英语本科毕业论文-谈美国富翁的慈善捐助.doc

本科毕业论文 谈美国富翁的慈善捐助学生姓名： 学生学号： 200310206067 院（系）： 外国语学院 年级专业： 2003级英语本科3班 指导教师： 二七年五月the charity ofamerican millionairesli lihuaunder the supervision ofwei xingcaischool of foreign languages and culturespanzhihua universitymay 2005攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 contentcontentsabstract.ikey words.i摘要.i关键词iintroduction.1i. the background of american millionaires charities.2a. the origin and development of american charities.2 1. the historical root of charities.2 2. the background of charities in religion and culture.53. the social background of charities.64. the charitable deeds of american millionaires8 b. the areas of charity activities.8ii. the reasons for american millionaires charities.9a. the reliable running of charity foundation.9 1. american millionaires believing in charity foundations92. the contributions of charity foundations to the society.11 b. the privilege in tax and law of millionaires charities.12 c. american millionaires pursuing other things besides bread.13iii. the influences of american millionaires doing charities and the enlightenments about charities in china.15conclusion .17acknowledgements.18bibliography.19攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 abstractabstractamerica leads the worlds charities to develop forward. more and more american millionaires join in donation. some of them donate directly through helping the poor out of difficulties. and other millionaires donate indirectly through establishing charity foundations. they help poor people and social development. the entire world pays attention to this phenomenon. and american millionaires doing charities does not happen suddenly, but develops gradually. america inherits the charitable tradition of europe and enriches charities. on the other hand, american economy develops fast, and america becomes the richest country in the world. this situation creates a condition for american charities, because many millionaires appear under this background. american charity foundations are managed correctly. it makes american millionaires donate their money to charity foundations affirmatively. millionaires doing charities can not be detached from the governments work. the government of america makes some related taxes and laws to promote charities. american millionaires charities not only promote the development of america, but also have profound influences on the world.key wordsamerican millionaire; charitable donation; charity foundation ii攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 摘 要摘要当今美国的慈善事业发展良好，是全世界慈善事业的领头羊。美国富豪在慈善事业发展过程中所起的作用引起了人们越来越多的关注。而这一现象的出现是经过日积月累的发展而呈现的。美国继承了欧洲，尤其是英国的慈善传统，并且发扬光大。同时美国经济的快速增长和高度发达造就了许多的富翁，他们积聚了巨额财富。这就为他们从事慈善捐助打下了坚实的经济基础。而美国慈善基金会的良性运作，又使得富翁们放心大胆的进行慈善捐助。美国政府在促进富翁门做慈善的过程中所起的作用也是不容小视的，他制定的遗产法，个人所得税都从侧面鼓励了富豪们进行慈善捐助。美国富豪做慈善这一现象对世界各国慈善事业的发展都起到了巨大的推动，对人类社会的进步和发展有着深远的影响。关键词美国富豪；慈善捐助；慈善基金会 攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 introductionintroductionin july of 2006, businessman warren buffett announced a gift about thirty seven billion dollars to the bill and melinda gates foundation. mr. buffet, an investor, is the chief of burk shower halfway. he is the worlds second richest man and bill gates is the richest. mr. gates starts and remains the shareholder of microsoft, the worlds biggest software maker. he started his foundation with his wife in 2000. it gives money to health and educational causes around the world. because the sum of money is so big, the entire world began to discuss this thing. they want to know why mr. buffet donates so much money in charity and then what he could get. everyone knows that thirty seven billion dollars could finish many things in helping other people in difficulty there are many people learned the reason. some people analyses the reason from american history, because american inherited the charity tradition of europe. religion is also one of the most important reasons. governments contribution is obvious in promoting the development of american charity. the government issues the tax and law, and some clauses are related to charity. these clauses encourage millionaires to donate, because these millionaires have to donate from their own interests. but on the other hand, chinese also want to know why chinese millionaires dont like to donate. are there not many millionaires in china? the answer is no. there are enough millionaires for charity. but they dont like to donate. in china, we dont lack charity tradition in history. all chinese understand that human should help each other. we only need to do exactly in our lives. all the donors should gain applause and praise. and surely, the government can also help charity developing. so we should learn the reasons of american millionaires doing charity, and then make full use of their experiences in our countrys charity.19攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 bodyithe background of american millionaires charitiesa. the origin and development of american charities1. historical root of charitiesamerica is a multinational country where people are comprised of immigrants from other countries all over the world and the culture was also diverse. but the main stream of its culture is the white anglo-saxon protestants religious values. the origin of american culture is from europe, especially its motherland-britain. in america, the charitable ideology, rules and related laws also originated from european, of which england is the most important country.the first charitable foundation we know was plato school which was founded by plato in athens the captain of ancient greece. the main purpose of