新初三暑假语法讲义——第十二讲 定语从句.doc

第十二讲 定语从句中考要求内容基本要求略高要求较高要求定语从句一、定语从句的功能和结构；二、关系代词和关系副词的用法；三、定语从句中需要注意的问题。非限制性定语从句的用法语法考点定语从句的重要性：在中考的阅读理解、完形填空及书面表达等题型中，对句子及篇章的理解起重要作用。考点梳理定语从句的功用和结构定语从句的功用和结构：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例：this is the present that he gave me for my birthday.do you know everybody who came to the party?i still remember the night when i first came to the village? this is the place where chairman mao once lived.关系代词和关系副词的用法清单一、关系代词和关系副词的功用关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词做主语，宾语，定语；关系副词可作状语。1. 作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词一致。例：i dont like people who talk much but do little.the cars which are produced in hubei province sell very well.2. 作宾语：例：she is the person that i met at the school gate yesterday.the book that my grandmother gave me is called “the great escape”.3. 作定语：关系代词whose 在定语从句中作定语用。例：whats the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?the girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.4. 作状语：例：ill never forget the day when i first came to beijing.this is the house where i was born.清单二、各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。例：the person who broke the window must pay for it.the boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.2. whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例：do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？ mr. lee (whom) you want to see has come.3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。例：the girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.i know the boy whose father is a professor.4. which 指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例：a dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.5. that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例：ive read the newspaper that (which) carries the important news.who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例：ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm.he arrived in beijing on the day when i left.7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例：this is the house where we lived last year.the factory where his father works is in the east of the city.清单三、关系代词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who, whom, whose, which, that等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。只能指人的关系代词：awho指人，在定语从句中作主语。例：what was the name of the man who lent you the money？借钱给你的那人叫什么名字？（定语从句修饰先行词the man）he who laughs last laughs best. 谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。（定语从句修饰先行词he）the chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right. 会议主席坐在我右边，他先发言。（定语从句修饰先行词the chairman）【考点】【真题】2010北京西城二模完型：but those who have received pattis organs cannot forget.bwhom指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom 可省略或可用who 来代替，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用whom。例：there are some people (whom/ who) we like and others (whom/ who) we dislike.有些人我们是喜欢的，有些人则是我们讨厌的。（定语从句分别修饰先行词people, others）the people whom/ who i work with are all friendly.和我一起工作的人都很友好。（定语从句修饰先行词the people）mr. carter, whom i spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in or plan. 昨晚我在电话里和卡特先生交谈过，他对我们的计划很感兴趣。（非限制性定语从句中不能用who 代替whom）two men, neither of whom i had ever seen before, came into my office.两个人来到我的办公室，我以前从未见过他们。（在介词后面不用who）【考点】【真题】 pet / bets-2 句型转换the lady to whom youre speaking is my aunt. 只能指物的关系代词：cwhich1指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。例：english is a language which is easy to learn. 英语是一门容易学的语言。（which 在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）this is a folk song which is now very popular. 这是目前非常流行的一首民谣。（which 在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）the river which flows through london is the thames.流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。（which 在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）the children like cookies (which) my wife makes.孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。(关系代词which 作makes 的宾语，可以省略)2which 引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于and this。例：jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody. 吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the driving test）sheila couldnt come to the party, which was a pity.希拉不能来参加聚会，真遗憾。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the party）3which 在非限制性定语从句中有时也可以作定语。例：john stayed here for a week, during which time we visited the west lake together.