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Contents第一讲英语语法概述第二讲名词第三讲限定词第四讲代词第五讲形容词和副词(一)第六讲形容词和副词(二)第七讲动词概述第八讲时态第九讲语态被动语态第十讲语气虚拟语气第十一讲助动词和情态动词第十二讲非谓语动词第十三讲介词第十四讲名词从句第十五讲定语从句第十六讲状语从句第十七讲倒装第十八讲一致关系第十九讲替代和省略练习第一讲 General Remarks1.0 Why to Study English Grammar语言由3个部分组成:语音、词汇和语法英语语法分词法和句法1.1 Morphology词法包括词类、词形变化和用法等1 Parts of Speech or Word Class实义词 Notional Words: 开放型 Open System, 这部分词是大量的结构词 Structural Words: 封闭型 Closed System, 这部分词是有限的词类缩写作用句法功能实义词名词n.表示人或事物的名称充当主语、宾语和表语等代词pron.代词名词或数词同上形容词adj.表示人或事物的性质和特征充当定语、表语等数词num.表示数量或顺序充当主、表、宾、定和状语等动词v.表示动作或状态充当谓语副词adv.说明动词、形容词或其他副词充当状语结构词冠词art.表示名词的泛指或特指帮助构成名词词组介词prep.表示名词或代词与其他词的关系帮助构成介词词组连词conj.连接词与词,短语与短语,句子与句子感叹词int.表示说话时的感情*辨认词性的常用方法(1)看含义(2)看词形(3)看句法功能(4)根据读音2词形变化Inflections(1) 名词有单复形式(2) 代词有主格、宾格和所有格等(3) 形容词、副词有原级、比较级和最高级(4) 动词有不定式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词(5) 数词有基数词和序数词(6) 冠词有不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词1.2 Syntax句法式介绍句子种类和句子结构等内容1 Members of Sentence构成句子、在其中起不同语法作用的部分叫句子成分常见七中句子成分(1) Subject表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”,是谓语的陈述对象,通常由名词、代词或与之相当的结构充当(2) Predicate说明主语的动作或所处的状态,由动词充当。由一个部分独立构成的谓语叫简单谓语Simple Predicate;由两个或更多的部分构成的谓语叫复合谓语Compound Predicate,例如They study hard. (SP)I want a radio. (SP)Tom can swim. (CP)They are engineers. (CP)(3) Predicative说明主语性质、特征、状态、名称或身份等,与连系动词一起用,构成复合谓语,通常由名词、代词和形容词或与之相当的结构或语结充当,例如My uncle is a writer.This picture looks beautiful.(4) Object表示及物动词动作的对象或内容,或用于介词后构成介词短语。通常由名词、代词或与之相当的结构充当。例如She teaches English in a middle school.We all like him.(5) Complement补充说明主语或宾语,说明其名称、特征、状态或动作等。由动词、名词、形容词或其他相当的结构充当。补充说明宾语的成分叫宾语补足语Object Complement;宾补和宾语一起构成复合宾语Complex Object。补充说明主语的叫主语补足语Subject Complement,主补和主语一起构成复合主语Complex Subject。例如They all consider this task important. (OC)The house was painted white. (SC)(6) Attribute修饰或限定名词,通常由形容词或相当的结构充当。例如This is a difficult problem.(7) Adverbial修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,通常由副词或与之相当的结构充当,例如Horses run fast.*主要成分和次要成分主语和谓语是主要成分,即任何句子(祈使句除外)都至少包含这两个部分2 Sentence Patterns英语中除There be句型外,所有简单句都可以概括为5种基本句型1)主动(SV) She works very hard.2)主动宾(SVO) He studies Chinese history.3)主动表(SVP) He is an artist.4)主动宾补(SVOC) His father will make him a doctor.5)主动宾(间接)宾(直接)(SVOiOd) He gave me some books.3句子的种类根据用途1) Statement:陈述一件事,或一种看法2) Question:询问或怀疑一种情况,有以下4种:(1) General QuestionDo you like this picture?(2) Special QuestionWho is that gentleman?(3) Alternative QuestionWould you like to have tea or coffee?(4) Tag QuestionShe is a physics teacher, isnt she?3) Imperative:提出请求或发出命令4) Exclamation:对人或事物的性质、程度或内容等表示感叹。常用what和how引导。what引导中心词是名词的感叹句,how引导中心词是动词、形容词或副词的感叹句。4句子的种类根据结构1) Simple Sentence:只包含一个主谓结构的句子The man knocked at the door.2) Compound Sentence:由并列连词Coordinate Conjunction连接、含有两个或者更多主谓结构的分句ClauseThe man knocked at the door but no one answered.3) Complex Sentence:由一个主句Main Clause和一个或几个从句Sub-clause构成的句子。从句由从属连词Subordinate Conjunction引出5 Phrases短语,也叫词组,是由两个或更多的词在一起连用、意义相对完整但不能独立成句的语言单位。