中国文化课程论文(仅供参考).doc

中国文化课程论文班级：2011级师范十班学号：222011310011129姓名：刘燊目录dragon culture2chinese tea culture3cheong-sam and traditional chinese costumes4one-month-old feast and one-year-old catch ( zhuazhou ) of babies7twelve symbolic animals8chinese traditional festivals10温总理答记者问精彩语录10words about chinese traditional culture11dragon culturetianlong (chinese: 天龙； literally heavenly dragon)， celestial dragon that guards heavenly palaces and pulls divine chariots; also a name for draco (constellation) 天龙：守卫天庭，拉神车 shenlong (chinese: 神龙； literally god dragon)， thunder god that controls the weather, appearance of a human head, dragons body, and drum-like stomach神龙：掌管天气的雷神，长着人身龙头，和鼓一样的肚子(参考东海龙王)fucanglong (chinese: 伏藏龙； literally hidden treasure dragon)， underworld guardian of precious metals and jewels, associated with volcanoes伏藏龙：地下世界金银珠宝的守卫，主管火山dilong (chinese: 地龙； literally earth dragon)， controller of rivers and seas; also a name for earthworm地龙：掌管五湖四海，决江开渎yinglong (chinese: 应龙； literally responding dragon)， winged dragon associated with rains and floods, used by huangdi to kill chi you应龙：修得千年、长出了双翼的龙，相传应龙是上古时期黄帝的神龙，它曾奉黄帝之令讨伐过蚩尤，并杀了蚩尤而成为功臣。jiaolong (chinese: 蛟龙； literally crocodile dragon)， hornless or scaled dragon, leader of all aquatic animals蛟龙：无角的龙，蛟千年化为龙，龙五百年为角龙，千年为应龙。是水中霸主panlong (chinese: 蟠龙； literally coiled dragon)， lake dragon that has not ascended to heaven蟠龙：湖中之龙，蛰伏在地而未升天huanglong (chinese: 黄龙； literally yellow dragon)， hornless dragon symbolizing the emperor黄龙：无角之龙，往往用来象征帝王feilong (chinese: 飞龙； literally flying dragon)， winged dragon that rides on clouds and mist飞龙：生得双翼能腾云驾雾之龙qinglong (chinese: 青龙； literally azure dragon)， the animal associated with the east in the chinese four symbols, mythological creatures in the chinese constellations青龙：是四灵之一，主管东方链接：/read/culture/chinajr/152155.html【以下来自百度文库】chinese tea culture西湖龙井资讯平台7月12日讯：中国茶文化很深厚，怎么向外国人介绍呢？且看下面的双语对照翻译。（中国茶文化中英文对照翻译(图) 作者：佚名 稿件来源：国际在线 上传日期：2011-07-12 21:38:33）in the west there is a popular saying, “i wouldnt give it up for all the tea in china.” for example: i love my new sports car so much, i wouldnt give it up for all the tea in china; or, these sunglasses are soo cool, i wouldnt trade them for all the tea in china. (翻译：俚语“i wouldnt give it up for all the tea in china”。就算是用全中国的茶来还我也不要换。以前中国的茶叶和香料在西方是贵族专享品，很贵重，类似于现在的象牙玛瑙lv之类的东西，所以这里的用法意思显然是表示“再好的东西跟我换我也不要换） green tea is as synonymous with china as kung-fu and pandas or kung-fu pandas! (翻译：看来本人还是很喜欢绿茶的，多喝有抗癌功效哦） there are so many varieties of green tea, though, some of the more common ones include: 六安瓜片 liuan leaf, jinzhai anhui 黄山毛峰 yellow mountain tip, huangshan anhui 西湖龙井 westlake tea, hangzhou zhejiang 洞庭碧螺春 dongding green spiral, suzhou jiangsu (my favorite!) and, of course, gunpowder the word “bitter” is often used to describe the taste of green tea. in japan, you will get beheaded by a samurai for putting sugar, honey, or milk in your green tea. im serious. the fact is, western people like their drinks sweet and sugary. perhaps this is why green tea isnt so popular in western societies (翻译：中国茶文化源远流长，苦涩的味道正是茶的精髓所在，又有“苦口良药”这么一说，说明了苦茶对人身体的益处。品得苦味方知甘甜的来之不易） did you know that all tea comes from the same plant? so, if all the common teas come from the same plant then why is green tea green and black tea.black (翻译：实际上是红色，所以在中国我们叫它“红茶”而不是“黑茶”？）