高一数学必修第一章空间几何体.ppt

Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 地球我们生活的家园 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 泰姬陵位于印度朱木拿河岸边的古城阿拉格， 是一座王妃的陵墓.一个关于爱情的见证！ Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 观察下面的图片, 这些图片中的物体具有什么几何 结构特征？你能对它们进行分类吗？分类依据是什么？ 提出问题提出问题 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 如何依据一定的标准，把前面的物体 的几何结构特征表示出来？ 提出问题提出问题 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 下图中的物体具有什么样的共同的结构特征？ 提出问题提出问题 有两个面互相平行； 其余各面都是平行四边形； 其余每相邻的两个四边形的公共边都互相平行 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 通过观察有以下特征： 1、有两个面全等且互相平行 2、其余各面都是平行四边形 3、每相邻两个四边形的公共边 都互相平行。 我们把满足上面三个条件的 几何体称为棱柱（prism）。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 一、 观察下列几何体并思考：具备哪 些性质的几何体叫做棱柱? A B C D A1 A1 B1 B1 C1 C1 D1 AB C A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 A B C E D Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 1、定义：有两个面互相平行，其余各面都 是四边形，并且每相邻两个四边形的公共边都 互相平行，由这些面所围成的几何体叫做棱柱 。 两个互相平行的平面叫做棱柱的底面，其 余各叫做棱柱的侧面。 相邻侧面的公共边叫做棱柱的侧棱。 侧面与底的公共顶点叫做棱柱的顶点。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 底面 侧面 侧棱 顶点 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 2、棱柱的分类：棱柱的底面可以是三 角形、四边形、五边形、 我们把这样 的棱柱分别叫做三棱柱、四棱柱、五棱柱、 三棱柱四棱柱五棱柱 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 3、棱柱的表示法(下图) 用平行的两底面多边形的字母表示棱 柱,如：棱柱ABCDE- A1B1C1D1E1 。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 1 一个长方体，能作为棱柱底面的有几对？ 探究 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 一个长方体，能作为棱柱底面的有几对？ 探究 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 一个长方体，能作为棱柱底面的有几对？ 探究 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 一个长方体，能作为棱柱底面的有几对？ 探究 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 2 长方体按如图截去一角后所得的两部分还是棱柱吗？ 探究 AB C D AB C D Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 长方体按如图截去一角后所得的两部分还是棱柱吗？ 探究 A B C D A B C D E F G H F E H G Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 3 螺丝杆头部是个六棱柱外形,它有几对平行平面? 能作为底面的有几对? 探究 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 螺丝杆头部是个六棱柱外形,它有几对平行平面? 能作为底面的有几对? 探究 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 螺丝杆头部是个六棱柱外形,它有几对平行平面? 能作为底面的有几对? 探究 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 螺丝杆头部是个六棱柱外形,它有几对平行平面? 能作为底面的有几对? 探究 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 螺丝杆头部是个六棱柱外形,它有几对平行平面? 能作为底面的有几对? 答案: 4对平行平面,只有一对能作为底面. 探究 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 4有两个面互相平行,其余各面都是平行四边形 的几何体是棱柱吗? 探究 定义: 1、有两个面互相平行， 2、其余各面都是四边形， 3、每相邻两个四边形的公共边 都互相平行。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 探究 5棱柱的侧棱与底面一定是垂直的吗? 定义 1、有两个面互相平行， 2、其余各面都是四边形， 3、每相邻两个四边形的公共边 都互相平行。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 二、棱锥的结构特征 观察下列几何体,有什么相同点 ？ Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 1 1、棱锥的概念、棱锥的概念 有一个面是多边形，其余各面是有 一个公共顶点的三角形， 由这些面所围 成的几何体叫做棱锥。 