英语论文 飘的生态女性.pdf

论文代写-英语日语韩语德语俄 语法语 论文翻译-英语日语韩语德语俄 语法语 论文修改-英语日语韩语德语俄 语法语 代写作业代做考试题考卷-英语 日语韩语德语俄语法语 作文报告申请书文章等代写-英 语日语韩语德语俄语法语 研究计划书代写-英语日语韩语 德语俄语法语 西班牙语意大利语论文代写翻 译修改 论文发表-英语日语韩语德语俄 语法语 英语 english 日语 日本語 韩语 法语 franais 德语 deutsch 俄语 p 西语 espaol 意语 italiano 英语论文日语论文 韩语论文德语论文 法语论文俄语论文 名称：智尚工作室 电话传真手机地址：广东中山市学院路1号 网址： e-mail： 商务qq：875870576 英语论文 an ecofeminism interpretation of gone with the wind 添加时间: 2012-11-12 18:46:16 来源: 作者: 点击数:917 abstract: in the world of literature, margaret mitchell is one of the few writers whose fames are built on only one book. since the publication of gone with the wind, it has become the focus of studies of many scholars. the eco- feminists point out that nature and females are intertwined and closely related. their links cover three aspectsthe symbolic, experiential and the status. nature and females are also mutually represented, symbolized and mutually supported and depended on. based on the theoretical foundation and through the exploration of gone with the wind ,in detail, the author attempts to study the close relationship between nature and females, which are mutually complementary, represented, symbolized, dependent on and supported in gone with the wind to enrich and expand the study. this thesis comprises three chapters with one introduction and a conclusion. the introduction scans the previous studies on gone with the wind at home and abroad and then the author puts forward the central argument of the thesis. in chapter two, the author will, firstly, present the rise of eco-feminism and the different schools of eco- feminism. after that, the eco-feminist literary criticism will be put forward which in turn sets up the theoretical foundation for the close text critique of gone with the wind. in chapter three, the author will focus on their mutual dependencefemales are caretakers of nature while nature is the heaven for females. the conclusion summarizes the views of this thesis and suggests that gone with the wind should be taken as a potential target of eco-feministic studies. key words: eco-feminism ; females ; nature ; intertwined relationship 飘的生态女性主义解读 摘要：在世界文学史上，美国女作家玛格丽特米切尔是少有的凭借一部作品就名扬天下的作家之一。她 唯一的一部长篇小说飘自问世以来，在学术界一直是学者们关注的焦点。生态女性主义批评指出，女性与 自然是交织融合，密切联系的，这种联系包括符号上或象征的、经验上或地位上的联系。飘中女性与自然 也是密切联系的：女性是自然细心的呵护者，而大自然是女性的避难所和力量的源泉，他们相互慰籍，又互相 依赖。由此，本论文试图从具体文本出发，试图展现和探讨女性和自然的密切关系，两者相互慰籍，又相互依 赖的关系，以期能丰富、扩展对飘的研究。本论文由三个章节及一个引言和结语组成。引言部分在综述国 内外批评界对飘评论的基础之上提出本论文的中心论题。第一、二章对生态女性主义批评的兴起、生态女 性的多元理论中的主要流派和生态女性主义文学批评进行梳理，由此提出论文的理论基础为下文的具体文本分 析提供理论指出。第三章具体分析飘中女性与自然的密切联系：符号上的、经验上的和地位上的联系。 关键词：生态女性主义；女性；自然；密切联系 introduction gone with the wind is one of margaret mitchells most mature and outstanding works in english literature. it has never halted to draw favorable or unfavorable attention since its publication in 1891. some critics have looked carefully at its elements of narrative, imagery, philosophy, and the association between the author and her heroine. some have read the novel from the perspective of sociology. others have debated the novels fatalism and pessimism themes. a few have explored its gender and class issues. nevertheless, it is still a new realm of study to explore gone with the wind from the ecofeminist points of view. so the theory of ecofeminism will be applied to the analysis of margaret mitchells masterpiecegone with the wind. enjoying the benefits of scientific achievements and technical innovations, we are also facing the unprecedented environmental challenges. nowadays, people come to realize that their over-exploitation of nature has led to ecological crisis, such as the pollution of soil, water and air; the global warming; the ozone depletion; the endangered species and deforestation. environmental problems have grown to be global concerns. for the sake of preventing environmental degradation, special organizations have been established and the word “ecology“ has been proposed to make a balance between human activities and nature. in recent years ecocriticism emerges and quickly becomes a hot issue in the field of literary and cultural studies. it analyzes the role that the nature plays in the civilized society, studying the relation between the environment and literature, and how the concept of “nature“is defined. women are the first to notice the harmful effects of environmental pollution. they find that their health and livelihood are directly connected with environmental quality and the deterioration of natural. the deep concern about their future generations has motivated women to launch campaigns against ecological crisis. their role in the campaign is unneglectable. regardless of their races, ages, professions and classes, women, in their struggle against the environmental deterioration, come to realize that environment is a feminist issue. with feminist writers and theorists taking part in these campaigns, ecofeminism finds its expression in literary works. as the union of feminism and ecocriticism, ecofeminism studies the connection of nature and women in literary works and encourages a feminist writing of nature. ecofeminists are fully aware that throughout the human history, both nature and woman have been in a status of being suppressed and dominated by man. 1 margaret mitchell and her masterpiece when gone with the wind was first published，it stirred the whole country and attracted numerous readers. until 1949，this book has been translated into eighteen languages and more than eight million volumes have been sold in forty countries. 1. 