养老服务社区开发商业计划书1.doc

mobile phones as well as help with medical operations.i have even been put into space rockets and sent to explore the moon and mars .a nyhow, my goal is to provide humans with a life of high quality.i am now truly filled with happiness that i am a devoted friend and helper of the human race !andythe androidim part of an an android football team .about once a year we are allowed to get together to play a game of football.im as big as a human .in fact ,i look like one too.on the footballteam im a striker so i have to be able to run very fast .my computer chips help me to mova and think like a human .for example ,i have learned to signal to my teammates in computer languages to give me the ball when i am open and have a good shot for a goal.my firat football competition was in nagoya ,japan several years ago .last year our team went to seattle ,washington in the usa.we won tsecong place .personally ,i think the team that won firsy place cheated .they had developed a new type of program just before the competition.so we need to encourage our programer to improve our intelligence too.we are determined to create an even better system.in a way our programmet is like our coach.she programs us with moves to use if a new sitation arises.in this way i can make up new moves using my “artifical intelligence “.i would really like to play against a human team,for i have been programmed to act just like them.after all,with the help of my electronic brain which never forgets anything ,using my intelligence is what im all about!the sporting robotmy name is hua fei and i am a sporting robot of the 23rd century.i am an expert at high flying exercises.i jump from spaceship and as i fall i turn,dive,circle and dance until i softly land as close as i can to the finishing line.robot competitions in the 23rd century are truly a popular sport.fans from all over china watch their handheld tvs when a competition comes on.last time i look part in the 78th olympic on a flying island above brussels in the sky.i won the siver medal for my performance .this year i had the honour to be chosen again .i wanted to mmet robots from other countyies and explore ides about our sport.hower ,my programmer fell ill the week before we were going to leave .it was very painful for her and i felt very frightened.i no longer felt so confident that i would win.the day of the competition was rather could for my legs and my special oil began to fteeze.i paused before i jumped from the starting place on a little spaceship but then i began my performance.at the correct moment i tried to open my parachute but there was a problem.it only opened a little .in stead of flying softly to earth i began to fall faster and faster so that i could not turn ,dive,circle or dance.my heart stopped beating as i landed heavily on a mountain covered with snow.this is why i am writing to you from my hospital bed with two broken legs and a fragile head.i did not win anything at the olympic after all.i need the factory to build me two new legs and an even bigger head.then i will be able to compete once more .lets hope foe greater success in the next olympics! unit 4(1) how daisy learned to help wildlifedaisy had always longed to help endangered species of wildlife.one day she woke up and found a flyingcarpet by her bed.“where do you want to go?”it asked.daiasy responded immediately.“id like to see some endangered wildlife,”she said.“please take me to a distant land where i can find the animal that gave fur to make this sweater.”at once the carpet flew away and took her to tibet. there daisy saw an antelope looking sad.it said,“we are being killed for the wool beneath our stomachs.our fur is being used to make sweaters for people like you .as a reasult,we are now an endangered species.”at that daisy cried,“im sorry i didnt know that.i wonder what is being done to help you.flying carpet,please show me a place where theres some wildlife protection.” the flying carpet travelled so fast that next minute they were in zimbabwe.daisy turned around and found that she was being watched by an elephant.“have you come to take my photo?”it asked.in relief daisy burst into laughter.