are you ready for a science lesson - after the leaves are picked they are heat treated (殺青) to prevent oxidation. im sorry, i know you came here to learn english, not science, so ill make it easy for you oxidation is the same process that causes metal to rust. (翻译：说白了就是把茶叶炒一炒免得它被氧化蔫儿掉）green teas popularity is not a mystery. its known around the world because of its myriad health benefits. green tea can treat headaches, depression, helps prevent cancer, and keeps your breath minty fresh.(翻译：多喝绿茶好处多多：治疗头疼、缓解抑郁、预防癌症，还能保持口气清新，比绿箭还强哦！）cheong-sam and traditional chinese costumesthe cheongsam has its origin in the manchu females costumes in the qing dynasty and has been regarded as the model of chinese traditional jubilatory culture .as for the reason, the cheongsam not only accords with the characteristic of harmony within chinese culture in terms of the style, but also shows rich oriental idiosyncrasy with regard to ornamental techniques. in addition, the cheongsam will give more prominence to a ladysslender figure, and also help to heighten the center of gravity of human bodies together with high-heel shoes, so that civility, elegance and dignity will be fully displayed. therefore, the cheongsams developed its own trend, which has been long lasting.as for the traditional clothes of chinese men, the long gown and mandarin jacket are typical. both of them have round necks and narrow sleeves. the mandarin jacket can be seen as a kind of chinese-style jacket with buttons down the front, mostly with sleeves like a horses hoof. however, the front of long gowns, with buttons on the right, is basically large. there is also a type of garment combining the long gown and the mandarin jacket, and they will only have the under-half part, buttoning in the under lap of the mandarin jacket. the long gown and mandarin jacket will give the impression of comfortableness and ease as well as sobriety.in 2001, the presidents struck a pose on the stage in chinese style costumes at the apec forum, and thus a trend of wearing chinese style costumes came into being. the very reason why clothing with chinese style has been labeled as chinese -style costumes is that the place where overseas chinese reside in has been called “chinese town” and consequently the costumes which the chinese wear are called chinese style costumes. current chinese-style costumes were transformed from the mandarin jacket of the qing dynasty, and there are four major characteristics in terms of design. first, chinese-style costumes have a stand-up collar and buttons in very middle of the front of the jacket; second, there is no seam between sleeves and a jacket; third, the costumes are jackets with buttons down the front or in diagonal way; last, they have right-angled buttons. in addition, with regard to the outside material, chinesecostumes are mostly made with silk.moreover, the feature of clothing varies with areas and nationalities. for instance, the bellyband is the traditional close-fitting costume in central china and north of shanxi. the bellyband is just like the front of vest with a lace tying to the neck and it can prevent children from catching a cold. the childrens wearing of bellyband will also show their naivety. most bellybands will be embroidered with the pattern of a tiger head and the five poisons, which contain a parents nice expectation of wishing their children health. to take the costumes of the yi nationality as another example, they are rather distinctive with three types of womens had wears including decorating brocade round the head and a cap with an embroidered case. especially in the area of hong he, womens head wears are full of beautiful colors and styles. they prefer silver ornaments to show their riches and beauty. however, the manta can be regarded as the distinctive costumes for all people of the yi nationality, which are mostly made of fur, delaine, hemp and straw and whose colors are mainly cyan and blue.