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涉及语境理解的不定代词考题不定代词是各级英语考试的常考考点,有的不定代词考题出得比较灵活,不能死套规则,要注意结合语境来理解: “Is _ here?” “No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.” A. anybody B. everybody C. somebody D. nobody若只是从表面来看,填空句是个疑问句,可能会误选A。但其实此题最佳答案应选B,因为下文的答句说“只有Bob和Tim请假了”,这说明问句是在查人数,故用 Is everybody here? (大家都到齐了吗?) I agree with most of what you said, but I dont agree with _. A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing此句若从表面看,有可能误选B,因为填空句为否定句。但实际上最佳答案为A,因为上文说“我同意他说的大部分内容”,这与下文的 but I dont agree with everything(但并不是同意他说的所有内容)完全相符。 “Do you have _ at home now, Mary?” “No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.”A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing答案选C,句意为“玛丽,现在家里东西都准备齐了吗?”“还没有,我们还要买些水果和茶。” “If you want a necklace, Ill buy one for you at once.” “Oh, no. A necklace is not _ that I need most.A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything此题容易误选A,机械地认为:something 用于肯定句,anything 用于否定句或疑问句。但是,此题的最佳答案是B,something 在此的意思不是“某种东西”,而是指“那种东西”或“这种东西”,即心中最想要的那种东西(相当于 the thing)。no one, nobody, none 的用法区别no one=nobody,两者均只能指人不指物,其后通常不接of短语,作主语时谓语用单数;而none 既可指人也可指物,其后通常接of短语,用作主语时,若指不可数名词,谓语只能用单数,若指可数名词,则谓语可用单数(较正式)也可用复数(用于非正式文体):No one Nobody likes it. 没人喜欢它。None of the food was left. 一点食物都没留下。None of the books is are interesting. 没有一本书有趣。none 往往暗示有一定的范围(这种范围通常就表现在其后的of短语上),而 no one 或 nobody 则不暗示这种范围(同时也不接表范围的of短语)。比较:()“Did any of your friends come to see you?” “None.” “你的朋友当中有谁来看过你吗?” “一个也没来。”(None为None of my friends之略)“Did anyone come to see you?” “No one.” “有人来看过你吗?”“谁也没来。”none 有时暗示一种数量,即指数量上“一个也没有”,而 no one 或 nobody 则往往表示一种全面否定,即指“谁都没有”,所以在回答 how many 或 how much 的提问时,通常用 none,而在回答 who 的提问时,通常用 no one 或 nobody。两组疑问代词的用法比较一、who 与 whomwho 为主格,用作主语;whom 为宾格,用作宾格:Who spoke at the meeting? 谁在会上发言了?Whom are you talking about? 你们在谈论谁?但是,当用作宾语的 whom 位于句首时,通常可用who 代之:Who(m) is the letter from? 这信是谁寄来的?若是紧跟在介词之后用作宾语,则只能用 whom。二、what, which 与 who 若后接名词(即用作限定词),只用which和what,不能用who:Which What train did you come on? 你是坐哪次火车来的?what和 which 的区别是:当选择的范围较小或比较明确时,多用 which;当选择的范围比较大或不明确时,多用 what:Which color do you like, red, black or white? 红色、黑色和白色,你喜欢哪种?What color is your car? 你的汽车是什么颜色的?但是,若指人,即使选择的范围不明确,也多用 which:Which What writers do you like? 你喜欢哪些作家? 若其后不接名词(即用作代词),三者均可用,which和what的用法区别可参见上面的分析。至于who,它一般只用来指人(用作代词的 which 不用于指人),不管选择范围大还是小、明确还是不明确均可用:Who won Tom or Mike? 谁赢了,是汤姆还是迈克? Who is your favorite poet? 你最喜欢的诗人是谁?当选择范围比较明确且用作宾语时,who也可用which或which one代之:Who Which /Which one do you like better, your father or your mother? 你更喜欢哪个,你父亲还是你母亲? 由于what和who的选择范围可以很大或不明确,所以其后可以跟 else,表示其他的人(或事物),但却通常不跟表示特定范围的of 短语;而 which 的选择范围相对比较小或明确,所以其后一般不接 else,却常与表特定范围的of短语连用:Who (What) else did you see there? 你在那儿还看到了别的什么人(什么东西)?Which of the three girls is the oldest? 