毕业论文-中西方餐桌礼仪在跨文化交际中的运用.doc

滨州医学院毕业论文分类号 编号滨州医学院毕 业 论 文 chinese and western table manners in international communication中西方餐桌礼仪在跨文化交际中的运用申请学位： 文学学士 院 系： 专 业： 英 语 姓 名： 学 号： 指导老师： 二零一五 年 四 月 五 日烟 台 abstractwith the development of economic globalization, countries all over the world are becoming more and more close. as a big oriental country with a civilization stretching back several thousand years, china and western countries continue to expand the exchanges. in cross-cultural communication between china and western countries, language is an important factor, and better communication also depends on good understanding of culture. cross-cultural communication requires us to study the culture of different countries, for instance, history, religion, table manners and so on. dialogue in todays society on the table, whether it is for home, political or commercial activity has become a fashion. table manners as an important means of cross-cultural communication, can promote the exchanges between china and western countries. therefore, it is necessary for us to learn more culture about table manners.table manner is closely related to our daily life. there are many differences in table manners between china and western countries. this article mainly analysis in three aspects to explain the differences. the first aspect tells us the origins of chinese and western table manners. the second aspect of this thesis mainly explain differences in table manners. last but not least, the third aspect mainly tells us the reason why cause so many differences in table manners between china and west, from social value, thinking model, and cultural connotation.the second part is the core of this article, focusing on the invitation, seating arrangement, dinnerware, leave shows the difference of the western table manners. fully demonstrate table manners in the future for the western importance of cross-cultural communication, and clear cultural differences between the two sides to desired table manners can be better applied to future cross-cultural communication life.key words: table manners, international communication, difference 摘 要随着经济全球化的发展，当今世界各国的联系也越来越紧密，而作为东方大国的中国与西方国家的跨文化交际也越来越频繁，在国与国之间的跨文化交流中，语言固然是一大重要影响因素，而更好的交流仅靠语言是远远不够的，跨文化交际则需要对别国文化有深入的了解，大到国事政治，历史渊源，小到饮食文化，餐桌礼仪等。而当今社会餐桌上的对话无论是用于家庭，政治或者商业活动，还是跨国交流都已经成为一种时尚。餐桌礼仪作为跨文化交际的一个重要交流方式，对跨文化交际的成功与否起着重要作用。可见时下，要做好文化交际的工作，对于我们来说，有必要去了解更多的餐桌文化，促进东西方更加顺利地进行文化交际。餐桌礼仪与每一个人的生活息息相关，它是每个民族的经典文化。中西方餐桌礼仪也存在很多的差异，本篇论文主要从三大方面进行分析，第一方面，中西方餐桌礼仪的起源，分别从中、西两方面餐桌礼仪历史渊源以及中西方文化交融二方面阐述；第二方面，是本篇论文的核心部分，对中西方餐桌礼仪文化的差异进行了详细地说明分析。第三方面，主要论述中西方餐桌礼仪产生各种差异的原因分别从价值观念,思维方式和文化内涵这三个方面进行详细阐述。本篇论文主要从三个方面论述中西方餐桌礼仪在跨文化交际中的运用，从而更加细致的了解中西方文化的差异，使我们能够更好的让中西方文化结合，促进中西方跨文化交际活动的开展。关键词：餐桌礼仪；跨文化交际；差异contentsacknowledgements abstract.i摘 要.ii1 introduction.12 the origin of table manners in china and western countries.32.1 the origin of table manners in china.32.2 the origin of table manners in western countries.42.3 the mutual integration of table manners between china and western countries.53 the differences of table manners between china and western counties.53.1 table manners in china.53.1.1 etiquette in invitation.63.1.2 etiquette in seating arrangements.63.1.3 etiquette in dinnerware.7 3.1.4 etiquette in leaving.83.2 table manners in western countries.8 3.2.1 serving order.8 3.2.2 seating arrangements.94 the reasons for the differences of table manners between china and western.104.1 difference in social value.11 4.2 difference in way of thinking.124.3 difference in cultural connotation.135 conclusion.14references.151 introduction with the rapid development of chinese economy, more and more foreigners has come to china, and international communication has become more and more frequent. many foreigners has began to pay more attention to chinese table manners. at the same time, with the pace of reform and opening up, western-style table manners also appears in the chinese tables. in cross-culture communication, the differences between chinese and western table manners have become more obvious.over the years, the differences between the oriental culture and western culture has been a hot topic in academic circle. etiquette is established by usage of norms of behavior criteria in the objective environment. although etiquette does not have legal significance, as a moral code of life, people need to follow, in order to obtain the approval of others. the existence of etiquette enable people to restrict their words and deeds in the process of interaction with others, and therefore its universal applicability is particularly important. table manners actually refers to etiquette that should be observed when we are dining. from table etiquette aspects, this article focuses on the comparative study of chinese and western table manners, to promote the cross-cultural communication. as a platform for exchange, table manners has embarked the stage of history, and can not only be used for communication between country and country, but also be used as a neighborly and friendly way in international communication. today, in a civilized society, savage has gradually away from us, and we need to superior quality of our heritage from generation to generation. the formation of table manners requires us to treat people with certain norms. when we are dining with foreigners, it also brings the traditional ritual, religion, local history, and civilization of western countries. with the increasingly frequent exchanges between countries, understanding differences between chinese and western countries can promote us