英语专业毕业论文-A Study on the Chinese and Western Adventure Spirits In Journey to the West and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.doc

继续教育学院本科毕业论文（设计）题 目a study on the chinese and western adventure spirits in journey to the west and the adventures of huckleberry finn院 系 晋中学院继续教育学院 专 业 姓 名 学 号 学习年限 2012年3月至2015年3月 指导教师 2014年10月 20日a study on the chinese and western adventure spirits injourney to the west andthe adventures of huckleberry finnabstract：by comparison of the subtle aspects such as plots, protagonists, and the spirit of adventure in the two great works- journey to the west and the adventures of huckleberry finn, we discuss some points comparing with some existing opinions, hoping to find some common parts and the reasons. the two great works have important places and far-reaching influence in respective nations even in international literary history. after systematic study, the researches about the two works are so many including different perspectives and layers; however, there is hardly any research about the spirit of adventure in two works. after comparative reading, the two works both involve journey and adventure in plots; both protagonists the monkey king loved by chinese readers and huck in the adventures of huckleberry finn are rebellions, freedompursuing and partially employed as to the type of writing; the theme of two works have commons.key words：the adventures of huckleberry finn; journey to the west; the spirit of adventure; pursuit 目 录一、introduction1二、general introduction the spirit of adventure2（一）the definition of adventure and the spirit of adventure2（二）the conditions of adventure2（三）adventure experience and spirit of adventure in literature3三、 general introduction the two works5（一）general introduction of journey to the west5（二） general introduction of the adventures of huckleberry finn10四、comments on the spirit of adventure in two works14五、conclusion15references16一、introduction from the standpoint of the development of human beings, the spirit of adventure belongs to historical category. human beings begin their adventure experiences in the early time. in the chinese and foreign history, many adventurers stories and spirits are widely circulated especially in literary works. with the appropriate words, peoples action and the complex psychological process, the spirit of adventure is showed vividly.in recent year, the two works have been under deep and broad research respectively by many scholars no matter in china or foreign counties. however, there hardly any comparison researches about the two works especially in the spirit of adventure. journey to the west belongs to a kind of adventure. through plots, protagonists and the adventure themes, we discuss about the spirit of adventure. for another example wang liqun in his book european novels and the spirit of adventure sets forth his views about the spirit of adventure from homer epic to the european chivalry, to the renaissance.by comparison in the two great works, we can understand the two works, chinese and the western culture especially the spirit of adventure implied in the two works. at the same time, we can know more differences between chinese and the western culture with a new perspective. in this way we break the situations about the two worksresearch the two works respectively.this article starts with the spirit of adventure and chooses journey to the west written by wu chen en and the adventures of huckleberry finn written by mark twin as objects of study, analyzing the two works to get an initial study about the spirit of adventure from chinese and the western culture respectively. this thesis can not only help us understand the two works totally, especially the commons-the spirit of adventure, but also further know different culture between chinese and the westerns.the article consists of five parts. the first part is to introduce the definition of adventure and the spirit of adventure, the conditions of adventure and adventure experience and spirit of adventure in literary works. throughout this part, the readers can know the background about the spirit of adventure. the second part is to describe journey to the west including the plot of journey to the west, the characters adventure spirit- namely the tang monk, monkey king, the greedy pig and sha monk and the adventure theme. the third part is to describe the adventures of huckleberry finn in the same way. the fourth part is to show comments on the spirit of adventure in the two works. the commons and the differences are clearly described. the last part makes a conclusion about the work including the creativity of this thesis and the shortages.二、general introduction the spirit of adventure（一）the definition of adventure and the spirit of adventureadventure and the spirit of adventure are the two phrases in our daily life. but it is too difficult to tell the correct definitions about the two words. in china, “adventure” is that overcoming all dangers we faced and attaining the goals, which is an important meaning and wideranging applied. from the perspective of culture, adventure means people conquer difficulties and obstacles through themselves and explore the nature and one area of society with sense of purpose. it shows a kind of mental state overcoming difficulties, being not afraid of dangers, being positive and optimistic, persistent pursuit which is called the spirit of adventure. the spirit of adventure is born under condition that inherits and passes on during the development of human beings.the spirit of adventure has two implied meanings. firstly, adventure takes place positively. it means the one experiences the obstacles in positive attitude. secondly, people take risks need intense purpose. the only motivation is to finish the mission.