“dont laugh,”said the elephant,“we used to be an endangered species.farmers hunted us without mercy.they said we destroyed their farms,and money from tourists only went to the large tour companies.so the government decided to help.they allowed tourists to hunt only a certain number of animals if they paid the farmers.now the farmers are happy and our numbers are increasing.so good things are being done here to save local wildlife.” daisy smiled.“thats good news.it shows the importance of wildlife protection,but id like to help as the wwf suggests.”the carpetrose against and almost at once they were in a thick rainforest.a monkey watched them as it rubbed itself.“what are you doing?”asked daisy. “im protecting myself from mosquitoes,”it replied.“when i find a milipede insect,i rub it over my body.it contains a powerful drug which affect mosquitoes. you should pay more attention to the rainforest where i live and appreciate how theanimals live together.no rainforest,no animals,no drugs.” daisy was amazed.“flying carpet,please take me home so i can tell wwfand we can begin producing this new drug.monkey,please come and help,”the monkey agreed.the carpet flew home.as they landed,things begin to disappear.two minutes later everything had gone-the monkey,too. so daisy was not able to make her new drug.but what an experience!she had learned so much!and there was always wwf (2)animal extinctionmany animals have disappeared during the long history of the earth.the most famous of these animals are dinosaurs.they lived on the earth tens million of years ago,long before humans came into being and their future seemed secure at that time.there were many different kinds of dinosaur and a number of them used to live in china.the eggs of twenty-five species have been found in xixia county,nanyang,henan province.not long ago a rare new species of bird-like dinosaur was discovered in country,liaoning province.when scientists inspected the bones, they were surprised to find that these dinosaurs could not only run like the others but also climb trees.they learned this from the way the bones were joined together. dinosaurs died out suddenly about 65million years ago.some scientists think it came after an unexpected incident when a huge rock from space hit the earth and put too much dust into the air.others think the earth got too hot for the dinosaurs to live on any more.nobody knows for sure why and how dinosaur disappeared from the earth in such a short time. we know many other wild plants,animals,insects and birds have died out more recently.according to a un report ,some 844 animals and plants have disappeared in the last 500 years.the dodo is one of them.it lived on the island of mauritius and was a very friendly animal.please listen to a story of the dodo and how it disappeared from the earth.(3) the return of the milu deermy name is linhui.i like to tell stories about people who work together.what is even better is when countries help each other and build a good friendship.an excellent example of this happened when britain and china worked together to bring the milu deer back to china. the milu deer,a species with large horns,used to be common in china long ago.like other deer they live together and eat grass and the soft parts of trees such as small branches.milu deer were often hunted for food or sport in the past.the ,ming and qing dynasties did not protect them and many were killed.that is how the milu deer disappeared from china. luckily before all of them were killed,some were taken to britain to improve the environment of the beautiful park which belonged to the duke of bedford.he liked them so much that he took them all the way from china to britain.the milu deer liked the cool,wet weather in england and their number increased year by year.as a result,when in 1985 the government of china wanted to reintroduce the milu deer,the duke of bedford was happy to help.the first deer came back to china to the nanhaizi milu park 20 kilometers south of beijing and the centre in dafeng,jingsu province. the deer centainly seem happy to be back in china because their numbers have grown rapidly.there are now so many of them that a new park has been opened for them in hebei province.at the moment the milu deer live in