物流与供应链管理-2_物流网络构造.ppt

dr houcai shen, nanjing university 物流与供应链管理 2. 供应链网络构造 博士(dr. houcai shen) 南京大学 2 dr houcai shen, nanjing university outline v供应链网络构造 what is it? methodology modeling data aggregation validation solution techniques 3 dr houcai shen, nanjing university decision classifications vstrategic planning: decisions that typically involve major capital investments and have a long term effect 1. determination of the number, location and size of new plants, distribution centers and warehouses 2. acquisition of new production equipment and the design of working centers within each plant 3. design of transportation facilities, communications equipment, data processing means, etc. 4 dr houcai shen, nanjing university decision classifications vtactical planning: effective allocation of manufacturing and distribution resources over a period of several months 1. work-force size 2. inventory policies 3. definition of the distribution channels 4. selection of transportation and trans-shipment alternatives 5 dr houcai shen, nanjing university decision classifications voperational control: includes day-to-day operational decisions 1. the assignment of customer orders to individual machines 2. dispatching, expediting and processing orders 3. vehicle scheduling dr houcai shen, nanjing university 2) 供应链网络构造 7 dr houcai shen, nanjing university 苏宁目前的战略任务 v网络战略规划部 v主要问题：在全国构建物流网络，以支持苏宁的 战略 确定合适的仓库数量； 确定每个仓库的规模 确定客户从那个仓库收到货物 8 dr houcai shen, nanjing university the logistics network vthe logistics network consists of: facilities: vendors, manufacturing centers, warehouse/ distribution centers, and customers raw materials and finished products that flow between the facilities. supply sources: plants vendors ports regional warehouses: stocking points field warehouses: stocking points customers, demand centers sinks production/ purchase costs inventory & warehousing costs transportation costs inventory & warehousing costs transportation costs 10 dr houcai shen, nanjing university network design: key issues vpick the optimal number, location, and size of warehouses and/or plants vdetermine optimal sourcing strategy which plant/vendor should produce which product vdetermine best distribution channels which warehouses should service which customers 11 dr houcai shen, nanjing university network design: key issues vthe objective is to balance service level against production/ purchasing costs inventory carrying costs facility costs (handling and fixed costs) transportation costs that is, we would like to find a minimal-annual-cost configuration of the distribution network that satisfies product demands at specified customer service levels. 12 dr houcai shen, nanjing university network design tools: major components vmapping mapping allows you to visualize your supply chain and solutions mapping the solutions allows you to better understand different scenarios color coding, sizing, and utilization indicators allow for further analysis vdata data specifies the costs of your supply chain the baseline cost data should match your accounting data the output data allows you to quantify changes to the supply chain vengine optimization techniques 13 dr houcai shen, nanjing university mapping allows you to visualize your supply chain 14 dr houcai shen, nanjing university displaying the solutions allows you to compare scenarios 15 dr houcai shen, nanjing university data for network design 1. a listing of all products 2. location of customers, stocking points and sources 3. demand for each product by customer location 4. transportation rates 5. warehousing costs 6. shipment sizes by product 7. order patterns by frequency, size, season, content 8. order processing costs 9. customer service goals 16 dr houcai shen, nanjing university 产品数据 v一般产品类型繁多，数据量大 不容易有效处理 v通常采用分类汇集处理(aggregating) 将产品分为几个可处理的产品组 将产品的数据换成产品组的数据 降低数据的变化（方差） 研究指出误差不大与1% 17 dr houcai shen, nanjing university 产品的需求量 v顾客的数量大和空间分布广 直接使用顾客的数据不现实 v采用数据汇集的方法处理 将服务区分为很多小格 将格内的顾客需求数据相加汇集成一个数据 18 dr houcai shen, nanjing university 运输成本 v用运输费率与运输距离来估计 运输成本=运输费率*距离 距离越长，运输费用也越大 同一条线，来回成本可能不一样 v运输费率与下列因素有关 产品类型，包装方式 整车与零担 距离 v距离估计 运输距离=115*sqrt（纬度差2+经度差2) v运输成本估计 运输成本=*运输费率*运输距离 城市里， =1.3；其它， =1.14 19 dr houcai shen, nanjing university 仓库成本 v搬运成本 包含人工和工具成本 与仓库的年流量成比例 v储存成本 带表库存保管成本 与平均库存水平成比例 v固定成本 与仓库的规模成比例(但不是正比) 20 dr houcai shen, nanjing university 储存成本的估计 v难处 不容易估计每个产品的平均库存 v解决方案 用库存周转率来估计 产品平均库存=产品的年流量/产品的库存周转率 产品的储存成本=单位储存成本*产品平均库存 21 dr houcai shen, nanjing university 固定成本的估计 v估计仓库容量 利用库存周转率计算平均库存量 仓库容量=*2*平均库存量 1，来加上非库存空间的影响 v估计固定成本 查表 库存 时间 平均库存 1.5m 1.2m 0.8m 成本 仓库规模 20k40k60k80k 22 dr houcai shen, nanjing university 仓库选址考虑的因素 v与目标顾客的距离 一天能往返的路程为佳(450km的半径) v地理和基础设施的条件 v自然资源和劳动力的可获得性 v当地产业和税收的法规 v公众利益 v政府的优惠条件 23 dr houcai shen, nanjing university 顾客服务水平 v选择指标 可以衡量的实际业务绩效指标 与直接发生在交货过程的顾客服务 v服务水平的指标 缺货水平 订货提前期大小与稳定程度 v其它重要顾客服务不与考虑 v服务水平与成本的关系 服务水平越高，成本越大 解决出路 制定不同的服务水平 按顾客的重要程度 按产品的重要程度 24 dr houcai shen, nanjing university a typical network design model vseveral products are produced at several plants. veach plant has a known production capacity. vthere is a known demand for each product at each customer zone. vthe demand is satisfied by shipping the products via regional distribution centers. vthere may be an upper bound on total throughput at each distribution center. 25 dr houcai shen, nanjing university a typical location model vthere may be an upper bound on the distance between a distribution center and a market area served by it va set of potential location sites for the new facilities was identified vcosts: set-up costs transportation cost is proportional to the distance storage and handling costs production/supply costs 26 dr houcai shen, nanjing university complexity of network design problems vlocation problems are, in general, very difficult problems. vthe complexity increases with the number of customers, the number of products, the number of potential locations for warehouses, and the number of warehouses located. 27 dr houcai shen, nanjing university solution techniques vmathematical optimization techniques: 1. exact algorithms: find optimal solutions 2. heuristics: find “good” solutions, not necessarily optimal vsimulation models: provide a mechanism to evaluate specified design alternatives created by the designer. 28 dr houcai shen, nanjing university 例子 一个产品，两个工厂，两个仓库，三个零售店 工厂生产能力 p1无限 p260000 顾客顾客需求 c150000 c21000000 c350000 p1p2c1c2c3 w104345 w252212 生产能力 市场需求 物流成本 29 dr houcai shen, nanjing university 经验寻优法的例子#1 v应用规则 选择配送成本最低的仓库来满足每个市场 p1p2c1c2c3 w100000 w2140000600005000010000050000 p1p2c1c2c3 w104345 w252212 物流成本 解决方案 总成本 = 2*50000+1*100000+2*50000+2*60000+5*140000 = 1120000 30 dr houcai shen, nanjing university 经验寻优法例子#2 v应用规则 对每个市场，选择进仓库的总运输成本最低的仓库 路线总成本 p1-w1-c13 p1-w2-c17 p2-w1-c17 p2-w2-c14 路线总