约翰在这里呆了一星期，在此期间我们一起游了西湖。it might snow this weekend, in which case we wont go to beijing.周末可能下雪，在这种情况下，我们就不去北京了。既能指人，又能指物的关系代词：dwhose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。例：there are some people whose faces you can never forget. 有些人，他们的脸你永远难以忘怀。（定语从句修饰先行词people）i saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air. 我看见一些树的树叶由于空气污染而发黑。（定语从句修饰先行词trees）【方法】注意：如果关系代词后有一个名词成分需要修饰，一定选择 whose.ethat指人时相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语（做宾语时常可省略）。例：he is the man that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。（定语从句修饰先行词the man，作主语）i dont like stories that have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。（定语从句修饰先行词stories，作主语）the dress (that) ann bought doesnt fit her very well. 安买的衣服不太合身。（定语从句修饰先行词the dress，that 作宾语可省略）is there anything (that) i can do for you？有我能为你效劳的事吗？（定语从句修饰先行词anything，that 作宾语，可省略）提示：在口语中，that 有时还可以作关系副词，相当于when 或介词+which 结构。例：we left the day (that) he arrived. 他来的那一天，我们就走了。（that 替when）he doesnt see things the way (that) we see them. 他看问题的方法和我们不一样。（that代替in which）imagine the speed (that) he drives his car! 很难想象，他开车的速度那么快！（that 代替at which）清单四、关系副词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where 或why 等。when, where, why 分别在定语从句中作状语，在意义上相当于介词+which 结构，分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。awhen指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。例：i still remember the day when i first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。(when= on which)he came at a time when we needed him most. 他是在我们最需要他的时候来的。(when= at which)we will never forget the year 1949, when the peoples republic of china was founded.我们永远忘不了1949 年，那是中华人民共和国成立的一年。(when= in which)bwhere指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。例：i recently went back to the town where i was born. 我最近曾回过一次我出生的城市。(where = in which)i would like to live in a country where there is plenty of sunshine. 我想住在一个阳光充足的国家。(where = in which)whats the name of the place where you spent your holiday 你度假的那个地方叫什么名字？(where = at which)cwhy指原因，在限制性定语从句中作原因状语。例：please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。(why = for which)the reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。注：无论是关系代词，还是关系副词，都在定语从句中取代了先行词，故先行词在定语从句中不重复出现。例：【误】this is the book that i borrowed it yesterday.【正】this is the book that i borrowed yesterday. 这就是我昨天借的书。（that 在定语从句中取代了先行词the book，作borrowed 的宾语，因此，要去掉it）【误】the english corner is the place where people often go there to practise their spoken english.【正】the english corner is the place where people often go to practise their spoken english.英语角是人们经常去练习英语口语的地方。（where 在定语从句中取代了先行词the pace，作go 的状语，因此，要去掉there）重点难点解析难点一、必须用“that”引导的定语从句1、当先行词是不定代词all，little, few, much, anything , everything, none, nothing, no one, some 等时。例：he did everything that he could to help us.2、先行词被all, every, no , some, any , little, much, the only, the very, the right, last, few , just 等修饰时。例：the only thing that we can do is to give you some advice.3、先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词最高级时。例：this is the most interesting film that ive ever seen.4、当先行时前有such 或the same 修饰时，先行词和关系代词指同一物时。例：she is wearing the same dress that she wore yesterday.5、先行词既有人又有物时。例：later they talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.6、当主句是以who 或which 开始时的特殊疑问句时。例：who is the boy that won the gold medal?7、在同一个句子里，若有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用了which，另一个宜用that。例：edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.8、当关系代词在从句中作表语时。（只限于限制性定语从句中）例：china is no longer the country that it used to be. 9、当先行词是集体名词时，多用that。例：he wants to join the team that won the game.10、that 在有些句型中可作为关系副词，且可省略。例：i dont like the way (that) he talks to me.【方法】记少不记多： 因为不能使用 “that”的情况少于只能用“that”引导的定语从句的情况，所以几下以下不能使用that的情况：1、 that作宾语 2、 在非限制性定于从句中，只能用which, 不能用 that (标志：逗号)3、 先行词本身就是 that 的情况难点二、只用which不用that时情况1、引导非限制性定语从句时。例：bruce went toward the fire, which was still smoking.2、先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置。例：this is the house in which lu xun lived.3、先行词本身是that 时。例：whats that which flashed in the sky just now?4、先行词后有插入语时。例：here is the english grammar book which, as ive told you, will help improve your english.5、which 用作表语，指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有某种特性、品质或才能的人。例：he is an engineer, which i am not。关系代词as：在限制性定语从句中用在such, the same, as, so 之后，as 引导的定语从句常采用省略形式。