常见8种短语如下1) Noun PhraseThe books on the shelves belong to Professor Wang.2) Verb PhraseThey put forward a suggestion.3) Infinitive PhraseShe will teach me to sing the song.4) Gerundial PhraseI always enjoy going to concerts.5) Participle PhraseHearing the good news, she jumped with joy.6) Prepositional PhraseThere is a village at the foot of the mountain.7) Adjective PhraseThe students are full of enthusiasm.8) Adverbial PhraseA moment later, they found the lost child.*如何确定短语种类主要看该词组的中心词(Head Word)6英语书写要注意的问题标点符号并列分句之间须用连接词如and, but等,如不用,必须用分号“;”英语中没有顿号第二讲 Noun2.0 Brief Introduction名词根据词汇意义分成专有名词Proper Noun(人名、地名和机构等特有名称)和普通名词Common Noun(一类人或事物的共有名称)。Common Noun又分为可数名词和不可数名词大类次类例词英语名词专有名词John, London, the United Nations普通名词可数个体名词map, box, story集体名词people, family不可数物质名词water, metal抽象名词honesty, happiness2.1 Countable Noun可数名词Countable Noun分个体名词Individual Noun集合名词Collective Noun,一般是表示人、团体和物体名称的词。可数名词有单数Singular Number和复数Plural Number两种形式1规则名词的复数形式在词尾加-s或-es,以辅音字母加-y结尾的变y为ies2不规则名词的复数形式1) 以o结尾的大多加escargoesechoesheroesNegroespotatoestomatoes某些外来词,却只加sautosdynamoskilospianosphotos以oo或元音字母加o 结尾的也只加sbamboosradiosratiosstudioszoos2) fe/f结尾,多数变f为veshalvesknivesleaveslivesloavesshelvesthieveswiveswolves但有些只加sbeliefschiefscliffsgulfsproofsroofssafes3) 沿用古英语形式(单词元音变化)child-childrenfoot-feetgoose-geeseman-menmouse-miceox-oxentooth-teethwoman-women4) 源于拉丁、希腊语analysis-analysesappendix-appendicesaxis-axesbasis-basescrisis-criseshypothesis-hypothesessynthesis-synthesesthesis-thesesbacterium-bacteriacriterion-criteriadatum-datamedium-medianucleus-nucleiphenomenon-phenomenaradius-radiistratum-strataformula-formulae5) 单复同形aircraftjinbarrackslibuffalopeacockChineseseriescrossroadssheepdeersharkfishspeciesfruitswinegiraffeSwissheadquartersworkshorsepoweryuanmeans*fish/fruit做复数时,表示种类,例如I caught a fish.Larger fish devoured the smaller ones.There are various fishes in the aquarium.6) 部分集合名词既可作单数(整体),也可作复数(成员)audiencearmybandclasscommitteecouplecrewcrowdfacultyfamilygroupgovernmentjurypublicteamunion*但cattle, mankind, militia, personnel, police, people, staff, youth等总用作复数。其中people用单复数形式时表示“民族”,当要表示上述词的个体意义时,须用相应的其他词,如:a cow, a person, a policeman, a young man7) 合成名词的复数,一般加在主体词上brother-in lawbrothers-inlawcommander-in-chiefcommanders-in-chiefcomrade-in-armscomrades-inarmslooker-onlookers-onman-of-warmen-of-warpasser-bypassers-bystory-tellerstory-tellers如无主体词,加最后go-betweengo-betweens个别合成名词,要求各部分都变化a woman doctorwomen doctorsa man servantmen servants8) 有些词通常只用复数(1) 表示成双成对的compassescross-roadsglassespantspliersscissorsshearsshortsspectaclestongstrouserstweezers(2) 表示较多数量的ashesbelongingscommonsdregsoutskirtslodgingsremainsoverallsstairssavingswagessurroundings9) 部分科学名词,虽以s结尾,但用作单数acousticseconomicselectronicsethicsmathematicsphysicspoliticsstatisticsmechanics10) 有些词习惯语中常以复数出现Jim is friends with Tom.Do you want to change places with me?Give my regards to Jack.We are making preparations for our trip.Things have changed.If you do that, youll make matters worse.I dont want to hurt her feelings.He was all smiles.He took great pains to study well.He refused to take sides in the debate.Mary had words with her boss the other day。