这三个女孩中哪个年纪最大?3. 两类易混句型的区别。请先看以下两句:What do you think he wants? 你认为他想要什么?Do you know what he wants? 你知道他想要什么吗?上面第一句为特殊疑问句,第二句为一般疑问句,它们不能倒过来说成Do you think what he wants? What do you know he wants? 其原则区别是:可以用 yes 或 no 回答者,用一般疑问句的形式(疑问词放在句中,即主句之后),适合这类句型的主句动词通常有 know, hear, ask, tell 等;不能用 yes 或 no 回答者,用特殊疑问句的形式(疑问词放在句首),适合这类句型的主句动词通常有 think, believe, suppose, guess 等。物主代词用法注意1. 物主代词的用法物主代词分形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their)和名词性物主代词(mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs)。形容词性物主代词在句中只用作定语;名词性物主代词则不能用作定语,但可以用作主语、宾语、表语、连用of作定语等:His son is taller than hers. 他的儿子比她的儿子高。Her son is a friend of ours. 她的儿子是我们的朋友。Ours is a great country. 我们的国家是一个伟大的国家。This is your pen. Mine is in the box. 这是你的铅笔,我的在铅笔盒里。【注】可以说 a friend of mine (ours, yours, hers, his, theirs),但是不能说 a friend of me (us, you, her, him, theirs),但是“名词+of it”有时可用来代替“its+名词”,如 its price 也可说成 the price of it。2. 物主代词与own 连用为了强调,有时可在物主代词后加上own一词:Mind your own business. 别管闲事。I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我亲眼看到的。有时可用 of ones own 置于名词后作定语:I hope to have a house of my own. / I hope to have my own house. 我希望有自己的房子。3. 使用物主代词的注意点和易错点(1) 要注意英语与汉语使用物主代词的差异。汉语说“我校”,说成英语应是my school,而不能是 I school;汉语说“他妈”,说成英语应是his mother,而不能是 he mother;同样地,汉语说“你先生”,说成英语应是your husband,而不能是 you husband。另外,有些在英语中必用的物主代词在汉语中往往无需表达,如:听到这个消息,他摇了摇头。误:Hearing the news he shook head.正:Hearing the news he shook his head.汉语通常只说“摇头”,不说“摇某人的头”,而英语则说 shake ones head。(2) 有时按汉语习惯似乎应用物主代词,而英语却要用人称代词:这个学期谁教我们的英语?误:Who will teach our English this term?正:Who will teach us English this term?English 作为一个表示语言的名词,其前不能用物主代词,除非它表示的是使用英语的水平或能力,如可说 My English is poor. 我的英语(水平)不行。类似地,不能说 He teaches my physics. 但可以说 My physics is good.()(3) 不要受相似结构和短语的影响而用错物主代词。如lose heart 与 lose ones heart,两者仅差一个物主代词,意思截然不同:前者意为“灰心”、“泄气”;后者意为“爱上”、“钟情于”;又如 haveon ones mind(为担忧,把挂在心上)与keepbearin mind(记住,把记在心里),两者结构相似,但一个用物主代词,一个不用物主代词all 与 whole 的用法区别1. 有时这两个词大致同义,只是位置不同:all 要放在冠词、指示代词、物主代词等之前,而 whole 应放在这些词之后。如:all the family / the whole family 全家2. 在复数名词前一般用 all,在单数可数名词前一般用 whole。如:All my friends are poor. 我所有的朋友都很穷。The whole building was burning. 整座楼都在燃烧。注意它们在意义上有差别:all 指一个不剩,即“全部”;whole 指一点不缺,即“整个”。3. 在不可数名词之前一般用 all,而不用 whole (偶尔有例外:the whole time / all the time; his whole energy / all hisenergy 等),但在物质名词前则绝对不用 whole。如:误:the whole money 正:all the money 所有的钱误:the whole food 正:all the food 所有的食物误:the whole wine 正:all the wine 所有的酒4. 在表地点的专有名词之前,一般用 all 而不用 whole,但可用the whole of。如:all China / the whole of China 全中国5. 在时间名词(如day, week, month, year 等)以及季节名词(spring,summer, autumn, winter) 之前,两者都可用(注意冠词的位置)。如:all (the) day /the whole day 整天()all (the) spring /the whole spring整个春天但在表示时间的 hour 和 century 之前,一般用 whole ,不用 all。