centres where they are being well protected and care for .it is hoped that one day there will be enough animals to let them live in the wild again.so britain helped china by bringing back an animal that had disappeared from its homeland.this is a good example of friendship and understanding between these two countries.unit 5the band that wasnthave you ever wanted to be part of a band as a famous singer or musicians? have you ever dreamed of playing in front of thousands of people at a concert, at which everyone is clapping and appreciating your music? do you sing karaoke and pretend you are a famous singer like song zuying or liu huan? to be honest, a lot of people attach great importance to becoming rich and famous. but just now do people form a band?many musicians meet and form a band because they like to write and play their own music.they may start as a group of high-school students, for whom practising their music in someones house is the first step to fame. sometimes they may play to passers-by in the street or subway so that they can earn some extra money for themselves or to pay for their instruments. later they may give performances in pubs or clubs, for which they are paid in cash. of course they hope to make records in a studio and sell millions of copies to become millionaires!however, there was one band that started in a different way. it was called the monkees and began as a tv show. the musicians were to play jokes on each other as well as play music, most of which was based loosely on the beatles. the tv organizer had planned to find four musicians who could act as well as sing. they put an advertisement in a newspaper looking for rock musicians, but they could only find one who was good enough. they had to use actors for the other three members of theband.as some of these actors could not sing well enough, they had to rely on other musicians to help them. so during the broadcasts they just pretended to sing. anyhow their performances were humorous enough to be copied by other groups. they were so popular that their fans formed clubs in order to get more familiar with them. each week on tv, the monkees would play and sing songs written by other musicians. however, after a year or so in which they became more serious about their work, the monkees started to play and sing their own songs like a real band. then they produced their own records and started touring and playing their own music. in the usa they became even more popular than the beatles and sold even more records. the band broke up about 1970, but happily they reunited in the mid-1980s. they produced a new record in 1996, with which they celebrated their former time as a real band.freddy the frog（）not long after freddy and the band became famous, they visited britain on a brief tour. fans showed their devotion by waiting for hours to get tickets for their concerts . freddy was now quite confident when he went into a concert hall. he enjoyed singing and all the congratulations afterwards! his most exciting invitation was to perform on a tv programme called “ top of pops “. he had to go to london, wear an expensive suit and give a performance to a tv camera. it felt very strange. but as soon as the programme was over, the telephones which were in the same room started ringing. everybody was asking when they could see freddy and his band again. they were truly stars.then things went wrong. freddy and his band could not go out anywhere without being followed. even when they wore sunglasses or beards people recognized them. fans found them even when they went into toilet. they tried to hide in the reading rooms of libraries, but it was useless. someone was always there! their personal life was regularly discussed by people who did not know them but talked as if they close friends. at last feeling very upset and sensitive, freddy and his band realized that they must leave the country before it became too painful for them. so they left britain, to which they were never to return, and went back to the lake.