译文：旗袍与中国传统服饰旗袍源自清代满族女性服饰，被誉为中国传统服饰文化的典范。它不仅在整体造型的风格方面符合中国文化和谐的特点，而且它的装饰手法也展现着浓厚的东方特质。另外，穿旗袍可以增加形体的修长感，配上中高跟鞋，更可以抬升人体的重心，将东方女性的端庄、典雅和含蓄的美展露出来。因此旗袍在中国民族服装中独领风骚，久盛而不衰。中国男子的传统服饰比较有代表性的为长袍、马褂，长袍和马褂都是满族男子的服装，盘领、窄袖，马褂是对襟，大都有马蹄袖，长袍为大襟。也有马褂、长袍相连的两部形式，这种形式的长袍只有下半截，连扣在马褂的内下摆。长袍马褂给人的感觉是既不乏庄重，又显得洒脱和舒适。2001年apec会议各国元首穿着“唐装”集体亮相，掀起了一股以穿“唐装”为时尚的风潮。将“唐装”作为中式服装的通称，主要因为国外都称华人居住的地方为“唐人街”，所以“唐人”作为中式服装的通称，主要是因为国外都称华人居住的地方为“唐人街”，所以“唐人”穿的衣服自然就叫做“唐装”了。当今的“唐装”是由清代的马褂演变而来的，它的款式结构有四大特点：一是立领，上衣前中心开口，立式领型；二是连袖，即袖子和衣服整体没有接缝，以平面裁剪为主；三是对襟，也可以是斜襟；四是直角扣，也就是盘扣；另外从面料来说，则主要使用织锦缎面料等。另外，中国不动地域和不同民族的服饰也各有特色。比如，肚兜就是关中和陕北的传统的贴身服饰，肚兜的形状就像背心的前襟，上面用布带系在脖颈上，下面两边各有一条带子系在腰间，它可以避免肚子受凉，夏天时儿童穿在外面也显得天真烂漫。在儿童穿的肚兜上尝尝绣有虎头像和“五毒”图案，给予了大人希望孩子健康成长的美好祝愿。再比如，中国少数民族彝族的服饰也很有特点。彝族妇女的头饰大致有缠头、包帕、绣花帽三类，其中红河地区妇女的头饰更是琳琅满目，以银饰为贵为美。披风是彝族男女皆备的特色服装，以动物皮毛、毛麻织品和草编织制品为原料，以青、蓝二色为主。one-month-old feast and one-year-old catch (zhuazhou) of babiesin china, one-month-old feast and one-year-old catch of a baby are of unique chinese characteristics. these two ceremonies are milestone-like significance in the growing process of a baby.on the day when a baby is a month old, the family of the baby will invite their friends and relatives to a ceremony to celebrate the occasion. in a traditional one-month-old ceremony, there will be a rejoicing andfestive atmosphere in the family and the feast is supposed to be lively and joyful. however, in recent years this custom has been gradually abandoned among young people. nevertheless, one-month-old feast still remains a memorable and happy moment for every family.zhou in the word zhuazhou means a baby is one year old”. the earliest historical record about zhuazhou appeared during the dynasty of northern qi. on the day when a baby is a year old, the familyof the baby will lay out sutras, brush pens, ink sticks, paper, ink slabs, abacus, copper coins, account books, jewelries, flowers, rouges, foods, toys, etc. for girls, scoops, scissors, rulers, thread, scissor-cut will be added. the parents then put the baby in front of these articles and make it sit up. nobody will give and instruction or cue to the baby so that it is left free to choose by itself. watching the baby catch the articles it likes, the family can then make predictions about its potential interests, future career and development.译文：小孩儿满月与抓周在中国，小孩儿的满月酒和抓周仪式独具特色。在孩子的成长过程中，这两个仪式有里程碑式的纪念意义。小孩儿出生满一个月的那天，孩子的家人一般要招呼亲朋挚友，邀请他们一起来庆祝孩子满月。按照中国的传统，这一天，家里会充满了喜庆和节日的氛围，满月就要办得热热闹闹才行。不过最近这些年，这个习俗在城市尤其是年轻夫妇中有逐渐被淡化的趋势。但是，小孩儿满月对于每个家庭来说，仍然是一个非常值得纪念的高兴的日子。“抓周儿”中的“周”是小孩儿满一周岁的意思。关于“抓周儿”，最早记载于北齐。“抓周儿”也就是在小孩儿满周岁那天，吃中午的长寿面之前，摆上经书、笔、墨、纸、砚、算盘、钱币、账册、首饰、花朵、胭脂、吃食、玩具等，如果是女孩儿则要加摆铲子、勺子（炊具）、剪子、尺子（缝纫用具）、绣线、花样子（刺绣用具），再由大人将小孩抱来，令其端坐，父母及他人不给予任何的引导或暗示，任孩子随意挑选，看他先抓什么，后抓什么，并以此为依据来预测孩子可能存在的志趣和将从事的职业以及前途。twelve symbolic animalsit is traditional in china, when a person is born, one animal(shuxiang)is used to symbolize this year. shuxiang, also called shengxiao (any of the 12 animals representing the earthly branches),is a traditional way in china to number the years and to record a persons age.the ancient chinese people invented the method to designate the years by the heavenly stems consist of the characters: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, and gui. and the earthly branches are composed of 12 