如:I waited for her a the whole hour. 我等了她整整 1 小时。all和the whole连用时间时的说明all表时间可与 (the) day, (the) night, (the) week, (the) year, (the) summer 等词组连用 (也有用 all of 的情况,但不常见)。如:Monica spent all (the) day with us. 莫尼卡整天和我们呆在一起。I waited all (the) week for, him to answer. 我整整一个星期都在等他的回音。When we were students we would often stay up all (the) night. 我们当学生时,经常通宵不睡。You have been in the city all (the) summer, I suppose? 我料想你整个夏天都在市内,是吗?the whole 用来指时间时,其语气比 all 强。如:Julie spentthe whole week at home. 朱莉在家里呆了整整一个星期。Consequently I had to walk the whole day. 因此我不得不走了一整天。Because he had a bad cold, Jack decided to stay in bed the whole day. 杰克由于患了重感冒,遂决定整天卧床休息。 all 习惯上不可与 hour 或 century 连用,遇此情况可用 the whole。如:He lived the whole century. 他活过了整个世纪。He stoodthe whole hour in the rain. 他在雨中站了整整一个小时。all, every 与 each 的用法区别1. 三者都可用来概括全体,但强调重点不同:all(全部)是整体性地考虑总体(具有概括性),every (每个)是考虑总体中的所有成员(与 all 很接近),each (每个)是逐个逐个地考虑总体(具有个别性)。比较:All men die. 所有的人都是要死的。Every man dies. 每一个人都要死的。Each man must die alone. 人都必然会一个个地死去。2. all 和 each 既可作形容词(其后接名词),也可用作代词( 单独使用或后接 of 短语);而 every 却只能用作形容词(其后接名词),不能用作代词(即不能单独使用或后接 of 短语)。如:正:all books / Each is good. 所有的书 / 每个都很好。误:every of the books / Every is good.3. each 和 every 之后通常接单数可数名词,用作主语时,其谓语动词用单数。如:Each (man) does his own work. 各人做自己的工作。Every student in the school passed the swimming test. 这个学校的每个学生都通过了游泳测试。若后接两个用 and 连接的名词,其谓语依然用单数。如:Every Each man and woman knows it. 每个男人和女人都知道此事。但是,each 用于复数主语后作同位语,后面的谓语用复数。如:The students each have a dictionary. 学生每人有一本字典()。4.each 指两者或两者以上的“每个”,every 指三者或三者以上“每个”,因此指两者时只能用 each。如:There are trees on each side of the road. 路两边都有树。5. every 可受 almost, nearly 等副词的修饰,但 each 却不能。如:差不多每个学生都读过这本书。正:Almost every student has read the book.误:Almost each student has read the book.反身代词不用作定语汉语常说“我自己的”“你自己的”,说成英语可用my own, your own之类的表达,而不能直接用反身代词作定语。如:于是我回到自己的房间去。正:Then I went back to my own room.误:Then I went back to myself room.我想给你谈一点我自己经历的事。正:I will tell you something of my own experience. 误:I will tell you something of myself experience. 自己做衣服,你就会省钱。正:If you make your own clothes, it will save you money. 正:If you make yourself clothes, it will save you money. 另外,反身代词也不能用于所有格形式。如:我将自己做,而且我将按照自己的方式去做。正:Ill do it myself, and Ill do it in my own way. 误:Ill do it inmyselfs way, and Ill do it in my own way. 现在她能自己洗漱了,也能自己梳头了。正:She can wash herself and brush her own hair now. 误:She can washherself and brush herselfs hair now.