昌平水源保护地农业综合节水技术示范推广项目可研报告.doc

began with a report on the excellent noodle harvest in the south switzerland. the programme mentioned two reasons for the good crop: an unusually warm winter and the disappearance of the insect that attacked the noodle crop every year. the reporter showed many noodle trees with the farmers pulling noodles off them and putting them into baskets. the people watching were told that they may not have heard of noodles from this part of the world because noodles were grown as part of small family businesses.the programme makers makers realized that people might wonder why noodles were always the same size so that they explained that “it was the result of many years patient research with the tree to produce noodles of exactly the same length.” but even so they explained, the life of a noodle farmer was not easy. “the last two weeks of march are an anxious time for noodle farmers. there is always a chance of very cold weather spoiling their crop. then it is difficult for them to get top prices on the markets.” many people in england believed this story. they rang the bbc to find out hoe to grow their own noodle tree. they were told to “place a piece of noodle in a tin of tomato sauce and hope for the best.” this may seem very silly, but in the 1950s very few british people travelled aboard for their holidays and even fewer of them ate noodles. so it seemed possible to imagine that noodles grew on tree like apples, pears and nuts. people also trusted the panorama programme for its careful research and serious information. so they were shocked to find the next day that they had all believed an april fools joke. even today the report of the noodle harvest is remembered as one of the best april fools jokes ever!unit 4communication: no problem?yesterday, another student and i, representing our universitys student association, went to the capital international airport to meet this years international students. they were coming to study at beijing university. we should take them first to their dormitories and then to the student cantee. after an hour of waiting for their flight to arrive, i saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously. i stood for a minute watching them and then went to greet them.the first person to arrive was tony garcia from columbia, closely followed by julia smith from britain. after i met them and then introduced them to each other, i was very surprised. tony approached julia, touched her shoulder and kissed her on the cheek! she stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence. i guessed that there was probably a major misunderstanding. then akira nagata from japan came in smiling, together with george cook from canada. as they were introduced, george reached his hand out to the japanese student. just at that moment, however, akira bowed so his nose touched georges moving hand. they both apologized- another cultural mistake!ahmed aziz, another international student, was from jordan. when we met yesterday, he moved very close to me as i introduced myself. i moved back a bit, but he came closer to ask a question and then shook my hand. when darlene coulon from france came dashing through the door, she recognized tony garcias smiling face. they shook hand and then kissed each other twice on each cheek, since that is the france custom when adults meet