2.2 Uncountable Noun不可数名词指那些不可以一一计数的词,包括Material Noun和Abstract Noun,一般没有复数形式,其量的概念通常用一个单位词Unit Noun或度量词Measure Noun来表示1单位词修饰不可数名词a piece of bread (paper)a piece/ an article of furniturea pile/ heap of coal (rubbish)a loaf of breada grain of rice (sand, salt)a block of icea lump of sugara bottle of beer (wine)a bag of sanda burst of laughtera fit of angera piece of information (advice)a game of chessa flash of lightning常常也用来修饰可数名词a bunch of flowers (graspes, keys)a string of pearls2度量词修饰不可数名词3易错的不可数名词advicebaggagebreadchalkclothingdamageequipmentfoodfurnituregrassinformationknowledgeluggagemachinerymeatmoneynewspaperpoetryprogressprosesceneryricestationerysugarthreadwork4部分名词的两重性有些词表示物质或抽象的概念时不可数,表示种类或具体事物时可数metalartbeautyyouthironglassteaicemedicinepreparationroomtalkchickenlambfishfruitI have been taking much medicine recently for my cold.We should always keep medicines where children cant get them.5有些名词,加-s后意思发生变化advices通知airs傲气arms武器attentions殷勤authorities当局brains智力clothes衣服conditions条件contents目录customs海关damages赔偿金emotions情绪expectations前程experiences经历forces军队goods货物greens青菜grounds宅地irons镣铐looks外表manners礼貌morals品行pains努力papers文件regards问候sprits酒精、兴致times时代waters水域works作品2.3 Possessive Case1 “”+s当名词是人名,或表示有生命以及被视为有生命的东西时,可用Apostrophe+s表示所有格关系1) 名词+s2) 名词s(复数)+,不带s的复数+s3) 以s结尾的专有名词或普通名词可用s,也可只用Dickens(s) novels4) 某物为两人共有,只在两个名词后加sMary and Janes car否则各自加sMarys and Janes cars*国家、城市等地方名词,以及表示时间、距离、度量及金钱等的名词,虽无生命,也可以用以上形式,表示所有或修饰关系Chinas modernization plana two weeks holidaya dollars worth of apples2 of+名词既可用语有生命名词,也可用于无生命名词,特别时当某名词有较长定语的时候3 Double Possessive“of+名词s/ of +名词性物主代词”结构,常作名词修饰语,常和a, any, some, this, that, these, those等连用,表示部分概念或情感色彩a friend of my fathersthe important theory of Einsteins4 Nominal Possessive Case1)可用于代替前面提到过的东西,相当于名词性物主代词2)表示“家,商店”或其他有关人士的处所my unclesthe barbersthe chemiststhe Smiths*姓氏加s表示“的全家”,如the Smiths史密斯一家the Smiths史密斯一家的住所2.4 Syntactic Function of Noun1名词主要充当主语、宾语、表语、宾补、介词宾语和同位语Appositive等成分2 名词有时充当状语,大多表示时间、距离、重量、价格、温度和倍数等意义3名词作定语1) 一个名词直接修饰另一个名词,表示材料、用途或内容,重在性质a color TV2) 有时要加ed或与名词、形容词、数词组成复合词,再修饰后边的名词,表示人或事物的特征、状态,重在特征a colored TV3) 名词常和数词一起组成作定语的复合结构,有3种形式i. a three-week holidayii. a three weeks holidayiii. a holiday of three weeks若上述复合结构中作定语的名词可用s所有格,则i,ii,iii都对,否则ii是错的a five-act play = a play of five acts有时,该复合结构还可跟一个由连字符连接的形容词Dr. Jones has a five-year-old daughter.第三讲 Determiner3.0 Brief Introduction限定词是用于名词前,起泛指、特指、不定量或定量等限定作用,是构成名词短语的必须部分。限定词包括冠词:a, an, the数词:one, two, first.数量形容词:some, any, no, much, many, most, all, several.个体形容词:each, every, both, neither.指示形容词:this, such.物主形容词:my, her.疑问形容词:which, what.特指形容词:(the) next, (the) only, (the) same, (the) very.*1广义而言,限定词叫限定性形容词Determinative Adjective,形容词叫描写性形容词Descriptive Adjective。在功能上,限定词是名词短语的必须部分,形容词对构成名词短语来说可有可无。在语序上,限定词总在形容词前。2不少限定词可用作代词,意义上无太大差别,但是形容词性的,而代词是名词性的,例如most children大多数儿童most of the children那些儿童中的大多数3.1 Article冠词分不定冠词a(n),定冠词the和零冠词冠词的搭配冠词单数可数复数可数不可数a/anbook/thebookbooksbread零冠词/booksbread1 Indefinite Article不定冠词表示泛指,说明其名称或种类,辅音音素开头用a,元音音素开头用an。