1 margaret mitchell and gone with the wind margaret mitchell (1900-1949), the author of the enormously popular novel gone with the wind (1936), was born in atlanta. her mother-mary isabell“maybelle“ stephens-was a suffragist and her father- eugene muse mitchell-was a prominent attorney and president of the atlanta historical society. when she was young, margaret mitchell was fascinated by stories about old atlanta and the battles that had taken place there during the american civil war.having suffered much in those days，her parents stressed the importance of their childrens education and insisted that the children should be distinguished from their peers in atlanta.as a new student in1906，mitehell was battling with her mother over why she had go to school.maybelle stephens took her on a tour of the remains of devastated atlanta and pointed out that if mitehell did not have any weapon to meet the new world，her world was going to explode under her some day just as the world of those who had lived there exploded under them over night.in her youth, mitchell adopted her mothers feminist leanings which were in contradiction with her fathers conservatism. from 1926 to 1929, margaret wrote gone with the wind, which is set against the background of the american civil war of 18611865, about which she had heard so much. as a novel of a thousand pages and one of the greatest love stories ever written, gone with the wind was later compared with tolstoys war and peace. 1. 2 reviews on gone with the wind at home and abroad even though gone with the wind broke the sales record and was awarded the pulitzer prize in 1937, it had been neglected by critics due to some controversial questions.“questions about the books literary status, racism, historical view and depiction of the ku klux klan, (which had many similarities to d.w. griffiths, film the birth of a nation ), led to a critical neglect which continued well into the 1960s“1. despite the lack of critical attention for the very beginning period of its publication, gone with the wind, has never lacked the attention of the readers, it has sold 28 million copies since its publication in 1936 and has been translated into at least 30 languages worldwide. moreover, since the 1960s,gone with the wind has become a focus of studies worldwide. the latest studies of margaret abroad are enormous and fruitful. these studies mainly focus on the following aspects: firstly, the books on the relationship between margaret mitchell and her works have become more fruitful, especially in the united states. jane eskridges “before scarlett: girlhood writings of margaret mitchell“is a book consisting of all the recently found short stories, fairy tales, journal entries, essays, and a one- act play. julian granberry compiled all the letters of margaret and published them under the title of “letters from margaret. “ 2 the theoretical basis of ecofeminism in the realm of literary criticism, ecofeminism can be regarded as an approach about environmental problems and concerns from a feminist point of view and, vise versa, as a complication of feminism coming from ecology. ecofeminism studies both environmental ethics and an alternative feminism. one of the significant principles is that, ecofeminism draws from the combination of feminism and ecocriticism. in this chapter some of the main concepts will be presented and discussed, and important theoretical sources will be reviewed and literary terms will be defined and illustrated. 2.1 feminism “feminism“ has been a buzzword for a long time, and it has been applied to a variety of fields of learning, such as politics, economics, social and cultural studies, etc. with the essential task to achieve worldwide equality between men and women, feminism is committed to eliminate the discriminations suffered by women in social, political and economic affairs. traditionally, feminism is often accompanied with womens movement, and is seen as womens demands for equal rights under the control of men. currently, feminism has profound implications, for it has developed into many branches. but here in this thesis this term will be applied mainly as a literary term for the purpose of discussion and analysis of literature. 2. 1. 1 the definition of feminism as womens liberation movement, feminism first appeared in the late nineteen century in france, later in britain, america and other countries around the world successively. in english, the word feminism derives from “feminine“, however, these two words differ from each other to a great extent. feminism criticizes and objects to “feminine“ and “full of femininity“, which is presented by male chauvinist culture. although feminism succeeds the feminine words outwardly, it is embodied with anti-traditional referent and signifier which not only includes the early feminist movement and its social struggles with the purpose of political rights, but also covers critical and constructional theory research on law, education, and culture. the sources of bias against women have long been implanted in western culture. women have no rights in society and their social statuses are also ignored. the traditional male supremacy has put women into the second-class status in the patriarchy culture. feminism is a proponent of womens rights, however, which does not indicate that womens status will be higher than men. in other words, it seeks the equality between men and women. one of the main purposes of feminism is to improve womens social condition, which has to undergo hardships and struggles. 