例：i have the same book as you（have）. take as many as you want.here is so big a stone as no man can lift. this is such a book as was given to me.难点三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别1、 限制性定语从句对先行词起限制确定作用。如果没有它，主句的意思就不完整，这种定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，在口语中前后没有停顿。例：he is the man whose father died last week. that is the reason why i didnt open the door.2、非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词起描述或补充说明的作用，省略后也不影响全句的意思，非限制性定语从句可以修饰名词、代词、短语、主句的一部分或全句，它和主句之间常用逗号隔开，朗读时前后有停顿。例：i live in beijing where my parents worked ten years ago.his sister, who works in wu han, is coming to see him tomorrow.难点四、带介词的定语从句1、固定词组，介词置于后，关系代词使用灵活。例：this is the child (whom / who/ that) she is looking after.2、非固定词组，介词位置灵活，关系代词使用严格。例：the man (whom/ who/ that) i spoke to is a friend of mine.the man to whom i spoke is a friend of mine.3、介词词组（关系代词远离先行词）例：in front of, on top of , at the foot of, with the help of, as a result of.we stand in a building in front of which stands a lab.we arrived at a hill, on top of which stood a tower.4、代词/数词+of +关系代词例：he has written many books, most of which are for children.we have many students, two of whom have won prizes of international competitions.5、介词+关系代词+代词/数词例：he has written many books, of which most are in chinese.6、介词+whose 修饰后面的名词例：he is the very man in whose pocket i found my lost money.易错点清单清单一、关系代词的省略情况1、关系代词在从句中作宾语时。例：have you received the book (that) i sent you last week?2、关系代词在从句中作表语时。例：mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be.3、关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，而这个介词又在句末时。例：this is the artist (whom) i spoke to you about.注：关系代词的省略是指在限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词不能省略。清单二、先行词指地点，用which 而不用where(1) this is the factory my father built.(选用which, 因为build 是及物动词，which作宾语)(2) this is the factory my father worked. (选用where, 因为work 是不及物动词，where作状语)清单三、先行词指时间，用which 而不用when(1) i will never forget the days i spent with you. (选用which, 因为spend 是及物动词，which作宾语)(2) i will never forget the day i came to beijing . (选用when, 因为come 是不及物动词，when作状语)清单四、 无论关系代词还是关系副词，都在定语从句中取代了先行词，故先行词在定于从句中不再出现。【易错点】 this is the book that i bought it from the library last week. it 必须去掉，因为that 已经指代了the book，在句子中作了宾语。【注意】在中考书面表达题型中，要避免此类句子的出现。常考点及真题链接常考点1： pet / bets-2 试题形式：（1）句型转换 （2）大作文 常考点2：ket / bets-1 试题形式：开放式完形填空先行词指物： which 先行词指人： who常考点3：中考完型真题链接2010 西城二模 完形填空 five years ago, chet szuber received the heart of his youngest child, patti, who had been killed in a car accident. now, with each passing day, he celebrates her spirit. szuber was put on the waiting list for a heart transplant (移植), which seemed to offer his last hope to live. but as years went by and no heart came his 37 , he got to a point where he could 38 move around during the day. i had kind of given up, he says. but those who have received pattis organs cannot forget.阅读短文回答问题jolanda maas, a leader of a research at the nivel institute in utrecht, has reported the result of the study in the magazine biolmed central public health. it says that people who live closest to green areas in the countryside walk and cycle less often for shorter time than other people.2009 西城二模 完形填空in her town there was a special program that taught adults to read, but bertha in-gram was quite nervous. would people laugh at her? would they 44 to teach her？it didnt happen that way. she had a teacher who worked very hard with her. after the first day ingram could 45 wait to get to the library.阅读短文，回答问题1getting through the first hourchoose an out-of-town person that each family member can call after the disaster if you become alone. besides, choose two nearby places where family members know to meet. one should be close to your home. 我的大学爱情观目录：1、 大学概念2、 分析爱情健康观3、 爱情观要三思4、 大学需要对爱情要认识和理解5、 总结1、什么是大学爱情：大学是一个相对宽松，时间自由，自己支配的环境，也正因为这样，培植爱情之花最肥沃的土地。大学生恋爱一直是大学校园的热门话题，恋爱和学业也就自然成为了大学生在校期间面对的两个主要问题。恋爱关系处理得好、正确，健康，可以成为学习和事业的催化剂，使人学习努力、成绩上升；恋爱关系处理的不当，不健康，可能分散精力、浪费时间、情绪波动、成绩下降。因此，大学生的恋爱观必须树立在健康之上，并且树立正确的恋爱观是十分有必要的。因此我从下面几方面谈谈自己的对大学爱情观。2、什么是健康的爱情：1) 尊重对方，不显示对爱情的占有欲，不把爱情放第一位，不痴情过分；2) 理解对方，互相关心，互相支持，互相鼓励，并以对方的幸福为自己的满足; 3) 是彼此独立的前提下结合；3、什么是不健康的爱情：1)盲目的约会，忽视了学业;2)过于痴情，一味地要求对方表露爱的情怀，这种爱情常有病态的夸张;3)缺乏体贴怜爱之心，只表现自己强烈的占有欲;4)偏重于外表的追求;4、大学生处理两人的在爱情观需要三思：1. 不影响学习：大学恋爱可以说是一种必要的经历，学习是大学的基本和主要任务，这两者之间有错综复杂的关系，有的学生因为爱情，过分的忽视了学习，把感情放在第一位；学习的时候就认真的去学，不要去想爱情中的事，谈恋爱的时候用心去谈，也可以交流下学习，互相鼓励，共同进步。2. 有足够的精力：大学生活，说忙也会很忙，但说轻松也是相对会轻松的！大学生恋爱必须合理安排自身的精力，忙于学习的同时不能因为感情的事情分心，不能在