people they know. ahmed aziz, on the contrary, simply nodded at the girls. men from middle eastern and other muslim countries will often stand quite close to other men to talk but will usually not touch women.as i get to know more international friends, i learn more about this cultural “body language”. not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people. in the same way that people communicate with spoken language, they also express their feelings using unspoken “language” through physical distance, actions or posture. english people, for example, do not usually stand very close to others or touch strangers as soon as they meet. however, people from places like spain, italy or south american countries approach others closely and are more likely to touch them. most people around the world now greet each other by shaking hands, but some cultures use other greetings as well, such as the japanese, who prefer to bow.these actions are not good or bad, but are simply ways in which cultures have developed. i have seen, however, that cultural customs for body language are very general- not all members of a culture behave in the same way. in general, though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in todays world cultural crossroads!showing our feelingsbody language is one of the most powerful s of communication, often even more powerful than spoken language. people around the world show all knds of feelings, wishes and attitudes that they might never speak aloud. it is possible to “read” others around us, even if they do not intend for us to catch their unspoken communication. of course, body language can be misread, but many gestures and actions are universal.the most universal facial expression is, of course, the smile its function is to show happiness and to people at ease. it does not always means that we are truly happy, however. smiles around the world can be false, hiding other feelings like anger, fear or worry. there are unhappy smiles, such as when someone “loses face” and smiles to hide it. however, the general purpose of smiling is to show good feelings.from the time we are babie, we show unhappiness or anger by frowning. in most places around the world, frowning and turning ones back to someone show anger. making a fist and shaking it alomost means that someone is angry and threatening another person.there are many ways around the world to show agreement, but nodding the head up and down s for agreement almost worldwide. most people also understand that shaking the head from side to side means disagreement or refusal.how about showing that i am bored? looking away from people or yawning will, in most cases, make me appear to be uninterested. however, if i turn toward and look at someone or something, people from almost every culture will think that i am interested. if i roll my eyes and turn my head away, i most likely do not believe what i am hearing or do not like it.being respectful to people is subjective, besed on each culture, but in general it is probably not a good idea to give a hug to a boss or teacher. in almost every culture, it is not usually good to stand too close to someone of a higher rank. standing at a little distance with open hands will show that i am willing to listen.with so many cultural differences between people, it is great to have some similarities in body