这个多边形面叫做棱锥的底面 。 有公共顶点的各个三角形叫 做棱锥的侧面。 各侧面的公共顶点叫做 棱锥的顶点。 相邻侧面的公共边叫做棱锥 的侧棱。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 棱锥的底面 棱锥的侧面 棱锥的顶点 棱锥的侧棱 S AB C D E Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 2、棱锥的分类： 按底面多边形的边数，可以分为三 棱锥、四棱锥、五棱锥、 A B C D S 3、棱锥的表示方法：用表示顶点和底面 的字母表示，如四棱锥S-ABCD。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 三、棱台的结构特征 B1 A1 C1 D1 C1 B1 A1 D1 棱锥：有一个面是多边形，其余各 面是有一个公共顶点的三角形，由这 些面所围成的几何体叫做棱锥。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 1、棱台的概念：用一个平行于棱锥底面 的平面去截棱锥，底面和截面之间的部分 叫做棱台。 C1 B1 A1 D1 上底面 下底面 侧面 侧棱 顶点 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 2、由三棱锥、四棱锥、五棱锥截得 的棱台，分别叫做三棱台，四棱台， 五棱台 3、棱台的表示法： 棱台用表示上、下底面各顶点的字 母来表示，如右图，棱台ABCD-A1B1C1D1 。 C1 B1 A1 D1 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 四、圆柱的结构特征 矩 形 O1 O 1、定义：以矩形的一边所在直 线为旋转轴，其余三边旋转形成的曲 面所围成的几何体叫做圆柱。 （1）旋转轴叫做圆柱的轴 。 （2） 垂直于轴的边旋转而成 的曲面叫做圆柱的底面。 （3）平行于轴的旋转而成的曲 面叫做圆柱的侧面。 （4）无论旋转到什么位置不 垂直于轴的边都叫做圆柱的母线。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 轴 母线 底面 侧面 2、表示：用表示它的轴的字母表示，如 圆柱OO1。 O O1 3、圆柱 与棱柱统 称为柱体 。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 五、圆锥的结构特征 直角三角形 S AO 1、定义：以直角三角形的直角边所在直 线为旋转轴，其余两边旋转而成的曲面所 围成的几何体叫做圆锥。 （1）旋转轴叫做圆锥的轴 。 （2） 垂直于轴的边旋转而成 的曲面叫做圆锥的底面。 （3）不垂直于轴的边旋转而成 的曲面叫做圆锥的侧面。 （4）无论旋转到什么位置不 垂直于轴的边都叫做圆锥的母线。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. O S B A 轴 底面 侧面 母线 2、圆锥的表示 用表示它 的轴的字母表 示，如圆锥SO 3、圆锥与 棱锥统称为 锥体 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 六、圆台的结构特征 1、定义：用一个平行于圆锥底面的平面去 截圆锥，底面与截面之间的部分，这样的 几何体叫做圆台. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. O O 底面 底面 轴 侧面 母线 2、圆台的表示：用表示它的轴的字母表 示，如圆台OO 3、圆台与棱台统称为台体。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 台体与锥体的关系台体与锥体的关系 圆台和棱台统称为台体它们是由平行与底面的 平面截锥体，得到的底面和截面之间的部分 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 锥 体 柱 体 台 体 七七 柱、锥、台体的关系柱、锥、台体的关系 棱柱、棱锥、棱台之间有什么关系？圆柱、圆锥 、圆台之间呢？柱、锥、台体之间有什么关系？ 上底扩大上底缩小 上底缩小 上底扩大 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. O 半径 球心 以半圆的直径所在直线为旋 转轴，半圆面旋转一周形成的几 何体叫做球体，简称球 如何描述它们具有的共同结构特征？ 球 八、球的结构特征 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. O 球心 半径 A B 1、球的定义：以半圆的直径所在直线为旋 转轴，半圆面旋转一周形成的几何体叫做球 体，简称球。 （1）半圆的半径叫做球的半径 。 （2）半圆的圆心叫做球心 。 （3）半圆的直径叫做球的直径 。 2、球的表示： 用表示球心的字 母表示，如球O Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 总结总结 几何体的分类几何体的分类 柱体锥体台体 球 多面体旋转体 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 知识小结知识小结 简单几何体的结构特征 柱体 锥体台体球 棱柱圆柱棱锥圆锥棱台 圆台 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 日常生活中我们常用到的日用品，比如：消毒液、 暖瓶、洗洁精等的主要几何结构特征是什么？ 由柱、锥、台、球组成了一些简单的组合体认 识它们的结构特征要注意整体与部分的关系 圆柱 圆台 圆柱 2.2 简单几何体的结构特征 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 走在街上会看到一些物体，它们的主要几何结构特 征是什么？ 简单组合体简单组合体 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.