（二）the conditions of adventure to understand the spirit of adventure clearly, we must answer a question firstly: why people choose to take risks? this is a complicated question. so far, there are several of answers but there is hardly a satisfied answer in academic circle. we are looking forward to doing our best to answer it. therefore, the further analyses are needed from other learners and personal deeply thinking.firstly, the conditions of adventure have close relations with peoples innate characteristic. both evolution and development are the people features. in fact human beings action is an evolution history. as a true man, we have many demands which are regarded as inner motivation of positive actions. the requirements from all aspects drive human to evolve and develop consistently.in ones opinion, the conditions of adventure have links with value realization. when people born, the value and meaning of one life are to find an ultimate target. one should find himself among the explaining another person and surround circumstance, except the instinct to live. from the foregoing, on one hand, evolution and growth is one of the essences of human being, which is driven by the needs: on the other hand, the individual has the will and needs to realize their self-worth. although these two factors are not the whole reasons for causing humans adventurous behaviors, they are the most critical factors among various reasons. under the influence of will and needs, humans begin their adventure. however, the human internalizes adventure to be a sense of collective and the feature of civilization, which inherits consistently. so they form the spirit of adventure.（三）adventure experience and spirit of adventure in literatureto survive, human beings begin adventure course, for which taking risks pushes forward society development from generation to generation. at the same time, adventure, one of power of human civilization, plays an important role in evolution of human civilization. for this reason, people seek some methods to record the adventurous experience and spirit of adventure. undoubtedly, literature is the most valuable and effective way to do it.the earliest record about adventurous causes and spirit of adventure is ancient myth or legend. myth is the unity of the comprehensive ideology including original all natural science and social science and was called encyclopedia in that time. we can generally understand how human adventure causes starting through researching myths and legends.the humans adventure experiences started with nature world in contradictions between human and nature. at the beginning of human beings, they appeared as an opposite of nature because that they lack power to conquer nature. bad natural environment threaten the survival of mankind. only overcame all kinds of difficulties, have people survived and multiplied. in ancient china, the water spirit, houyi and dayu faced severe environment, they started their adventure experiences. they were the spirit or hero with supernatural ability. with their power and effort to conquer obstacles, they were successful and earned worships and praises.however, not every adventure experiences are successful. some people struggle against bad nature. owing to the weak power and strong nature power, they end up with failure.the humans spirit of adventure reflects social fields except in natural world. when meeting the need of nature, they strode forward social world for various reasons. no matter how, they are the parts of humans adventure causes showing perpetual spirit of adventure.as we known, zhangqian, tang xuanzang and zhenghe, they spend their whole life to experience their adventure causes, which are recorded in chinese history. in addition to tang xuanzang and zhenghe, there are fewer of literary novels based on adventure causes and getting attention from novelists. from the time of myths to journey to the west, people paid little attention to novels that describe ancient peoples adventure.if we turn our vision to the western, we can notice another scene. as one of prominent features in western culture, adventure is a stream of strong power and permeates into western culture. especially in fifties and sixties century, the discovery of latin america and pursuit of wealth stimulate more and more people to take risks. western literature gives the most powerful cheers to the spirit of adventure. westerners adventure causes and spirit of adventure reflect in ancient myths and legends like the ancient greek and roman mythology. many works mainly narrate the adventure causes of westerners in earlier time. homer epic including iliad and odyssey is considered as a starts for the western adventure literature. recently, with the development of capitalist economy, self awareness of people began awakening and inflating. peoples eyes turned to daily life. however, westerners adventure activities already tend to be more diversified and possess times characteristic. naturally, spirit of adventure is different from the past. wang liqun in the book of european novels and the spirit of adventure makes a conclusion about the spirit of adventure, classifying three parts for spirit of adventure according to the connotation of adventure theme. firstly, the aim of people taking risks is to gather more money, power, enthusiasm and so on; secondly, one takes risks for himself who struggles against social for self worth, individual liberation, social power and emotion freedom. they are different from the first kind of people. to improve the situation, they strive; thirdly, people take chances for social ideal, personal belief and reproduction of spirit moral. 