language. we can ofen be wrong about each other, so it is an amazing thing that we understand each others as well as we do!the open hand-a unicersal signwhen meeting people at the airport, most people smile and shake hands with people they meet. we know that smile is usually a sign that people feel friendly and happy, but what if we dont know who the new person is? what if we are not introduced by a friend? what if we are meeting a stranger in a unfamiliar place? sometimes people are dangerous and humans have to find ways to protect themselves. we have to make sure we can trust people we dont know, and we have to show that we are not dangerous. showing our hands means that we are not armed. in many cultures today, the western custom of shaking hands is used. we use our right hand, which is usually strong than the left one. if we are using our hand this way, in cannot be holding a knife or a gun. it shows that we trust the other person, and that the other person can trust us.not all cultures use the handshake, and people in many asian cultures do not always touch another person. the traditional greeting in china was to cover the left hand with the right and bow. japanese people might cover one hand with other and, depending on whom they are greeting, bow slightly or quite low. in india , hindu people join their hands in front of their faces and bow their heads. a muslim will touch his heart, mouth and forehead to show respect. even young people in the west now give each other the “high five”, when they slap each others hands high in the air. they are all keeping their hands busy. in almost all cultures, to smile and show an open right hand means, “welcome, you are safe with me.”unit 5theme parks fun and mor tha funwhich theme park would you like to visit? there are various kinds of theme parks, with a different park for almost everything: food, culture,science, cartoons, movies or history. some parks are famous for having the biggest or longest roller coasters, others for showing the famous sights and sounds of a culture. whichever and whatever you like, there is theme park for you!the theme park you are probably most familiar with is disneyland. it can be found in several parts of the world. it will bring you into a magical world and make your dreams come true, whether travelling through space, visiting a pirate ship or meeting your favorite fairy tale or disney cartoon character. as you wander around tha fantasy amusement park, you may see snow white or mickey mouse in a parade or on the street. of course disneyland also has many exciting rides, from giant swinging ships to terrifying free-fall drops. with all these attractions, no wonder tourise is increasing wherever there is a disney land. if you want to have fun and more than fun, come to disneyland!dollywood, in the beautiful smoky mountains in the southeastern usa, is one of the most unique theme parks in the world. dollywood shows and celebrates americas traditional southeastern culture. although dollywood has rides, the parks main attraction is its culture. famous country music groups perform there all year in indoor and outdoor theatres. people come from all over america to see carpenters and other craftsmen make wood, glass and iron objects in the old-fashioned way. bisit the candy shop to try the same kind of candy that american southerners made 150 years