to progress together. table manners as our skills in daily life are often not respected. people always think that “ eat, who wound not ”. but how to eat well? how to eat in order to make everyone comfortable? how to taste food? at this time, table manners is particularly important. this article from the aspect of table manners to compare differences between chinese and western. let us enjoy the food, at the same time, enjoy the charm of culture on the table.this article research method: comparative research method. through the comparative study of differences between chinese and western table manners, we will concluded that the causes of differences, in order to promote cross-cultural communication effectively. from several aspects of differences for research, this article aim to contrast differences, explore the causes of differences, so that seek common ground while reserving differences in future international communication. on the premise of economic and cultural exchanges, the avant-garde subject- “cross-cultural communication” has come into being. in the early time, when we contacted with foreigners, it was hard to communicate with them. most people thought that it was language barrier that caused communication problems. later, when we both language skills are promoted to a relatively high level, we thought that we both could communicate with each other very well. however, it was not true. in fact, we communicate with others not only to express what we want to say, but also to achieve a degree that both sides to understand. although expression is a prerequisite for communication, expression does not mean smooth communication. there is communication there will be progress. there is progress there will be development. china has been developing foreign trade, at the same time, table manners appeared in our life. whether in the past or in the future, under the background of international communication, exchanges between countries will start from each aspect. from analysis of differences between chinese and western table manners, this article tracks collision, exchange, and integration of chinese and western culture. able manners as an important means of cross-cultural communication, can promote the exchanges between china and western countries. therefore, it is necessary for us to learn more culture about table manners.2 the origin of table manners in china and western countriesin this chapter, the thesis goes into general information about the origin and history of table manners in china and western countries. all the information introduced in this chapter closely relates to the following chapters.2.1 the origin of table manners in chinaas early as zhou dynasty, table manners has been formed a fairly integrated system, and been praised, respected by confucius. at that time, table manners has become an important witness of culture, ceremonies, and ancient civilization in successive dynasties. in the traditional feast, a corresponding program has been formed：masters wrote invitation, and served the guests before dinner, so that they come to the feast. when guests is coming, the host should stand up and go to the door to greet and welcome guests. when guests arrived in the designated location at the specified time, host and guests should greet each other. the host would prepare a sumptuous banquet before the coming of guests, and arrange the seats in advance in order to get the names of guests who join the feast on their marks. the guests are seated in a row. during the meeting, people should devote particular care to pour the wine and serve the food. after the banquet, host would guide guests into the living room to sit and drink tea until guests farewell. in most areas of china, this traditional feast pattern is retained completely, especially in beijing, henan, hongkong and taiwan etc.as an old saying goes “ food is the first necessity of the people and good taste is the first necessity of food ”. eating is an important thing in our life, after enjoying the fullness of material security will this kind of spiritual life enrich and develop subsequently. by eating, we can concluded the traditional etiquette and manners which stand for culture of a nation. therefore, eating promotes to convert a physiological need of human into a social means, a sophisticated need, and make table manners in cross-cultural communication become prominent and important. actually, the rising of table manners is the product of social progress. when people enjoying dinner, if they tear food vigorously using their savage hands, food will be impaired. therefore, making a certain rule become extremely necessary, naturally, formed the so-called table manners. as a saying goes “ nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards”. from oral statements to present table manners, though have not legality, table manners as life skills gradually came into our daily life, and penetrated into our daily meals. 