必修三unit 1festivals and celebrationsfestivals and celebrations of all kinds have been held everywhere since ancient times. most ancient festivals would celebrate the end of cold weather,planting in spring and harvest in autumn. sometimes celebrations would be held after hunters had caught animals. at that time people would starve if food was difficult to find, especially during the cold winter months. todays festivals have many origins, some religious, some seasonal, and some for special people or events. festivals of the dead some festivals are held to honour the dead or satisfy the ancestors, who might return either to help or to do harm. for the japanese festival obon, people should go to clean graves and light incense in memory of their ancestors. they also light lamps and play music because they think that this will lead the ancestors back to earth. in mexico, people celebrate the day of the dead in early novemver. 引言：顾名思义，老龄化指的是在社会总人口中老年人的比例越来越高。对于老龄化，国际上最简单的评判标准是：60岁以上的人口数占总人口数的比例超过10%，或65岁以上的人口数占总人口数的比例超过7%。2005年底全国1%人口抽样数据显示，我国65岁以上人口达到10055万人，占总人口数的7.7%。我国已成为人口老龄化国家。我国老年社区的现状与发展我国自1999年以来已经进入老年型国家。新世纪开始银发浪潮滚滚而来，而且老年人口基数大、发展速度快、来势凶猛。因此解决老年人的养老和居住问题是摆在我国和各个城市面前的一个紧迫的社会问题。目前我国老年人选择养老和住宅的方式，由于历史和传统观念等原因主要以居家养老为主。主要形式有与子女共居、与子女邻居、独居，除此以外还有托老所、福利院、临终关怀医院以及老年公寓等。老年公寓（老年社区）是依据老年人的特点和需求设计、建造的专供老年人居住的住宅。它既体现老年人养老居住，又能享受到各方面社会化服务的住宅。老年公寓兴起于北欧一些国家，90年代在美国一些城市发展起来，成为房地产业的新兴领域。中国的北京、天津、大连等城市近几年也相继建成老年公寓。随着经济的发展、人民生活水平的提高以及观念的变化，老年公寓的市场需求将不断增长。本文就老年公寓的需求与发展谈谈个人看法。一、老年公寓需求的不断增长。 1中国人口老龄化的发展。我国已进入老年型国家，北京、上海、天津、广州、沈阳、大连等大城市也快速进入老年型城市。据世界卫生组织的资料，一个国家的老年人口系数达到10以上（60岁以上人口）或7（65岁以上人口）时，标志着这个国家或地区进入老年型。老年人口系数是指一定时点上老年人口占总人口的比重，它反映人口老化的程度（人口与社会保障研究陈朝先著，1998年版）。目前我国60岁以上老年人口已达1.3亿，占全国总人口的10以上，到21世纪中叶将超过4亿，占全国总人口的28，即每4个人中就有一位老年人。又据预测我国65岁以上老人数将从2000年的0.94亿（占总人口的7.3），增加到2050年的3.34亿（占总人口的22.6）（北京大学健康与家庭研究中心网站提供）。随着中国人口老龄化和城市老龄化的发展，我们要建造和发展适合不同老年人的不同要求的各种类型的住宅。其中老年公寓会成为越来越多老年人的首选，对老年公寓的需求会不断增长。 2观念的变化。中国“养儿防老”、“三、四代同堂”的观念和家庭组合在不断发生变化，而小型“核心家庭”、“三口之家”的比重在不断上升。而且，目前“四二一”的供养关系不断增加，使中间代所承受的压力很大，家庭矛盾也随之增加。同时，随着老年人观念的变化，不少老年人更加关心生活质量的提高，而不愿意和子女同住，独老户的比重不断上升。据中国老龄科研中心调查材料显示，北京市50岁以上的常住人口中，希望现在住进老年公寓和将来愿意入住的分别为10.4万和30.8万（北京晚报2002年10月19日）。目前武汉市老年人的居住方式以与子女同住为主占65.2。有47的老人希望与子女共同生活，52.4的老人希望与子女分开居住；现与子女同住的老人中，有64.8认为这种方式很理想，而有35.2的老人则希望能分开住；现与子女分开住的老人中，有84.6仍愿与子女分开住，有15.4的则希望与子女同住（城市规划2002年第3期）。可见，中国老人“养儿防老”的观念正在发生变化。而且老人的不同组群选择养老的方式又不同。文化程度较高，中级以上职称，月收入中等或以上，身体健康，生活能自理者，老年公寓为首选，有的认为“老年公寓是理想颐养天年之所”。因此随着观念的变化，对老年公寓的需求是加快增长的。 3社会上的“空巢家庭”逐渐增多。特别是在高等学校、科研单位等地方，由于子女出国等原因，一对老年夫妇家庭占的比重较大。目前北京市60岁以上180多万的老龄人口中“空巢家庭”已近30，未来10年，“空巢家庭”将成为老人家庭的主要形式，所占比重有可能达到90。目前天津市内六区的空巢老年人家庭，占总老年户的62.4，其中独居老人为13，偶居的占49.4（老看住房专题会议论文集2002年）。可见，随着人口老龄化的发展，空巢家庭的不断增长，那么这部分老人对老年公寓的需求将更加迫切。 4现在的中青年对未来老年人居住方式的选择会有很大的变化。据武汉市调查，现在的青年人（2025岁）仅有28.5，中年人（4050岁）有42.8希望将来与子女住在一起（城市规划2002年3期）。当他们进入老年时，由于我国各种老年机构已经完善等原因，其中很多人会选择社会养老的方式。所以老年公寓的社会需求是逐渐增长的。5随着老年公寓数量的需求不断增长，这一新兴产业将有较大的发展空间。据上海市调查，制定上海市2010年老年公寓的发展规划，入住人数取老年人口总数的3的比例为宜（发达国家一般为45）。按此比例，到2010年上海市老年公寓市场需求总量将达到187万平方米（中外房地产导报2001年18期）。如将此比例推至全国，那么对老年公寓的需求，已经是很可观了。所以这一新兴产业的发展空间很大。 同时，随着老年公寓的发展，可以进一步导致为老人服务产业的发展。老年公寓的发展，需要园林、绿化、基础设施、医疗、邮电、通信、文化教育、装饰装修、家用电器、以及家庭服务等一系列产业和服务业的发展。而这些产业的发展又可以增加就业，引发商机。二、中国老年公寓的特点 老年公寓首先要符合老年人的特点和要求。老年人年纪大、身体虚弱、眼睛不好、牙齿不健、腿脚不灵、消化功能差，有的高龄老人和有各种疾病的老人生活不能自理，还需要生活和医疗方面的特殊护理和服务。同时中国老年人在生活习惯和观念方面与外国老人有很多不同之处，因此不能完全照搬国外老年公寓的模式。我们应按照中国政府制定的“老有所养、老有所医、老有所学、老有所为、老有所乐”的养老原则，创建符合我国国情和老年人需求的中国老年公寓。 1地点的选择。依照老年人的特点和需求，老年公寓适宜选择在不远离社会，不远离家庭和亲友，空气新鲜，交通方便，有绿化带、公园等环境优美的地方。 2老年公寓的模式。国外老年公寓的模式，依据1986年国际慈善机构（hta）的老年人居住建筑的标准分为7类：退休和退休前老人居住的住宅；生活基本自理，仅需少许监护和帮助的健康老人住宅；提供全天监护和最低限度的服务和设施的健康老人住宅；专为体力虚弱而智力健全，不需要护理和监护的老人住宅；专为体力尚健而智力衰退并需要个人生活照料和监护的老人住宅；专为体力和智力都衰退并需要个人监护和护理的住宅；专为体力和智力衰退并患有疾病、受伤等的老人入住的注册医疗机构。又依据各个国家的现状和经验，国外的老年住宅模式大体上可以划分为四种：独立式老年住宅；集合式老年住宅（老年人合住的住宅）；护理型老年人住宅以及公立养老院（社会福利性）。从资金来源划分实际上分为两种：家庭和个人融资；政府和社会融资。借鉴国外经验，结合我国实际情况，我国老年公寓的模式大体上可以划分为三种：成套老年公寓住宅；合居老年公寓住宅；护理和医疗型老年住宅或机构（个人支付或政府和社会资助）。 3设计与配套设施。老年公寓要按照老年人的特点和“老年人建筑设计规范”，从住区规划、设计到配套建筑与设施方面要符合老年人的特点和需求。老年公寓宜为低层小高层（有电梯）或平房有小院落，而不宜高塔楼，住房面积以合室、一室、二室小套房为主。道路要无障碍设计，户内有紧急呼叫与电子安防系统。居室要阳光充分和通风。老年公寓要有完备的配套设施和服务，如医院、健身娱乐、文化教育、图书资料、购物中心、银行、邮局、交流活动、家政服务等。特别是老年社区内要配备正规定点医院。该医院应具备治疗、抢救、咨询的功能，这是关系老有所养的重要保障，是老年人进住社区最关心的问题之一。 4规模与档次。从居者本身的利益。安全管理和市场需求出发，老年公寓的规模不宜过大，这要依据各地的具体情况和条件而定。要依据老年人不同的经济和健康条件以及需求，建设不同档次的老年公寓住宅。但是中国目前老年人的经济收入普遍不高，老年公寓的开发和建设要以广大中低收入者的经济承受力和需求为主，而不能片面追求规模与档次。 5老年公寓的性质。依据国外经验和我国的具体情况，老年公寓以经营性与公益性相结合为好。老年公寓的租售方式，可以由老人的旧房置换、旧房出租、返本销售入住等进行资金运转。此外，还需要政府的政策支持以及社会各方面的资助。福利性的养老机构，则是由国家和地方政府以及社会出资予以建