characters:zi,shu,yin,mao,chen,si,wu,wei,shen,you,xu,hai.combining each of the 10 heavenly stems with one of the 12 earthly branches in sequence creates 60 chronological symbols. for example jiazi, yichou, bingyin, etc. these 60 symbols are used in circles and thus each year has a chronological symbol. for example, 2001 corresponds to xinsi, 2002 to renwu in the lunar calendar; after 60 years, 2061, once again, corresponds to xinsi, and 2062, to renwu. later, people used 12 animals to correspond to the 12 earthly branches, forming the12 symbolic animals, namely earthly branch one rat, earthly branch two ox, earthly branch three tiger, earthly branch four rabbit, earthly branch five dragon, earthly branch six snake, earthly branch seven horse, earthly branch eight sheep, earthly branch nine monkey, earthly branch ten rooster, earthly branch eleven dog, earthly branch twelve pig. thus the zi year is the year of the rat, and the chou year is the year of the ox, and the yin year is the year of the year of tiger, etc. therefore, when a person is born, he has an animal as his symbolic animal. the year 2002 was a renwu year under lunar calendar, also the year of horse, and so children born in this yea are all horse babies.even though the chinese people now number the years and their age under the gregorian calendar, the still continue to use the symbolic animals. as long as people know a person probable age and his symbolic animal, people can infer his exact age and year of birth. 译文：十二属相中国民间有一个传统习俗，人一出生，就有一种动物做他的属相。属相，也叫“生肖”，是中国民间传统的纪年和计算年龄的方法。中国古代的纪年法是帝王年号与“干支”并用，其中“干支纪年法”从史书上有明文记载的公元前841年（庚申年），一直沿用到现在。“干”是“天干”，有十个字组成，这十个字是：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸。“支”是“地支”，由十二个字组成，这十二个字是：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥。把天干的十个字和地支的十二个字按顺序配合起来，可以得到60种排列，如：甲子、乙丑、丙寅这60种排列周而复始，循环使用，每六十年叫做“一个甲子”。如公历的2001年，是农历的辛巳年，公历的2002年，是农历的壬午年；而六十年后，2061年又是辛巳年，2062年又是壬午年。从东汉（25220）时开始，人们又用鼠、牛、虎、兔、龙、蛇、马、羊、猴、鸡、狗、猪12种动物来配十二地支，组成了十二生肖，也叫十二属相。这就是子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龙、巳蛇、午马、未羊、申猴、酉鸡、戌狗、亥猪。这样，子年是鼠年，丑年是牛年，寅年是虎年于是，每个人一出生，就有一种动物作他的属相。子年出生的属鼠，丑年出生的属牛，寅年出生的属虎，以此类推。现在，中国人在用公历纪年和计算年龄的同时，仍然习惯用属相纪年和推算年龄。chinese traditional festivals中国的传统节庆膳食除了在数量和质量上与平时有所不同之外，一些历史悠久、具有象征意义的食物也是节日必不可缺的伴侣。traditional holiday meals are different from everyday meals in terms of quantity and quality. in addition, some foods with a long history and symbolic significance are indispensable on these occasions.例如，我国的端午节是纪念古代诗人屈原的日子。那一天，人们通常要赛龙舟、吃粽子。for example, on the dragon boat festival, a day set aside in memory of the ancient poet qu yuan, people will hold dragon boat races and eat zongzi, a kind of glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves.中秋节是观赏满月的日子。圆圆的月亮象征着圆满，象征着家庭团聚。因此，中秋节的特制食品是一种圆形的月饼。the mid-autumn festival is an occasion for viewing the full moon. the round moon is a symbol for completeness, and family reunion. the special food of the day is the yuebing, a round moon cake.春节是中国的农历新年，除了常见的海鲜、家禽和肉类之外，人们还要按各自的地方习俗烹制传统菜肴，如饺子和年糕。the spring festival is the chinese lunar new years holiday. in addition to the popular seafood, poultry and meat, people will prepare traditional food, for example, jiaozi, or boiled dumplings, and niangao, or the year cake according to their regional custom.温总理答记者问精彩语录 一个领导者应该把眼睛盯住前方，把握现在，思考未来。as a leader, his eyes should be on the way ahead, his energy should be focused on the present at the same time he should be thinking of the future.天变不足畏，祖宗不足法，人言不足恤。