platos founding the school was to study the universe, philosophy and so on. so some scholars thought that plato school was the earliest philanthropic foundation. ancient rome followed the charity tradition of ancient greece. some charity organizations were founded in ancient rome time. some people also thought these organizations were the earlier charitable foundation. those foundations received donation, and used these donation to help the sick and those in need and to do some religious activities. in the remote ancient times, charity activity was always related with religion. as soon as the rise of christianity, it began to encourage people to donate. at the same time, the running of donation was also controlled by zion or some related institution. as far as middle ages, the meaning of charity foundation was similar to those religious groups in some degree. these religious groups founded orphanages, hospitals, schools and some other similar organizations. these organizations funds were donated by disciples. the service those organizations supplied embodied the charity spirits which christianity advocated.in britain, the earlier kings, followed the custom of rome, awarded zion higher rights. archbishop could still control charity foundations. most of large charity foundations were controlled by zion. generally speaking, zion gathered the funds through its rights, and then they began to interfere in political affairs. for the right of running charity foundation, fighting between zion and government lasted 400 years. in 1601, statute of charitable use issued by elizabeth established governments right of managing charity foundation. another important point of this bill lied in the establishment of the principle that charity was not only public but also private. the bill also stipulated that the charity foundation would be given preferential treatment and exempted from taxes. all these promoted the development of charity. its influence on the whole world went on till the present. the issue of “law on charity” ends the struggle between the throne and the power of church on the right of management of the charity foundation. in order to get rid of poverty, the government hoped to inspire the peopleto-people charity through this bill to alleviate the class and social contradiction posed by the capitalism and industrialization.till december of 1620, the puritans had arrived in america by mayflower. and then, europeans, especially british people began to immigrate to america without stopping. in the hard time of immigrating, many people received charity donations from charity organizations. for immigrants living in the new land, charity organizations donated continually. and there were more and more donations flowing to america from britain. they were used to establish libraries, set up schools, do missionary work and teach black people. british charity donations helped immigrants live in the new land successfully. those donations had a promoting effect on spreading of religion and cultures. for new immigrants，they had not only learned the thought of charity, but also received benefits from their motherland. charity ideology was one of the most important heritages they inherited. they also carried out this kind of charity ideology.the founders of american charity ideology were those immigrants who embraced good wish to establish one better society than their hometown. in march of 1630, another group of british had arrived in america by arbella through three months sailing. their leader john winthrop preached these immigrants about a model of christian charity. he advocated that people should love their fellow countrymen, have kind heart and help each other. another important person cotton mather encouraged charity ideologys spreading in america. his book essays to do good exerted tremendous influence on residents in north america. in this book, he emphasized that doing good was the fundamental duty to god. benjamin franklin was also the books follower. he established the american philosophical society in 1743. the organizations main purpose was to aid financially scientific study research. the important point was that the organization had many features of foundation, for example, there were basic funds, and most of which were used for those technical research. so, to some degree, the american philosophical society was the first charity foundation in north america. their mind and charity behaviors created a good beginning for the developing of modern american charity.in the middle of 1880s, the purpose of charity foundation changed from helping the poor and sick traditionally to supporting some other organizations which did the scientific and social researches. smithsonian institute was the most important representative of them. it was founded in 1846. james smithsons wealth was used as funds according to james smithsons last wish. it was different from those charity foundations previously. its purpose was to promote the developing and spreading of human beings knowledge. smithsonian institute had two special innovations, firstly, its funds was used to support some related researches besides donating museum, gallery and each kind of art collection. those things were not the things the charity foundations had done before. secondly, it set up directorate and sections to manage daily affairs. it also had its bylaw. smithsonian institute set up a mirror for the modern american charity foundation. the first charity foundation founded in u.s.a. by american was peabody education funds by george peabody in 1867. it donated much to education in south of u.s.a. and after 70 