专业英语.ppt

管理科学与工程 专业英语 刘枬 重庆交通大学管理学院 * 1 何谓专业英语？ 隶属于科技英语，是自然科学和工程技术方面的科学著作、 论文、教科书、科技报告和学术讲演中所使用的英语； 以表达科技概念、专业理论为主要目的，是结合特定专业的 科技英语，有很强的专业性，与专业知识配合密切； 英译应为english for professional / specific / specialized purpose，而不是professional english。 date 2 chinglish date 3 课程目的何在？ 掌握专业英语术语，提高阅读和翻译专业英语文献的能力； 了解国外专业领域的最新发展动态和前沿知识； 掌握流行的研究方法和工具。 date 4 学习方法 熟读专业文献（以原版专业教科书为佳，自学为主）； 精读专业论文（选择性地阅读前沿性的论文，自学和课堂解读结合） ； 综合专业书籍，结合教师个人经历，有针对性地学习实用的方法和工 具（教学结合，自己常动手）。 date 5 兔子定理与研究生教育 兔子定理 导师负责给研究生指出兔子在哪里，并指导学生学会打兔子的本领（ 如何写论文）； 研究生则是从导师那里了解到兔子的位置、大小、肥瘦，并采用从导 师那里学到的打兔子本领擒获一只兔子（完成论文）。 date 6 兔子定理与研究生教育 四个阶段 本科及以前的阶段。这一阶段是学习捡“死”兔子的过程。知识都是现成的、经 前人验证了的，本科生学习的是如何把兔子捡到手、拿回家； 硕士生阶段。需要在导师的指引下，打一只活的、在视野里奔跑的兔子（有待 解决的问题、还没有被验证的知识）； 博士生阶段。需要在导师的指导下去森林中找一只兔子，并判断是否值得去猎 取，再用更高级的猎取技术去将兔子取在手中； 博士后阶段。此时，导师叫合作导师，他要和博士后一起来确定究竟到哪里去 寻找兔子，此时面对的可能是不一样的森林，需要一起商量后确定是否需要在 这里狩猎，并重复以上过程。 date 7 参考书 （以工程管理专业为例） 工程管理专业英语，徐勇戈等，中国建筑工业出版社2006年版 工程管理专业英语，王竹芳，北京大学出版社2006年版 国际工程管理实用英语口语，张水波、刘英，中国建筑工业出版社 2008年版 高等学校工程管理系列经典教材国际工程合同管理(双语) ，韦嘉， 中国建筑工业出版社2010年版 date 8 研究资源 研究资源（论文数据库等） /（sci、istp数据库） /（ei数据库） /（收录有automation in construction） /（收录有engineering, construction and architectural management） /（收录有construction management and economics） ingentaconnect、swetswise、scopus等 国内的万方、知网、维普等 open access journals 2. you can get cutting edge ideas and techniques to your own research; 3. one day soon you could be writing papers too. date 23 organization of a paper imrad and plus introduction: introduces the problem(s) addressed in the paper methods: how the work was performed results: conclusions of the paper and discussion: summary of the contributions, philosophical discussions, future research, etc. plus title: what is the paper about? author list: who did the work? where are they from? (do remember them as they may become your colleagues or bosses) author list convention: alphabetical or ranked (note: first and corresponding) abstract: brief outline of the results presented in the paper acknowledgements, declarations, references tables and figures different journals may have different format length, font, paragraph, spacing, column, etc reference style date 24 how to read a research paper? dont panic, follow the step: skimming: skim the paper quickly, noting basics like headings, figures and the like. this takes just a few minutes. youre not trying to understand it yet, but just to get an overview vocabulary: go through the paper word by word and line by line, underlining or highlighting every word and phrase you dont understand. comprehension: try to deal with all the words and phrases; go back and read the whole paper, section by section, for comprehension. in the introduction, note how the context is set in the methods, try to get a clear picture of what was done at each step in results, look carefully at the figures and tables, as they are the heart of most papers the discussion contains the conclusions that the author would like to draw from the data reflection and criticism: after you understand the article and can summarize it, then you can return to broader questions and draw your own conclusions date 25 questions when reading a research paper? introduction what is the overall purpose of the research? how does the research fit into the context of its field? is it, for example, attempting to settle a controversy? show the validity of a new technique? open up a new field of inquiry? do you agree with the authors rationale for studying the question in this way? methods were the measurements appropriate for the questions the researcher was approaching often, researchers need to use “indicators“ because they cannot measure something directly-for example, using babies birthweight to indicate nutritional status. were the measures in this research clearly related to the variables in which the researchers (or you) were interested. if human subjects were studied, do they fairly represent the populations under study date 26 questions when reading a research paper? results what is the one major finding were enough of the data presented so that you feel you can judge for yourself how the experiment turned out? did you see patterns or trends in the data that the author did not mention? were there problems that were not addressed conclusion do you agree with the conclusions drawn from the data? are these conclusions over-generalized or appropriately careful. are there other factors that could have influenced, or accounted for, the results what further experiments would you think of, to continue the research or to answer remaining questions date 27 formulating aims and objectives what? what are aims on the other hand, not a single research will adopt all available approaches the selection of appropriate research approaches is constrained by some variables, such as researchs nature, available resources and researchers ability date 32 research methodology selection of approaches laboratory experiment it permits the researchers to identify precise relationships between chosen variables via a designed laboratory situation to make generalised statements applicable to real-life situation, by using quantitative analytical techniques. it can study a small number of variables on a well controlled and intensive environment. but the extent is limited due to oversimplification and isolation of laboratory situation from the real world. date 33 research methodology selection of approaches field experiment it extends the laboratory into real-life situations of organization and / or society. so, it has greater realism and is less artificial / sanitized. but, in practice, its difficult to find an organization prepared to be experimented on and also difficult to achieve sufficient control to enable replication. date 34 research methodology selection of approaches