one should not fear changes under the heaven and one should not blindly follow old conventions and one should not be deterred by complaints of others.苟利国家生死以，岂因祸福避趋之。 （温总理五年前立下的誓言）one should uphold his countrys interest with his life, he should not do things just to pursue his personal gains and he should not be evading responsibilities for fear of personal loss.如果我们的国家有比黄金还要贵重的诚信、有比大海还要宽广的包容、有比爱自己还要宽广的博爱、有比高山还要崇高的道德，那么我们这个国家就是一个具有精神文明和道德力量的国家。if china can have a level of credibility and integrity that is more precious than gold, if china can be more receptive and inclusive than the ocean, if china can have fraternity rather than love for oneself, and if china can have an ethical standard higher than the mountains, i believe this country will have the moral strength and also will become a country with advanced cultural development.民之所忧，我之所思；民之所思，我之所行。what people are concerned about preoccupies my mind, and what preoccupies peoples mind is what i need to address.为了国家的富强，为了社会的公平正义，为了让人们幸福快乐地过得更好，为了让孩子们上好学，为了使我们的民族在世界赢得应有的尊严，我愿献出我的全部心血和精力。to ensure this country to become stronger and more prosperous, to build a society of equity and justice, to ensure the people live a happy life, our children can go to school and our nation is duly respected in the international community, im willing to dedicate myself wholeheartedly to this cause.所谓“中国政府灭绝西藏文化”是一派谎言。claim of chinas cultural genocide in tibet nothing but lie.用人民的钱为人民谋利益。（有关财政体制改革）use peoples money to serve peoples needs我相信13亿人民微笑着面对世界，全世界人民也会微笑着对待中国。（有关北京奥运会）i have confidence that the smiles of 1.3 billion people in front of the world will be reciprocated by the smiles of the people from all over the world.周虽旧邦，其命维新（诗经）；如将不尽，与古为新（诗品）。（有关解放思想）although zhou was an ancient state, it had a reform mission; only innovation could ensure the growth and vitality of a nation.words about chinese traditional culture1. customs about spring festival: toefl|ibt|新托福-无忧托福网-新托福备考第一网m:ge i(pc.gljf1d_7rt:y4&!i过年 guo-nian; have the spring festival toefl|ibt|新托福-无忧托福网-新托福备考第一网5w%(n s*oz对联 poetic couplet: two successive rhyming lines in poetry )t u7z春联 spring festival couplets xl9rei剪纸 paper-cuts )m:g&wb;?h/b7g年画 new year paintings toefl|ibt|新托福-无忧托福网-新托福备考第一网qthz kv买年货 special purchases for the spring festival do spring festival shopping toefl|ibt|新托福-无忧托福网-新托福备考第一网 m)hw%j7c)j敬酒 propose a toast toefl|ibt|新托福-无忧托福网-新托福备考第一网;vjy u*i灯笼 lantern: a portable light (tf%j!f5dt2sls烟花 fireworks +p!ohdi%j5爆竹 firecrackers (people scare off evil spirits and ghosts with the loud pop.) toefl|ibt|新托福-无忧托福网-新托福备考第一网1j/tjbm2i7ai红包 red packets (cash wrapped up in red paper; symbolize fortune and wealth in the coming year.) toefl|ibt|新托福-无忧托福网-新托福备考第一网(8fr+tq舞狮 lion dance (the lion is believed to be able to dispel evil and bring good luck.) toefl|ibt|新托福-无忧托福网-新托福备考第一网b%wg&e7hv3w舞龙 dragon dance (to expect good weather and good harvests) toefl|ibt|新托福-无忧托福网-新托福备考第一网z9j%p t9x z0l1k*qd戏曲 traditional opera toefl|ibt|新托福-无忧托福网-新托福备考第一网;t)j7e4c,r/m5杂耍 variety show; vaudeville toefl|ibt|新托福-无忧托福网-新托福备考第一网&k8ue0m/cd灯谜 riddles written on lanterns /j? wc:j灯会 exhibit of lanterns s+j/o9qo4b!y5s守岁 staying-up d7|f3lu$u拜年 pay new years call; give new years greetings; new years visit toefl|ibt|新托福-无忧托福网-新托福备考第一网o ec:m$l8p禁忌 taboo 5teh6-qs去晦气 get rid of the ill- fortune ?he)qeu_7t祭祖宗 offer sacrifices to ones ancestors toefl|ibt|新托福-无忧托福网-新托福备考第一网uv+dq:y pt压岁钱 gift money; money given to children as a lunar new year gift h:u,phk3yn,ml5j/sculture note: in the old days, new years money was given in the form o