2.2 the origin of table manners in western countries originated in france merovingian dynasty, western table manners was inspired by the byzantine culture at that time, and a serious of rituals was formulated. when charlemagne- one of roman emperors was in power, etiquette was more numerous and complex. the emperor sits in the highest chair to highlight hie prominent status. when the music sounded, the noble ministers would personally hand dishes to emperor. in the early years, emperor in a powerful position like god. different nationalities have different eating habits: gauls sit at dinner; french put their hands on the table when they are having dinner; romans are lying when dining; the british people were asked to put their both hands on legs when they are eating. no matter what kind of customs did follow their own ethnic traditions, stick western table manners created a noble sense of mission and dignity. the european table manners are derived from the knight spirit. in the 12th century, when the italian culture spread to france, table manners become more and more elegant, and many writings about teaching etiquette appeared. today, to some extent, table manners still retained in european countries within certain range. when you come to a banquet, you would wear decent clothes, and carry appropriate gift. paying more attention to your words and deeds will always be necessary.2.3 the mutual communication and integration of table manners between china and western countriesin ancient, after hunting and gathering, ancestors of humans would assigned their booty to their companions, and share food with others. at that time, the rudiments of table manners come into being. sharing is the essence of table manners. the ancient sacrifice is a phenomenon that humans share with god. therefore, the ancient greeks shared a common glass when they were drinking; in european middle ages, the couple shares a bowl of food in banquet; sharing bread with friends means good friendship; the latin word “companion” means “people who share with bread with us”. table manner is not only a means of keeping peace, but also a rule that constraint human savage behavior. in addition, it is a medium that express our goodwill, hatred, and friendly feelings.the present popular table manners in china are based on the ancient traditional etiquette, and combine with western etiquette to form a integrated system.3 the differences of table manners between china and western countiesthis chapter elaborates the differences of table manners between china and western countries one by one, through several aspects, for instance, seating arrangement, dinnerware, and invitation.3.1 table manners in china this part mainly talks about the table manners in china through four aspects: etiquette in invitation, seating arrangement, dinnerware, leaving. 3.1.1 etiquette in invitationtin general, invitations are either formal or informal. for formal invitations, it is necessary not only to pay great attention to etiquette but also to manage to make invitees never forget, therefore, they are always made in written form. for informal invitations, usually, they are made in spoken form, relatively speaking, are more casual. inviting others to have dinner sometimes is to strengthen mutual relationships, sometimes to talk about business. comparing with presenting a gift, inviting others to have dinner is obviously easier, because eating is a basic physiological needs of everybody, and as long as the method of invitation is proper, it is more easier to build a good relationships with others. no one would refuse delicious food, and if such delectable food are being setting before us, anybody could experience artistic implication throughout the whole period of eating. 3.1.2 etiquette in seating arrangementsboth chinese people and western people make much account of seating arrangements. generally speaking, unlike westerners, in majority situation, round tables or eight-immortal tables are used more commonly than long tables or squire tables at chinese dinner party. when chinese entertain guests, they usually take the left for upper and regard the right as lower. moreover, the seat faced to the door or the east is viewed as the seat of honor. chinese table settings are traditional in style. table setting practices in japan and other parts of east asia have been influenced by chinesetablesetting customs. the emphasis in chinese table settings is on displaying each individual food in a pleasing way, usually in separate bowls or dishes. formal table settings are based upon the arrangements used in a family setting, although they can become extremely elaborate with many dishes. serving bowls and dishes are brought to the table, where guests can choose their own portions. formal chineserestaurantsoften use a large turning wheel in the center of the table to rotatefoodfor easier service.(ol /wiki/tableware)when chinese people arrange seats, they take the table forms into account, then they can make different seating arrangements. when square table is chosen in chinese banquets, the most important guest should be seated on the right chair faced to the door. on his left is the second important guest of honor. if round table is chosen, the most important guest is seated on the seat faced to the door directly. in most areas of china, women are usually seated the unimportant seat, which closely connect with domination of confucianism in ancient china. in the early years of china, male dominate the world, and female are subordinate. anyway, female subordinate to male and have a less important position than men. this traditional idea of chinese is entrenched and exerted a profound influence on present society in china.in a family setting, a meal may include afanfood, meaning the main dish, and several accompanying side dishes, calledcai food. thefanfood is typically a grain, such as rice or noodles. if themealis a light meal, it will include the staple food and perhaps one side dish. the staple food is often served directly to the guest in a bowl, whereas sidedishesare chosen by the guest from serving dishes on the table. (ol /wiki/tabl