (A) Fungi are no longer classified as plants (B) Some single-celled organisms are no longer classified as fungi. (C) New methods of species identification have been introduced (D) Theories about the chemical composition of fungi have been revised. 3. The word principal in line 4 is closest in meaning to (A) true (B) main (C) logical (D) obvious4. According to the passage, how do fungi obtain carbohydrates? (A) The absorb carbohydrates from their own cell walls. (B) They synthesize chlorophyll to produce carbohydrates. (C) They produce carbohydrates by breaking down chitin. (D) They acquire carbohydrates from other organic matter, both living and dead.5. The passage mentions shrimps, spiders, and insects in line 9 because their skeletons (A) can be destroyed by fungi (B) have unusual chemical compositions (C) contain a material found in the walls of fungal cells (D) secrete the same enzymes as the walls of fungal cells do6. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage? (A) chlorophyll (line 5) (B) polymer (line 8) (C) hyphae (line 12) (D) enzymes (line 14)7. The word those in line 13 refers to (A) tips (B) hyphae (C) enzymes (D) walls8. Fungi have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT (A) They grow hyphae. (B) They secrete enzymes. (C) They synthesize cellulose. (D) They destroy crops.9. The word Entire in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) certain (B) whole (C) mature (D) diseased10. The passage describes the negative effects of fungi on all the following EXCEPT (A) buildings (B) animals (C) food (D) soil 11. The phrase bring about in line 21 is closest in meaning to (A) cause (B) join (C) take (D) include 12. The passage mentions penicillin in line 25 as an example of (A) a medicine derived from plants (B) a beneficial use of fungi (C) a product of the relationship between plants and fungi (D) a type of fungi that grows at extreme temperatures.KeyPASSAGE 15 DABDC CDCBD ABPart B Passage30（托福阅读） Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects - it is estimated that 90 percent of the worlds species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity andLine distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they(5) are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity. Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the (10) Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hours walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed. A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between(15) temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather than between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly personal communication(20) citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase. In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World(25) butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.1. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Their physical characteristics (B) Their names (C) Their adaptation to different habitats (D) Their variety2. The word consequence in line 2 is closest in meaning to (A) result (B) explanation (C) analysis (D) requirement3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues because they (A) are simple in structure (B) are viewed positively by people (C) have been given scientific names (D) are found mainly in temperate climates4. The word striking in line 8 is closest in meaning to (A) physical (B) confusing (C) noticeable (D) successful5. The word exceed in line 11 is closest in meaning to (A) locate (B) allow (C) go beyond (D) come close to 6. All of the following are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversity EXCEPT (A) differences between temperate and tropical zones (B) patterns of distribution of species in each region (C) migration among temperate and tropical zones (D) variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants7. The author mentions tropical Asia in lines 19 as an example of a location where (A) butterfly behavio