2.1.2 the development of feminism for ages in history, it is the man who controls the social role and social status of women, mens voices continue to dominate. until the late 1700s, a faint womans voice against patriarchal opinions appeared and started to be heard, she cried among the high volume of mens voice. believing that women should have their own voices in the public along with men,mary wollstonecraft published a vindication of the rights of women . in this book, she insisted that women must struggle for their rights and not allow the male-dominated society to determine a good womans characters. women themselves must take the lead and find out what role they will play in public. moreover, in the patriarchal society, women must resist the assumption that they are inferior to men. in the nineteenth century, an increasing number of people considered that women were being treated unjustly, which stimulates feminism to be an organized movement. this feminist movement was initiated in the progressive campaigns, especially in reform movements of the nineteenth century.starting from a political movement, feminist movement has a great impact on culture and society. with the participation of numerous female intellects and their theoretical and practical work, the movement has made influential and far-reaching accomplishments. the organized movement went back to the first womens rights convention in 1848 at seneca falls, new york. in this convention, elizabeth cady stanton drafted the declaration of sentiments and resolutions . based on the american declaration of independence,the sentiments demanded equality with men before the law, in education and employment.there was also the first pronouncement demanding that women should be given the right to vote. the primal requests of the womens movement were for equal pay, equal education and job opportunities, legal and financial independence, and then gradually expanded into discrimination against lesbians and the right of all women to define their own sexualities.after years of efforts and struggles, women finally obtained their rights to vote, marking the first climax of the feminism movement. according to maggie humm and rebecca walker, the history of feminism experiences three waves. the first wave range from the nineteenth century to the early twentieth century, the second is in the 1960s and 1970s, and the third extends from 1990s to the present. the first wave is also named the first generation of western feminism, which lasted from the second half of 19th century to the early twentieth century. originally it concentrated on the promotion in aspects such as equal contract and property rights for women and the opposition to chattel marriage and ownership of married women (and their children) by their husbands.however, by the end of the nineteenth century, striving for equality with men in politics and the right of womens suffrage became the main target of this phrase. the influential works of this wave includes leo tolstoys anna kareninaand henrik ibsens a dolls house and the main fruits are the birth of the international womens day and the equal pay campaign leaded by clara zetkin. writers such as virginia woolf are associated with the ideas of the first wave of feminism. in her book a room of ones own woolf“describes how men socially and psychically dominate women“. the second wave of western feminism is modern feminism ranged from the early 20th century to 1960s. in the united states, modern feminism was another new feminism liberation movement in contact with the black liberation movement, the gay liberation movement and the students movement. the may storm in france also reflected this new feminism. when the world war ii broke out, the men all went to the front and women accessed to the community from home, filling the vacancy of mens. facts proved that women had abilities to do whatever men could do; however, with the ending of the war, men came back from the battlefield and they would take over the stations which have been held by women. this clash triggered the second wave of womens liberation movement, they presented the slogan “refuse to go home, refuse to do mother.“ the publication of simone de beauvoirs the second sex formed the foundation for the womens movement of this period, which was commended as “bible“ by western women. in this book, the author analyzes both the physical and psychological growth of women and causes of womens secondary position. it also illustrates the way for women to set up independent quality and alter “otherness“ position,reaching their own liberation. the third western feminism wave is also regarded as postmodern feminism, beginning from 1970s, 1980s and has been developing until today. the character of this period about feminism is diversified, such as the third world feminism, ecofeminism, lesbian feminism and postmodern feminism. feminism has witnessed a succession of internal debates and it also needs to be integrated and improved. 2.2 ecofeminism ecofeminism theory originates from feminism and ecocriticism, which believes that there is a powerful affinity between nature and women. on account of the patriarchal societys domination of the nature and the oppression of women, both of the nature and women are victims. the ecofeminists think that the original reason of womens tragedy rests with the patriarchal ideas such as growth, development and production. development is virtually the root of destroying natural resources. acomparison of men and women in respect of economic resources, employment and income reveals that womens status have been lowered, while their workload is reversely being increased within the worldwide. womens health, nutrition and education are also weakened. they calls upon the reconstruction of the harmonious society with the principles of ecology and feminism, where the nature can break away from depredation and women can get complete liberation. 2.2.1 the definition of ecofeminism in fact, there is no central definition of ecofeminism, it is usually considered as a feminist approach to environmental ethics. ecofeminism is the social movement which sees the repression of women and the domination of nature as interrelated. at present, ecofeminist theorists have extended their studies to the interassociations between sexism, the domination of nature (including animals), as well as social and racism inequalities. they exploit a structure that confronts issues of gender, class, race, and nature. ecofeminists have realized the domination and subordination of both women and nature in the whole human history. the history of humankind can be treated as a history of mens haughty control and dominance over women and nature. nature can only be degraded to natural resourc