ago, or take a ride on the only steamengine train still working in the southeast usa. you can even see beautiful bald eagles in the worlds largest bald eagle preserve. and for those who like rides, dollywood has one of the best old wooden toller coasters, thunderhead. it is world-famous for having the most length in the smallest space. come to dollywod to have fun learning all about americas historical southeastern culture!if you want to experience the ancient days and gread deess of english knights and ladies, princes and queens, then englands camelot park is the place for you. every are of the park is modelled after life in the days of king arthur and the knights of the round table. in one place, you can watch magic shows with meilin the wizard. if you want to see fighting with swords or on horseback, then the jousting are is a good place to visit. if you do well there, king arthur may choose you to fight in the big jousting tournament. do you like animals? then visit the farm are, and learn how people in ancient england rantheir farms and took care of their animals. to enter a world of fantasy about ancient england, come to camelot park!futuroscope excitement and learninglast week i took a journey deep into space, to the end of the solar system, and was pulled into a black hole. then i took a trp to brazil and experinced surviving an airplane crash in the jungle. after that,水源保护地农业综合节水技术示范推广项目可行性研究报告主管部门： 承担单位：项目负责人：实施年限：2007年5月至2008年5月目录一、项目必要性.3二、项目可行性.5三、项目目标.7四、主要技术方案. 7五、示范地点与规模.11六、主要内容与投资.12七、计划进度.15八、投资概算.15九、项目参加人员.15十、效益分析.16一、项目必要性随着昌平区都市型现代农业发展进程步伐的逐渐加快，以及有机农业、安全农产品生产的深入发展，作为北京市重要水源保护地，对农田用水要求更加严格，发展节水农业对于保护生态环境、安全农产品生产具有重大意义。（一）加大节水力度已成为全社会的共识和呼唤。北京属于资源性缺水的大城市，而且缺水程度日趋严重已经成为制约北京社会经济发展的第一瓶颈。昌平区位于北京市西北部，是北京市的重要水源保护区，由于连年干旱，地下水持续下降，水资源供需矛盾已日益突出。昌平区水资源总量为5.04亿方，可利用水资源量仅为2.21亿方。随着城市的扩大、人口的增长和生活的改善，水资源的供需矛盾空前尖锐。城市对水资源的需求严重超出了其适当的承载能力。水资源紧缺成为制约经济发展的主要矛盾，生态环境也因此受到严重挑战。因此，加大水源保护区节水工作的力度已刻不容缓，这是全社会的共识。（二）保护水资源是建设宜居城市、迎接绿色奥运的需要。水资源是首都城市规划的限制性因素，建设宜居城市、迎接绿色奥运必须有良好的水环境作保证。昌平区农业用水仍是社会用水的第一大户，而且农业用水浪费比较严重，农业生产中存在许多用水不合理的情况，大水漫灌等浪费现象仍然存在，许多作物灌溉量超过需水量的100%，水分生产利用效率低，农业也是最具节水潜力的领域。牛有成副市长指示：“节水要从农业做起，这既是重点，也是潜力”。城镇需水日益增多，而且节水潜力有限。压缩农业用水，确保城市供水，是建设宜居城市、迎接绿色奥运的需要。（三）节约水资源，发展节水型农业，是水资源短缺的昌平区农业发展的需要，是建设都市型现代农业的必然需求，是发展城乡一体化全面建设小康社会的需要。北京市农业的定位是发展都市型现代农业。都市农业具有提升农业综合生产能力、综合服务能力和生态保障能力三大功能，这些能力的提高都需要有充足的水资源、清洁的水环境和完善的水资源管理机制作为保证。昌平区各届政府都非常重视节水农业的发展。由于持续干旱少雨，地下水回补量减少，随着人民生活水平的提高，对环境的要求也越来越高，因此生活用水和环境用水也不断增加，使得用水矛盾十分突出，严重缺水和用水浪费的矛盾也限制了都市现代农业的发展。综合应用农艺、管理、工程、生物和信息等技术措施，将节水的重点放在田间，才能真正节约农业用水，减少地下水的开采，才能保障都市型现代农业的快速发展。（四）推行农业综合节水是建设节约型社会的迫切需要。发展以节水为主要内容的节约型农业，是贯彻科学发展观、建设节约型社会的需要。昌平区发展节水灌溉比较早，由于缺少先进的科学管理模式、技术和经验，没有充分发挥节水灌溉的效果。发展节水农业必须正视农业节水中存在的问题，如农业节水政策滞后，水费征收不合理，节水技术措施单一，农民节水积极性低，农业节水宣传不够等。解决这些问题：一是需要采取法律、经济、行政、技术手段的综合；二是需要采取农艺、工程、管理、生物和信息等技术措施的综合；三是需要财政、农委、发改委、水务局、农业局等多部门力量的综合，实行部门联动的管理机制，建立昌平区农业节水协商制度。二、项目可行性1、工程节水基础较好，为综合节水技术应用提供设施保证为充分利用昌平区的地表水资源量，昌平区充分利用现有的河道蓄水工程蓄积弃水和雨洪水，可增加地表可用水资源和补充地下水。至目前已兴建塘坝截流蓄水工程43座，设计拦蓄水能力102.17万方，多年平均可利用量204.34万方。兴建的蓄水量在1万方以上的蓄水池3座，蓄水能力13.12万方。加上河道、水库的拦蓄水量，昌平区在现有技术、经济条件下，多年平均地表水可利用的地表水资源量为3116.59万方。2、农业节水技术积累多，为综合节水提供技术保障昌平区发展节水灌溉比较早，节水灌溉方式多样，覆盖面积较大，节水灌溉技术成熟。节水灌溉采用的方式主要有喷灌、低压管灌、渠道防渗和微灌等。到目前已有节水灌溉面积28.755万亩，占灌溉面积的73.76%，其中：喷灌面积12.945万亩，低压管道输水灌溉面积6.66万亩，衬砌渠道灌溉控制面积6.255万亩，微灌面积0.27万亩。3、农业节水工作经验丰富，技术和管理保障有力。昌平区在“九五”、“十五”期间大力推广先进的节水灌溉技术，为充分利用有限的水资源，发展高产、优质、高效农业迈出了重要一步。