years, it was combined with several other funds, and thus southern education foundation, inc. came into being.from smithsonian institute to the beginning of 1900, a new conception had begun to brew. its purpose is to make the humankind richer. the conception let people know that charity foundations should support those researches to discover the root of social problems, such as poverty, not only to solve difficulties.2. the background of charities in religion and culturereligion and culture also have important effects on the development of charities. they exerted action from mens heart. they influence peoples minds and behavior. their function should not be underestimated in making people donate of their own accord. to some degree, religions effect was definite on the appearing of charity ideology and developing of charity activity.firstly, in the pace of charity foundations emerging, it originated from and developed with religion. the initial donation was used mostly in religions, such as offering sacrifices to gods or ancestors. along with the times going on, the original religion developed to modern religion which had doctrines and rules, and primitive religious organizations came into being. and the same time, religious activities scale was also enlarged and it had organized system. in the middle ages, charity foundation was the same as religious organization. charity foundation was free from the religions domination after the statute of charitable use issued in britain 1601. religion organizations did not separate from charity completely, but religion still pushed charity forward. now, although religious organizations do not manage charity foundation directly, they still make a great contribution to charities. secondly, charity ideology originated from religion directly. the most religions of the world encourage people to donate, for example, in bible, it stipulated that people should offer sacrifices to gods or ancestors and donate. most of christians have been kept to this kind of stipulation self-consciously. christianity had great effects on the rising and developing of charity, especially in american. christian tradition influenced american minds and behaviors. why so many american millionaires loved to set up charity foundations, the main reason was their christianity relief. all the founders and managers were devoted christian. they supported the doctrine absolutely. andrew carnegie said: “the man who dies thus rich dies disgraced.” because of this kind of stipulation and thoughts, it formed one ethos that moneygrubbers are discreditable. these people who had not donated until he died must be condemned. rockefeller said his doing charities should be attributed to his belief of christianity. fredrick t gates was also a devoted christian who helped rockefeller to establish foundation management. he managed rockefeller foundation scientifically and started the scientific donation. culture exerted a subtle influence on humans minds and behavior. most of literary works called on people to do well and be far from greed. there were so many homologies about charity ideology in most of countries there were much more large charity foundations in quantity and scale in america. it showed that america had its own specialty. its cultures effects were different from other countries. we had known that american culture originated from europe, especially from britain. but it was not only inheritance simply. it had made american culture have its own new characteristics constantly. especially, individualism became the heart of value of american culture. it preached individual independence, creativity and development. it also stressed that individual should not be controlled by social or government. for the influence of this kind of culture, american millionaires paid taxes unwillingly to the government. they did not believe in government. they thought that the government had little ability and that money could lead to corruption. they were willing to give their wealth away by themselves or to give to some reliable charity foundations. doing this, american millionaires could make their money more valuable and equitable.3. the social background of charities modern american charities had a good foundation in history, religion and culture. but it was insufficient only relying on wish and motivation. doing charities needs much money. it must need pressure to let millionaires take out their money. the growing economy, the domestic and overseas situation had created good conditions for the development of charity foundation.from the civil war to the beginning of 1900s, historians called this period “gilled age”. in this period, american economy developed fast with the governmental corruption. with the developing of economy and the increasing of wealth, a group of millionaires appeared. it was estimated that there were millionaires less than 100 in 1880, but there were more than 4000 millionaires in 1916. in 1901, andrew carnegie sold his steel company to j.p.morgan and got 400 million dollars. at the beginning of 1990s, the richest person was john.d.rockefeller. in 1900, his wealth was about 200 million dollars, but just 10 years later his money exceeded 900 million dollars. because of the flourishing of economy, the huge wealth was accumulated. american millionaires also appeared and they began to think about how to use it.in the period of gilled age, america not only experienced the flourishing of economy, but also experienced the corruption of politics. firstly, money was poured into the riches pockets endlessly. millionaires appeared such as carnegie, rockefeller and mor