三、 general introduction the two works （一）general introduction of journey to the west1、plotwu chengen (1510-1582), a chinese novelist in ming dynasty of china, named ruzhong and mountain man of sheyang, was born in huanan (presentedday huanan jiangsu province). both his greatgrandfather and his grandfather were not reused officer in that age. living such a poor family, his father never gave up learning confucianism and chinese history. wu chengen has had good education since he was young and cultivated good habits. during his childhood, his mother always told the story about magical, abnormal and infused with local color, for example sea monster and monkey king, which not only formed the habits of curiosity, but also made profound foundation for writing journey to the west. he was famous for his literary talent in his county, which was considered to be the first in imperial examination. however, destiny made a joke with him. he ended up with failure in several times examination. these sufferings forced him to turn to writing. although journey to the west was finished in his old life, it gathered what he learned during his whole life. among his work, it is not difficult to find him avoid to wallowing in the mire with common customs and upright. that is the hidden meaning behind the journey to the west.journey to the west written by wu chengen is a historic chinese novel which is considered as one of the four classics. the novel as a literary genre derives from the time of the wei and jin and the northern and southern dynasties, growing apace through tang and song, peaked in full splendor during the ming and qing dynasties. at the same time emerged of the four classics-romance of the the three kingdoms written by luo guanzhong of late yuan and early ming dynasties, shi naian written outlaws of the marsh in the same period, wu chengen as the author of his journey to the west and caoxueqin in qing dynasty and his book a dream of the red mansions.journey to the west is a kind of godghost novel. tang monk and his three apprentices go to india to get buddha scriptures passing through the whole novel. the whole work starts with monkey king coming into the world surprisinglycreates out of a rock, and then recount they experience numerous difficulties and dangers on the way to india. there have monkey king fighting a battle of wits with demons and ghost, helping their master clean up dangers to make sure the masters safety; there have fierce disputing about the same thing between master and apprentices; there have tang monk severe punishment to monkey kings for improper behavior which the master think about; there have happiness and sufferings. they go through eighty one dangers to get buddha scriptures finishing glorious but arduous task. along the road they step on kyrgyzstan, uzbekistan, afghanistan, pakistan nepal and india. the whole journey is fifty thousand kilometer and takes seventeen years.the reason why journey to the west keeping durable and lasting charming for the chinese and foreigner readers is that the work not only have profound ideological content, but also the author wu chengen entrust the whole work enrich and peculiar imagination, vivid and complication story pilots, lifelike and lively figure and humorous and jocular feature of languish building a possessing characteristic art palace about journey to the west. the full of twists and turns of the plots are the sarcasm and criticism for the dark rule of the feudal society. their actions fight against the hideous society surrounding and encourage the people who are in an abyss of suffering.2、the characters adventure spiritthe protagonists are the soul of the work. their spirit of adventure is the main adventure topic of the whole work. the protagonists in journey to the west are not mortals in our daily life except tang monk who is the true man in the reality life among the master and three apprentices. the others are demons and ghosts including those meet on the road to india. these demons are depicted men which will make the work losing lingering charm and magic power. if depicted too overstatement, it will decrease the readers interests, making the aim develop towards an opposite direction. the special methods are used in journey to the west to delineate protagonists, combining humans appearance and instinct of the demons, the ideological and emotion of human beings, magic arts and capability of demons and ghosts. the protagonists in journey to the west possess the characters of human beings, demons and spirit. however, they are full of the spirit of adventure during the whole journey. the tang monk, the leader of the team to india, is the holy master. at that time, buddhism was not improved. as the holy master he wants to india to learn advanced buddha scripture, in addition the emperor of tang dynasty encourages him. he makes up his mind to india to finish what he is loyal to. his choice shows he dares to take risks to do what he should or must do, which is considered audacious and beyond imagination. the way to india is remote and most ways are desert. it is not doubt that arriving to india equals to choose adventure tour. “i must go, do my utmost even my whole life to india, if i can not go to india to get the buddha scriptures, i am too shame to return to my country even if i am death” tang sanzang said. such faith which carries forward buddhism and saves all living creatures from torment helps him to arrive to india and finish the huge historic mission. at the same time, the tour adventure expresses his determination to west journey. for himself, he suffers the most dangers among the team. the demons and ghosts think that eating tang monks meat can make people keep their spirit young and never become old. thus when he said his name, these demons always drool with envy. time and again let him into dire suffering. faced difficulties and setbacks, he never give up his choice. the holy masters experience still shows the spirit of adventure.however, as a mortal, he has shortcomings in his character. firstly, he is as timid as a mouse, cowardly. when he gets cold on the way, he deems that he would be death so he writes to the emperor of tang dynasty to complain it. once heard ghosts coming, he trem