在十几年的发展中，喷灌、微灌、低压管道输水灌溉等一些实用技术已比较成熟，并积累了大面积发展节水灌溉的成功经验，加强了灌溉机构建设，改善了灌溉管理。中央和市、区从政策到资金给予多方面支持，为发展节水灌溉创造了良好的社会和经济环境。从技术、经济、政策、投资环境等各方面看，发展节水灌溉方案是可行的。（1）各级领导重视，广大农民群众积极性高，有很好的群众基础。发展节水农业已成为昌平区各级领导的共识，“十五”期间昌平区大力发展节水型工程，经过几年实践，节水灌溉工程给农民带来了巨大的经济效益，同时也带来了节水、节电、节地、改善生态环境等社会效益。农民从节水高效农业生产中真正得到了实惠，因此具有良好的群众基础。当前昌平区已经由传统农业种植向设施农业、果树、蔬菜等经济作物转化。种植结构调整后，特别是果树和蔬菜种植面积扩大后，传统的灌溉方式耗水量特别大，种植成本相当高，农民从自身经济效益出发，渴望着应用先进的节水灌溉设备与节水技术来提高作物产量和质量，降低生产成本，早日致富奔小康。因此，农民群众节水的积极性高，有利于项目的顺利实施。（2）项目建设技术上有依托在十几年的发展中，喷灌、微灌、低压管道输水灌溉等一些实用技术已比较成熟，并积累了大面积发展节水灌溉的成功经验，项目实施由精干技术人员组成技术服务组，为项目建设提供技术保障，尤其在农业节水技术研究、农业节水规划、节水灌溉工程设计等方面更是卓有成效。并且，在项目实施过程中，高校及科研单位都将提供强有力的技术支持，提供必要的技术指导与咨询工作。北京市土肥站将作为本项目实施的技术依托单位。北京市土肥工作站先后承担农业部、市农委、市发改委、市科委下达节水项目15个，通过项目建设，形成了一套包括工程节水、农艺节水、管理节水、雨水收集利用、再生水安全利用等在内的综合节水技术体系，为本项目的实施奠定了良好的基础。三、项目目标以实行最严格的水资源保护为指针，倡导真实节水的理念，推行水资源定额管理的机制，综合应用管理、工程、农艺、信息等技术措施，逐步实现减少使用地下水、合理利用土壤水、安全使用再生水、充分利用天上水，提高水资源利用率和生产效益，促进农业增效和农民收入，加快都市型现代农业建设步伐，确保农业和农村经济的可持续发展。具体指标如下：1、规模指标：建设2000亩示范区，推广应用2万亩。2、水利用系数：提高30%。3、水分生产效率：提高40%。4、节水指标：示范区平均年节水120方/亩，每年节水24万方。推广区平均年节水80方/亩，每年节水160万方。5、效益指标：示范区平均年增收150元/亩，每年增收30万元。推广区平均年增收100元/亩，每年增收200万元。四、主要技术方案本项目针对水源地和水源保护地，结合我区有机农业、无公害安全农产品生产发展，选择优势作物产业建设两方面农业综合节水示范区域，一是保护地综合节水示范区，二是果园综合节水示范区。主要技术内容按照上述类型分别确定。（一）保护地（草莓、蔬菜）1、膜面集雨充分利用时空叠加效应即时间叠加效应和保护地膜面叠加效应。该技术包括膜面、集流槽、沉淀池、集雨窖、蓄水池组成。通过保护地膜面产生径流，通过集流槽加以收集、净化后储存于集雨窖，用潜水泵将雨水泵到蓄水池，雨水经过保护地的升温处理然后用于灌溉。2、雨水高效利用膜下重力滴灌棚内蓄水池作为灌溉水源，利用膜下滴灌，将水直接输送到作物根际，提高水的利用率和生产效率。微灌施肥通过水肥耦合，达到以肥调水、以肥控水的目的，从而达到节水节肥的目的。施肥装置安装在滴灌系统的首部，向灌溉水中注入可溶性化肥或农药溶液，主要有压差式、泵注式和文丘里式三种。控制灌溉通过张力计的读数，控制灌水时间、灌水强度，精量灌溉，提高水分利用率和水分生产效率。3、微灌施肥露地蔬菜微灌施肥主要有供助滴灌的灌溉施肥和结合微喷的灌溉施肥两种形式。滴灌灌溉施肥微灌施肥是借助滴灌系统和施肥装置，在灌溉的同时将固体肥料或液体肥料配兑而成的肥液一起输入到作物根部土壤的一种方法。灌溉施肥可以在灌水量、施肥量和施肥时间等方面都达到很高的精度。该技术一般露地蔬菜上应用，与传统方法相比，节水3040%，节肥 3050%，于降低空气湿度、减轻病害，改善土壤结构 增加通透性，全年每亩节省10个劳力，每亩年节省总投入约200元，增产1520%。微灌施肥的方法主要有压差式施肥罐法，文丘里施肥器法，水驱动混合注入法，重力自压加肥法，泵吸水侧注入施肥法。 微喷灌溉施肥整个喷灌系统包括水源、进水管、水泵站、输水管道、竖管和微喷头几部分。应用时可根据土壤质地、湿润程度、风力大小等调节压力、选用喷头及确定喷灌强度，以便达到无漏、无径流损失，又不破坏土壤结构，同时能均匀湿润土壤的目的。微喷节约用水（用水量为地面灌溉的1/4），保护土壤结构；调节小气候，清洁叶面，遇到霜冻时还可减轻冻害；微喷可以结合液肥，是一种较理想的灌溉方法。4、交替灌溉：人为控制根系活动层土壤在垂直面或水平面上交替出现干燥区域，使不同区域的根系交替经受一定程度的干燥锻炼，使其产生水分胁迫的信号传递到叶气孔，形成最优的气孔开度，从而减少株间全部湿润时的无效蒸发和灌溉水量，同时提高根系对水分和养分的利用率，以不牺牲作物光合产物而达到节水和养分的目的。5、精制有机肥、滴灌专用肥开展增施有机肥行动，培肥地力，改善土质条件，增加土壤蓄水保墒能力，配合施用滴灌专用肥，实施水肥一体化，提高水、肥利用率。6、测土施肥、测墒灌溉实施测土施肥，保持土壤养分平衡，优化土壤理化性状；监测土壤墒情，根据作物需水规律灌溉，提高作物对水的吸收利用率，达到节水灌溉的作用效果。（二）果园（苹果、樱桃、葡萄）1、生草覆盖在果园实施全园或行间种草覆盖，不使土壤裸露，每年刈割12次覆于树盘下，或饲养家畜禽，或常年不刈割，在果园草生长期，果园保持得像绿地毯一样的土壤管理制度，以达到果品的优质、丰产、稳产、绿色、安全的目的。果园种草大多为豆科牧草（如白三叶、白三叶和紫花苜蓿等），是养地作物，它可以通过生物固氮来培肥地力，果园种草大多根系较浅，植株低矮，匍匐生长，草层多在50厘米以下，覆盖度大，保墒效果好，对果树无不良影响。2、抗旱化学制剂果树合理使用保水剂、蒸腾抗抑制剂等，可在作物生长发育中抑制过度蒸腾，防止奢侈耗水，减轻干旱危害，以及促进根系提高对土壤深层储水的利用，能够增强作物抗旱能力和提高水分生产效率。3、微灌施肥果树微灌施肥主要有供助滴灌的灌溉施肥和结合小管出流的灌溉施肥两种形式。（1）滴灌施肥借助滴灌系统和施肥装置，在灌溉的同时将固体肥料或液体肥料配兑而成的肥液一起输入到作物根部土壤的一种方法。该技术在果树上应用，与传统方法相比，节水4050%，节肥 3050%，降低空气湿度、减轻病害，改善土壤结构，增加通透性，全年每亩节省1015个劳力，每亩年节省总投入约400元，果品增产20%左右。施肥装置采用压差式施肥罐法和泵吸水侧注入施肥法。（2）小管出流灌溉施肥小管出流具有与滴灌类似的特点，只是其流量大于一般滴头，往往大于20l/h。目前也有压力补偿特性，工作范围较宽，灌水均匀度也较高，投资成本较低，对于灌溉水质的要求较低。一般支管和毛管可埋于地下，只是出流环形管或小管露出地表，将水施于果树的环形沟内。比较适合于果树节水灌溉。4、精制有机肥、滴灌专用肥培肥地力，改善土质条件，增加土壤蓄水保墒能力，配合施用滴灌专用肥，实施水肥一体化，提高水、肥利用率。5、测土施肥、测墒灌溉五、示范地点与规模（一）选点原则1、水源地或水源保护地2、优势农产品集中区域3、选择耗水量大的作物4、有较好灌溉设施基础（三）具体地点和规模建设地点涉及5个乡镇，分别是流村镇、马池口镇、南邵镇、崔村镇、兴寿镇，示范总面积为2000亩，技术辐射推广总面积2万亩。1、保护地综合节水示范区（1500亩）（1）兴寿镇保护地综合节水示范区1000亩（2）南邵镇保护地综合节水示范区500亩2、果树综合节水示范区（500亩）（1）崔村镇苹果综合节水示范区300亩。（2）流村镇果园综合节水示范区200亩。六、主要内容与投资项目建设内容包括农艺节水、工程节水、管理节水和雨水收集利用四个方面。建设两种类型示范区，分别是保护地蔬菜（草莓）和果树。表1保护地综合节水基地建