不定冠词的一般用法如下:1) 表示“一个”人或事物a garden但是当强调“一”时,用oneI want to buy one copy, not two.2) 表示“一类”人或事物3) 固定搭配after a fashioncome to an endall of a suddenhave a good timeas a rulehave a word withas a resulthave a coldas a wholehave a restat a losskeep an eye onbe in a hurrylend a handin a waymake a livingin a wordmake a fireIts a pity thatmake a fool ofput an end tomake a fortunewith a view tomake a study ofwith a willtake a walktake an interest inonce in a while2 Definite Article定冠词表示特指1)表示前面已经提及的或谈话双方都知道的2)用于单数可数名词前,表示种类3)表示独一无二的事物以及表示江河、海洋、山脉、群岛和沙漠等地理名称4)海岛、山峰和湖泊等地理名称一般不用冠词,但被of修饰时要加定冠词Taiwan IslandMount Jolmo LungmaLake Michiganthe Lake of Genevathe Island of Taiwan5)用于被限定意味较强的定语修饰的名词前the book you bought yesterdaythe history of Chinathe students in the classroom6)用于具有鉴别意义的普通名词前the planet Mercurythe play “King Lear”专有名词后,表示身份、职业或地点的名词用作同位语时,用定冠词表示该事物为一般读者所知;不定冠词表示不太为人们熟悉。Dickens, the English novelistBlake, an English poet7)用于西洋乐器,中国传统乐器作为专有名词或音译名称不用冠词8)用于某些形容词前,使形容词名词化,表示这一类人或事物。其数的含义要视该词所代表的东西而定the rich / the poor 复数the true / the false 单数9)用于姓氏复数和民族名称前,表示全家和整个民族The Chinese are a brave and hard working people.10)用于逢10的年份前,表示某世纪几十年代in the 1980s11)用于人体某部位前12)用于某些计量单位前Apples are sold by the pound.试比较These apples are 50 cents a pound.13)固定搭配beside the questionby the wayin the airin the darkin the distancein the futurein the morningin the rightin the endin the openin the meanwhileon the airin the sunon the averageon the alertset the fashionon the contraryon the increaseon the righton the decreaseon the spoton the rise/fallout of the questionon the wholeact the lordto the pointkeep the housecarry the dayput to the testplay the fooltake the field*冠词有时用于姓氏前,表示不定或特定不定冠词表示只知其名但不熟悉的人A Mr. Smith called while you were out.定冠词用语特指某个姓氏的人Id like to see the Mr. Smith who works in the box office.3 Zero Article零冠词表示泛指或一般概念1不可数名词、复数可数名词表示泛指时,用零冠词This bridge is built of wood.Honesty is the best policy.Without water man cant live.Computers are widely used in the current world.Teachers generally like diligent students.2专有名词一般用零冠词,但当其由几个普通名词或带形容词修饰语的名词词组构成时通常用定冠词theChinaAsiaHyde ParkPeking Universitythe imperial Palace Museumthe Red Squarethe United Nationsthe White House3季节名称、法定节日、球类棋牌运动用零冠词Summer is coming.但是:Ill never forget the summer of 1976. 特指4中国传统节日通常用定冠词the5语言名称用零冠词,但特指某民族语言时用定冠词English is an international language.The English language is an international language.6三餐用零冠词,但若特指则不是When will lunch be ready?They are going to invite us to tea tomorrow.The lunch we had yesterday was very delicious.7当表示独一的头衔、职位或身份的名词作表语、补语或同位语时用零冠词,作主语时则不是Nelson became monitor of our class.He was appointed ambassador.Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria, was also interested in Owens plan.The manager wants to see you.8但teacher, cook, father, nurse等用作人物名称,表示“我们的.”时用零冠词9两个密切相关的名词连用或习惯用语用零冠词They became husband and wife.Father and son were engineers.The father and the son could not agree on this matter.10季节用零冠词,但特指时不用11固定用语,如after darkin debtat randomin troubleat firstin place ofat deskon footat tableon purposeat lastunder cover of at nightcatch fireat seakeep houseat anchorlearn by heartat homesend wordat dawntake placeat handin bedby accidentin/after classby day/nightin effectby chancein hospitaltake shapein personby air/water/landin returnin sight ofby car/ship/planeon fireout of questionby way ofbe with childin face ofgo to schoolin commongo to bedin detailset sailin futurekeep in mindin order oftake rootin pressmake friends with*1冠词+普通名词表示类、属或泛指一般有以下五种情况a) a(n)+单数可数b) the+单数可数c) 零冠词+复数可数d) 零冠词+不可数名词(即使前面有描绘性定语)e) the+形容词2 冠词+可数名词表示类属的几种方式的区别a) a(n)+单数可数:用一个具体例子代表全类b) the+单数可数:概括一类事物,以区别另一类c) 零冠词+复数可数:通过泛指概括一类的全体A tiger is a fierce animal.Tigers are fierce animals.The tiger is threatened with extinction.3.2 the Numeral数词the Numeral分基数词Cardinal Numeral和序数词Ordinal Numeral1)基数词表示人或事物数量1十位数和个位数之间要用连字符“-”;百位数和十位数之间,英语要and美语一般不用;英语种没有万,只有ten thousand。