Development of Port Administration Models in China 港口英语.doc

development of port administration models in chinaabstract this article gives us something abort tool ports,landload ports,public service ports and private serviuce ports.and in order to better know these port administration models ,this article elaborate the process of our national port reform.from this article ,we can see some key words ,such as combination or separation of government function and enterprise management,which are popular in port administration reform all over the world.through the examples of dalian and singapore port ,we can better know the process.and just like the article saysnow landlord ports are common,but fully privatized ports are rarely not only in china but all over the world.so with the trends of globalization and privatization ,maybe the next step of reform aims at private service ports.lets make a witness.keywords: 3-5 words port administration models , port administration reform , degeneration ,separation of government function and enterprise managementi. introductionafter 1949,china went through three main port administration reforms.from the combination to the separation of government function and enterprise management.with the reform going,gradually four kinds of port administration models appear.there is a saying thatmaybe you think it is a coincident,but its resultant.the reform is regarded as a start,then public service ports change into landlord ports and tool ports.lets witness the reform process.ii. body1. port administration models 1.1four administration models through learning the port specialty english and national port policies and laws .we can know that there are four kinds of port administration models,which are public service ports,private service ports,tool ports and landload ports. public service ports have a predominantly public characterunder it, the port authority offers the complete range of services required for the functioning of the seaport system. the port owns, maintains, and operates every available asset. service ports are usually controlled by the ministry of transport . looking at tool port model, the port authority owns,develops, and maintains the port infrastructure as well as the superstructure other cargo handling on board vessels as well as on the apron and on the quay is usually carried out by private cargo handling firms contracted by the shipping agents or other principals. as for landlord port model, the port authority makes land and superstructures available to cargo handling companies.as noted, the landlord port is characterized by its mixed public-private orientation. under this model, the port authority acts as regulatory body and as landlord, while port operations (especially cargo handling) are carried out by private companies.now landlord ports are common. private service ports are few in number.full privatization is considered by many as an extreme form of port reform. it suggests that the state no longer has any meaningful involvement or public policy interest in the port sector. in fully privatized ports, port land is privately owned. in one word public services and tool ports mainly focus on the realization of public interests. landlord ports have a mixed character and aim to strike a balance between public and private interests. privatize service ports focus on private interests. with an example of singapore reform ,we can lean more 1.2 singapore: transforming a public service port into landlord port. a useful example of a port authority structure change is represented by two laws enacted in singapore. prior to the change, the port functioned as a public service port. as the port authority increasingly became engaged in terminal operations abroad and other commercial activities, public functions and commercial functions were separated. a new statutory board (the maritime and port authority of singapore mpa) was set up. the commercial and marine activities of the original port of singapore authority were corporatized. two acts implemented the changes, one providing for the dissolution of the port of singapore authority and the other establishing the mpa . the prefaces of these laws are, respectively: “an act to provide for the dissolution of the port of singapore authority and for the transfer of its property, rights, and liabilities to a successor company and others, to make financial arrangements for that company and for matters connected therewith, to repeal the port of singapore act (chapter 236 of the 1985 revised edition) and to make consequential amendments to other written laws. be it enacted by the president with the advice and consent of he parliament of singapore, as follows.” “an act to establish and incorporate the maritime and port authority of singapore, to provide for its functions and powers, and for matters connected therewith; and to repeal the national maritime board act (chapter 198 of the 1985 revised edition) and to make consequential amendments to certain other acts. be it enacted by the president with the advice and consent of the parliament of singapore, as follows.”2. the process of administration reform2.1 the port system after 1949 the central department of transportation was responsible for the administrative work, and which was combined with business matters.the office of the port authority , directly under control of the central department of transportation.the country planned economy system,the enterprises were produced simply not operating, belonging to the the combination of government function and enterprise management management system. the central government manages large enterprises (port authority), local government control all small enterprises.all ports are public service ports owned and operated by our national government.2.2 system reform of nineteen eighties long-term,the main ports on coast and river were centralized management, and the government directly commanded and interfered the activities of the enterprises, then combination of government function and enterprise managementwas founded,a highly centralized management mode. with the reform of yangtze river as an example ,in 1984, the yangtze river shipping administration revoked, namely the yangtze river shipping administration and the yangtze river shipping corporation,which are leaded by the department of transportation and local government ,and the local management is the priority.as for the harbour,tianjin port system reform was agreed , executing leaded by the department of transportation and local government ,and the local management is the priority ,and in the financial management system, adopt port construction and transform fund. at this part of time department of transportation was responsible for the formulation and revision of the national port management regulations, including the fees supervision .with the decentralization,local government began to organize administrative business、production and the safety. in 1986 the port infrastructure investment was transferred from national budget to the(有偿使用政策), the system determined that the port authority was a city governments secondary part, and it expanded the port operation autonomy.this strengthened the leaadership of the local government. ports began to rapidly develope,.in the meanwhile the government put forward the harbor is used by the city, the city promoted harbor slogan.at the same time landlord ports and tool ports appeared,and increased rapidly. it was proved that these models were good for the development of economy.2.3 reform in nineteen ninties with further deepening of the reform of the management authority, formed a central and local dual leadership.all ports used one policy in one port principle and determined the mode of port management.separation of government function and enterprise management became the main trend.enterprises assumed no administrative functions,the autonomous, self-financing legal was founded.and financial management system also reformed .financial management was transfered from construction and transform fund (养港资金)to two lines of revenue and expenditure ,it began to levy tax, and gradually opened tally market. the original dominators ,such as penavico、cosco began to compete with others.with the landlord ports and tool ports increasing,our ports developed quickly. the degree of facing the world are higher. the core of this reform process was degeneration and the separation of government function and enterprise management .it has mainly operated by the local government, and central government only cooperated.this reform had two great impacts, the first is the establishment of modern enterprise system,it strengthens the port competition .the second is the transformation of the governments functions. the central government mainly controls the priority,by economy, law or necessary administrative means, to manage the national economy and port development,.it does not directly intervene in the production and management activities of ports.eventually public service ports disappear in china.the modern and competitive port models replace it.lets see how the dalian port change.3. the reform of dalian port in order to adapt to domestic and foreign trade, dalian port concluded a friendly port relationship with many countries , port construction was strengthened further.at the same time, with the development of economy, container and specialization were the new trendency for ships. but the dalian port was under the dual leadership of central and local government and the situation of combining of government function and enterprise management.the ports development was restricted.in 1982, dalian port was an example of the governments reform, set up two parts,one was responsible for management,the other for business. this system reform accumulated experience for the further development. a port is used by the city, and the city promoted the port. it is the general rule of domestic and international relationship between ports and countries.so was dalian port.in 2001, the central government decided to begin the process of sep