与反身代词连用的常用动词搭配本站特约作者 bestabsent oneself from 缺席avail oneself of 利用 accustom oneself to 热心于adapt oneself to 适应于addict oneself in 沉溺于address oneself to 着手amuse oneself with (by) 以自娱 apply oneself to致力于bethink oneself of 考虑bend oneself to 热衷于 break oneself of 去掉习惯 charge oneself with 承担conceal oneself 藏身 concern oneself with 关心;忙于 confine oneself to 局限于content oneself满足curl oneself up 卷曲着身子 deliver oneself of 说出devote oneself to 致力于distinguish oneself by因而出名 dress oneself in 穿着 engage oneself in 从事于engage oneself to 同订婚 enjoy oneself 过得愉快 excuse oneself 辩解exert oneself 努力 familiarize oneself with 精通flatter oneself 自认为free oneself of 摆脱 give oneself to 热衷于 help oneself to 随意吃 indulge oneself in 沉迷于lose oneself in 入迷 occupy oneself with 从事 四个必须后接反身代词作宾语的动词英语中有些动词可以后接反身代词作宾语,有些通常要接反身代词作宾语,而有些则必须要接反身代词作宾语。必须要接反身代词作宾语的动词不多,主要有以下三个:一、absent oneself 缺席The soldierabsented himself without leave for three weeks. 那个士兵未请假离队3个星期。Theyve arranged that I shouldabsent myself for part of the meeting. 他们安排好让我一部分时间不在开会现场。二、avail oneself 有利He quickly availed himself of the opportunity. 他立即利用了这个机会。You shouldavail yourself of the books in the library. 你应利用图书馆的藏书。三、busy oneself 忙He busied himself cooking the dinner. 他忙着做饭。He busied himself with answering letters. 他忙着给人回信。She busied herself tidying up her desk. 她忙着收拾她的写字台。四、pride oneself 得意she prided herself on her cooking. 她为自己善于烹饪而感到得意。She prided herself on being a Chinese. 她以自己是中国人为荣。He prided himself on knowing 10 languages. 他为自己懂得10种语言而自豪。名词性物主代词的句法功能本站特约作者 陈根花一、用作主语。如:Ours is a big family. 我们家人口很多。My pronunciation is poor. His is even worse. 我的语音不好,他的更差。“Whose telephone rang?” “Mine did.” “谁的电话响了?”“我的电话响了。”This is my cup.Yours is the one thats chipped. 这是我的杯子。你的是有缺口的那个。Ours isan epoch in which heroes are coming forward in multides. 我们的时代是一个英雄辈出的时代。二、用作表语。如:Everything is yours. 每样东西都属于你。He said that those were his. 他说那些是他的。Final victory is ours. 最后的胜利是我们的。He looked up and saw which window was his. 他向上仰望,看哪个窗户是他的。三、用作及物动词的宾语。如:I have broken my pencil. Please give me yours. 我把我的铅笔弄断了。请把你的给我。He cooks his own meats and she hers. 他做他自己的饭,而她也做她自己的饭。Lets clean their room first and ours later. 咱们先打扫他们的房间,咱们的房间稍后再打扫。四、用作介词的宾语。如:My views are similar to yours. 我的看法和你相似。She clasped his hand in both of hers. 她用双手握住他的手。She contrasted her childhood with his. 她拿自己的童年与他的对比。He lives in the house which (that) is opposite ours. 他住在我们对面的那栋房子里。He grinned at her and laid his hand on hers. 他冲她笑了笑,把他的手放在她手上。五、用作其作用法。如:请注意下面一句中名词性物主代词的特殊意义:A Happy New Year to you and yours from me and mine. 我和我全家祝你和你全家新年快乐!另外,书信末尾常用yours, 如():Yours sincerely(truly,faithfully) 您忠诚的(忠实的,可以信赖的anyone还是whoever有这样一道题,是选 anyone 还是 whoever:Tell _ you like it makes no difference to me.A. anyone B. whoC.whoeverD. what【陷阱】容易从中文字面来理解而误选A或B。【分析】最佳答案选 C。但若将A, B两项合起来,即用 anyone who这样的形式则也可以。选 C,whoever 引导一个宾语从句,用作动词 tell的宾语。同样地,请看以下类似试题:(1) _ comes is welcome.A. Anyone B. Who C. Anyone whoD. Everyone此题很容易误选A,因为从汉语意思来分析,可理解为“任何人来都欢迎”,但若选A,此句的结构是混乱的,句中有两个谓语动词 comes 和 is,但却只是一个句子。此题应选C,anyone 是句子主语,who comes 是修饰 anyone 的定语从句。