billion在美语中为十忆,英语中为万忆,其十忆为one thousand million2基数词本身无复数形式,习惯用语除外hundreds of thousands oftens of thousands ofmillions ofhundreds upon hundreds of3数词常和名词构成复合定语,之间一般有连字符,并且名词是单数形式2)序数词表示人或事物的次序序数词前一般用定冠词the,当用a/an时,含义为“又.”I lost the first 2 games but I managed to win the third game.前两盘我输了,但我第三盘赢了。I lost the first 2 games but I want to try a third game.前两盘我输了,但我想再试一盘。“名词+基数词”着重表示“编号,号码”, 开头均大写Room 106“序数词+名词”着重表示“顺序,次序”,the second floor有时二者可以互换3)Other Determiners限定词单数可数复数可数不可数alldaybookshopean amount ofbreadanotherbookanybookbooksbreada bit of breadbothbooksa couple ofbooksa great deal ofbreadeachbookeitherbookenoughbooksbreadeverybook(a) fewbookshalfan hourthe booksthe bread(a) littlebreada lot ofbooksbreadmanybooksmostbooksbreadmy, your, etc.bookbooksbreadneitherbookthe nextbookbooksnobookbooksbreada number ofbooks(the) otherbookbooksbreadplenty of booksbreada quantity of booksbreadthe rest of the bookthe booksthe breadthe samebookbooksbreadseveralbookssomebookbooksbreadsucha bookbooksbreadthatbookbreadthesebooksthisbookbreadthosebookswhatbookbooksbreadwhichbookbooksbreadwhosebookbooksbreadthe wholebook辨析1)some/any/nosome用于肯定句或含肯定意味的场合,any用于非肯定句,no用于否定句i) 当预期的答复是肯定的或表示提议或请求的疑问句中,some可以使用ii) some可以和单数名词连用表示“某一个”2)many/much两者均多用于非肯定句中,肯定句中常用a lot of代替many,用a lot of或a great deal of代替much. A lot of 和a great deal of 也可用于期望肯定答复的疑问句i) many a+单数可数和many+复数可数意思相同,但前者文气并具强调含义,并要求接单数谓语动词。3)Each/everyEvery强调整体,用于较多数目;each着重个别,可用于2个或更多数目,还可用作代词4)both/eitherboth为两者都,接复数动词;either 表示两者中任一个,接单数动词例Truth may lie on both sides, on either side, or on neither side.*either接end, side等时有时可指两个都5)either/anyeither为两者中任一个;any为两者以上中任一个6)neither/none两者都不用 neither,两者以上都不用none (of)。Neither接单数可数名词,none of 接复数名词例None of the books belong to me. (都不是) Of all the books, none belongs to me. (没一本是)7)All/wholei) all可接复数可数名词或不可数名词,而whole一般接单数可数名词ii) all 可用于冠词、所有格或其它限定词之前,而whole只用于冠词等限定词后面8)another/other1another只和单数可数名词连用,表示泛指,other 随便2another+单数名词表示不定的“另一个”,the other+单数可数名词表示特指的另一个,other+复数名词表示不定的,但是the other+复数名词表示特定3Other前可带some, any, one, his 等其他限定词*the rest of可修饰大多名词9)a lot of/plenty ofa lot of绝对数量多;plenty of 相对数量多10)few/a few/the few1few为不多,没几个,表示否定*few= only a few2a few为有几个,少数几个,表示肯定; quite a few, not a few也表示肯定,意为“相当多”,only a few相当于few,表示否定3 the few表示肯定和特指 11)little/a little/ the little类似上常见修饰可数名词的限定词(a) few, a couple of, both, many, many a, a great many, several, a number of常见修饰不可数名词的限定词(a) little, much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a bit of二者皆可的限定词some, any, no, enough, most, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a (large/small) quantity of, quantities of3.4 注意问题1)限定词的顺序问题1前
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