surveys they enable researcher to obtain data about practices, situations or views at a particular point in time through questionnaire or interview, and make inferences by using quantitative analytical techniques regarding the relationships. they are able to study a greater number of variables than experiments and can describe a real world. it is also easy / appropriate to generalize the findings. the major weakness is found that little insights related to causes / processes behind the phenomena can be obtained. there is also possible bias in respondents, the researcher and the time when the research is undertaken. date 35 research methodology selection of approaches case study it offers the researcher ability to describe the relationships which exist in reality, usually within a single organization it captures “reality” in greater detail and analyses more variables than possibly experiments and surveys do. but, as it is usually restricted to a single event / organization, it is considered weak in generalizing. also, the studies are lack of control and different researchers would have different interpretations of the same data date 36 research methodology selection of approaches forecasting / future research it uses more mathematical techniques such as regression analysis and time series analysis with some data to make prediction about the future events. it can provide insights into likely future occurrences in situations where existing relationships may lead to this approach is complex and needs higher abilities / skills of the researcher since it is lack of real knowledge of future events and is based on the past data, the finding may not be “true” and cannot represent the real future, especially when the relationships change dramatically. date 37 research methodology selection of approaches action research it is a form of applied research approach attempting to obtain results of practical value to groups with whom the researcher is allied it is similar to case study and so the outcome is usually restricted to a single event / organization the personal ethics of the particular research is a key issue, as the opportunity for researchers intervention is always present date 38 research methodology survey what is a survey? it is a very commonly used method in business research (both academic and commercial) which gathers data mainly from people using an instrument like questionnaire it can elicit peoples views of what they think, believe, or feel it is particularly useful for collecting a large amount of data, but it must be based on a sample which has been scientifically chosen to represent the larger population date 39 research methodology survey what does survey do? determine peoples views or explore attitudes e.g. to a new service, or attitudes of employees conduct an exploratory study, prior to doing further research; or do a a confirmatory study, testing a concept investigate behavior e.g. frequency with which a particular item is bought, or shopping centre is visited explore perceptions of, e.g. a company brand; obtain facts,e.g. spending patterns, transport habits, buying habits date 40 research methodology survey advantages of survey? good at gathering a large amount of data from different sources can be used to access a wide range of information, such as attitudes, beliefs, values, and past behaviors easy to administer a survey a lot of the work is done up front, the administrative work is usually routine and repetitive possible to ask very specific, focused questions date 41 research methodology survey disadvantages of survey? non-response can be a big problem and you may end up with an unrepresentative response rate you only get answers to the questions that you ask you depend on respondents having the motivation to respond and responding honestly it is not good for affective issues, or for exploring issues in depth, because the questions have to be so focused it is not good for complex social phenomenon, because of the above date 42 research methodology questionnaire what is questionnaire? a questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions for the purpose of gathering information from respondents questionnaire survey is a highly effective method of data collection, in that they require less time to administer and are therefore less expensive, and permit data collection from a larger sample questionnaire has to be designed well for it is really effective. date 43 research methodology questionnaire development stage of constructing a questionnare date 44 research methodology questionnaire development type of question items questions are in two formats: open and closed, which means the respondents can answer the questions in their full willingness or can only answer them as determined by the researcher closed questions are easier for the respondent to answer, and also to code and analyse, than open questions which require content other than statistical analysis date 45 research methodology questionnaire development open questions are adopted: when it is not easy to foresee the answers when the responses may be influenced by the choices (limitation) when detecting choices where flexibility is called for where initial responses necessitate more in-depth follow-up questions date 46 research methodology questionnaire development closed questions may be the following type: multiple choice: involves selecting from a range of options free choice: can choose one or more option from a list, which should include all alternatives and not be mutually exclusive ranked: to list alternatives according to an order rating: answer rates items according to a scale date 47 research methodology questionnaire development sequence questions should flow logically from one to the next