(2) _ comes to see me, tell him Im out.A. Anyone B. WhoC.WhoeverD. Everyone此题很容易按汉语意思误选A,其实应选C。whoever 引导的是让步状语从句,相当于 no matter who。(3) Sarah hopes to become a friend of _ shares her interests. A. anyone B. whomeverC. whoeverD. no matter who此题不能选A,假若选A,应在其后加上 who,即用 anyone who;也不能选B,一是因为空格处应填一个作主语的词(因为其后有谓语动词 shares),二是因为在现代英语中 whomever 这个词已基本废除 (也就是说,在现代英语中 whoever 既用作主语,也用作宾语,如:Give it to whoever you see in the meeting-room. 你在会议室里看见谁就把它给谁);也不能选D,因为 no matter who只用于引导让步状语从句,不用于引导名词性从句。此题正确答案为C,whoever 在此相当于 anyone who。比较下例,答案应选A,而不是B、C或D(注意句意):It was a matter of _ would take the position.A. who B. whoeverC. whomD. whomever初学者用错不定冠词的三种情形错用不定冠词情形之一单数可数名词若泛指,其前需加 a / an,不要按汉语习惯漏掉此不定冠词。如:正:He is a famous film star. 他是著名影星。误:He is famous film star.错用不定冠词情形之二不定冠词不能与指示代词、物主代词、所有格等连用。如:正:I met a friend of mine in the park. 我在公园遇到了我的一位朋友。误:I met my a friend in the park.错用不定冠词情形之三不要受汉语影响而用错不定冠词的位置。如:正:I have never read such an interesting book. 我从未读过如此有趣的书。正:I have never read so interesting a book. 我从未读过如此有趣的书。误:I have never read a such interesting book.误:I have never read a so interesting book.人称代词的排序特点特点一:人称代词的排列顺序为:单数人称代词通常按“二三一”排列,即you, he and I;复数人称代词通常按“一二三”排列,即 we, you and they。如:You, he and I are of the same age. 你,他和我都是同一年龄。We , you and they are all good citizens. 我们,你们和他们都是好公民。但若是用于承担责任或错误等场合,则可把第一人称 I 置于其他人称代词之前。如:I and Tom are to blame. 我和汤姆该受批评。比较:Tom and I hope to go there. 汤姆和我想去那儿。但是,you and I 是固定结构,语序通常不宜颠倒。特点二:在通常情况下,人称代词在句子中出现在它所代替的名词之后,即先出现名词,再出现相应的代词。但是,在书面语中,有时也可先出现代词,后出现代词所代替的名词。如:As soon as it had hopped off, the plane picked up speed. 飞机刚一起飞,就加了速。(比较:As soon as the plane had hopped off, it picked up speed.)one还是it请看下面这句对话,该填one 还是 it?Excuse me, I want to have my watch fixed, but I cant find a repair shop.I know _ nearby. Come on, Ill show you.A. oneB. itC. someD. that【分析】最佳答案是A。it 和 one 的区别可简单地概括为:it = the + 名词,one = a + 名词。如:I havent got any pens, and I want to borrow one. 我没有钢笔,我想借一支。(one = a pen)I have two pens, and I can lend one to you. 我有两本支钢笔,我可以借一支。(one = a pen)I have a pen, and I can lend it to you. 我有一本钢笔,我可以把它借给你。(it = the pen)在上面一题中,one 相当于 one 相当于 a repair shop。请做下面一题(答案选A):There is only one English-Chinese dictionary in that book-shop. I wonder if you still want to buy _.A. it B. one C. anotherD. anyonethe other还是oneanother有这样一道题考题:Her lecture was hard to follow because she kept jumping from one subject to _. A. other B. the otherC. the othersD. another 【陷阱】容易误选B。选择依据可能是one the other 这一常用结构。【分析】最佳答案为D。使用one the other 时,我们通常是针对两者而言的,即指“两者中的一个,另一个”;如果所谈论的情况不是针对两者而言的,而是针对多者而言的,那么我们就不宜在 one 后使用 the other,而考虑用 another。