and should flow from the least sensitive to the most sensitive, from the factual and behavioral to the attitudinal, and from the more general to the more specific add a number for each question indicating the place in the questionnaire sequence (in particular, if you, go) screening or sample-organizing questions should present early group similar questions together within sections date 48 research methodology questionnaire development structure instruction / introduction: who you are? purpose of survey? what you want the respondents do? main body: general information; specific information / data- yielding parts; additional: how the questionnaire is delivered / returned? when is the deadline? acknowledgement of the respondents time covering letter is sometimes necessary date 49 research methodology questionnaire development attention! ensure that all items listed are strictly necessary to the question objectives ensure that all items are clearly worded, and mean the same thing to the respondent as they do to you avoid items which make use of jargon, technical terms or words which are outside the samples knowledge range the respondent should not have to look outside the survey in other words, try and recall forgotten events each question should relate to one issue only response items should be exhaustive and mutually exclusive do not provide too many alternatives 15 is considered a maximum date 50 research methodology questionnaire pilot suvey it is to avoid the frustration and rework due to omission or ignorance to the reality when initializing the questionnaire it can help the researcher to detect any flaws in questions and correct them prior to the main survey. it can even help to comvert open questions to closed ones it can be done within a small group (e.g. several colleagues or friends) during or after the process of designing questionnaire date 51 research methodology questionnaire pilot suvey ask your “guinea pigs” the following questions: how long did it take to complete? were the instructions clear? were any questions unclear or ambiguous? did you object to answering any questions? was the layout clear and attractive? any other comments? date 52 research methodology questionnaire sampling a sample is a sub-set of the population that is usually chosen because to access all members of the population is prohibitive in time, money and others probability dont comment or argue show interest (eye contact, nod, smile, ask follow-up question) look for non verbal clues (e.g. body language) encourage but dont put your words into their sentences pace the interview to avoid too short or too long date 60 research methodology interview recording recording is necessary for your review and analysis. it is also a proof of your interview recording methods include: tape / digital recorder, pen-and- paper (note-taking), questionnaire you have to decide which recording method youll use before you design the interview and be familiar with it place your recorder on a stable and smooth surface; make sure it works well and closes to both of you pen and paper are always useful (not recorded; take note) date 61 research methodology problems during interview the interview gets onto sensitive areas: stay calm, dont be drawn into a counselling situation the interviewee appears very anxious: putting them at their ease the interviewee tries to dominate the conversation: acknowledge the importance of their view, but try and gently bring them back to the topic the interviewee rambles: gently interrupt the interviewee is silent: they may be thinking; have a break the interviewee tries to direct questions back to the interviewer: be warm, but dont disclose too much about yourself date 62 research methodology case study what is a case study? it is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon in depth and within its real-life context it attempts to describe relationships that exist in reality, usually in a single organization and project it requires considerable skill on researcher, who needs to be adept at identifying and analysing data from a number of different sources it is the most appropriate method for conducting empirical research in the interpretive tradition date 63 research methodology case study what does case study do? it is best applied when the research addresses descriptive or explanatory questions: i.e. what happened, how, and why it is also good for describing a situation or phenomenon occurring in the present, where in-depth description is useful three types: exploratory: used to define questions and hypotheses or to test out a research procedure for a further piece of research descriptive: used to describe a particular phenomenon within its context. it can be used to expand on a particular theme unearthed by a survey. explanatory: the case study explores cause-effect relationships, and/or how events happen date 64 research methodology case study advantages of case study? it is “real“ it offers a chance to get a snapshot of real life it can offer particularity it can offer breadth and diversity in terms of methods of data collection and analytical techniques it is flexible: combine different method; adjustable date 65 research methodology case study disadvantages of case study? it is insufficiently rigorous: the researcher does not leave a clear audit trail detailing his research and explaining the conclusions case studies tend to be highly subjective and it is difficult to generalize results to a larger population they are likely to involve a great deal of bias, either from the researchers interaction with the participants, or from the observation high investment date 66 research methodology case study designing the case study it is virtually impossible to have a universal met