又如(答案均选D,即选 another):(1) Those cakes look delicious. Could I have _ one?A. other B. the otherC. the othersD. another(2) I have many such novels. Ill bring _ tomorrow.A. other B. the otherC. the othersD. another(3) Saying is one thing and doing is _. A. otherB. the otherC. the othersD. another比较以下各例: (1) Shut _ eye, Jim.A. another B. some otherC. other D. the other答案选 D,因为人的眼睛只有两只,故用 one the other 结构。(2) Its sometimes hard to tell one twin from _.A. another B. some otherC. other D. the other答案选 D,twin 意为“孪生子之一”、“双胞胎之一”,即指两者之一,故用 one the other 这一结构。不定代词表示“两者”和“三者”的易错点一、“两者”与“三者”有些不定代词只用于表示两个人或两个事物,它们是both, either和neither;而有些不定代词则只用于指三个或三个以上的人或事物,它们是all, any, none和every。在使用时千万不要弄混了。如:我的父母都喜欢运动。误:All of my parents like sports. 正:Both of my parents like sports. 一个人的“父母”显然只有两个人,不可能是三个人或多个人,所以只能用both,不能用all,否则就要出笑话了。二、both与all的用法比较all表示三者或三者以上的人或物;both只能表示两者。如:Both my parentslike literature. 我的父母都喜欢文学。All things are difficult before they are easy. 万事开头难。两者用于否定句时,均表示部分否定,not all意为“不是所有的都”,not both意为“不是两者都”。如:Not all the girls left early. 不是所有的女孩都走得很早。Do question four or question five, but not both. 第4题和第5题选做一道,但不要两道都做。all有时修饰可数名词单数或专有名词,表示“全部”“整个”。如:We worked hard all year. 我们整年辛勤劳动。A general strike paralized all Paris that day. 那天一次总罢工使整个巴黎瘫痪。另外,all还可用作副词,表示“完全”“全部”,此时有可能与表示两者的名词连用。如:My hands are all wet. 我的手全湿了。三、either与neither的用法比较either和neither均用于指两者,either意为“两者之一”“任意一方”,neither意为“两者都不”。两者均可直接修饰名词,但被修饰的名词要用单数形式。如:He could write with either hand. 他两只手都能写字。You may take either of the roads. 两条路你走哪一条都行。Neither statement is true. 两种说法都不是事实。I tried on two dresses, but neither fitted me. 我试了两条连衣裙,但哪一条也不合身。注意,neither可视为either的否定式,即neither= not either。如:I like neither book.=I dont like either book. 这两本书我都不喜欢。四、any与none的用法比较any和none均用于指三者或三者以上,any意为“三者或多者当中的任意一个”,none意为“三者或多者当中的任意一个都不”。如:Weve tested three hundred types of boot, any of which is completely waterproof. 我们已经测试过300种靴子,任何一种都是完全防水的。Weve tested three hundred types of boot, none of which is completely waterproof. 我们已经测试过300种靴子,没有一种是完全防水的。any可以直接修饰名词,但none不能直接修饰名词,但可改用none of。如:He likesnone of the books. 这些书他全不喜欢。五、each与every的用法比较each既可用于两者,也可用于三者或三者以上,而every只用于三者或三者以上,所以当用于两者时,只能用each,不能用every。比如要表示“路的每一边”,我们要说成each side of the road,但不能说成every side of the road,因为“路”只有两个side。但是,如果说“广场的每一边”,我们就可以说every side of the square,因为“广场”一般都有四个side。另外,each 后面可以接 of 短语,但 every 后不能这样用。如():I spoke toeach of the twins this morning. 今天早晨我与两个双胞胎分别谈了谈。Each of these phrases has a different meaning. 这些短语各有不同的意思。另外,注意当由and连接的两个并列主语受 each 或 every 的修饰时,其谓语用单数。如:Every man and womanlikes the film. 每个男女都喜欢这部电影。回答what, who, how many等要用什么不定代词先请看一道题: How many students took part in it? _.A. NobodyB. No oneC. NoneD. No one此题应选C。容易误选A,B。在通常情况下,回答以what,who,how many等开头的疑问句,有一定的讲究:1. 以What开头的疑问句,否定回答通常用Nothing:What did he say at the meeting? 他在会上讲了些什么?Nothing. 什么也没有讲。Whats in the box? 这盒子有什么?Noth

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