The Rose, The Bread Love’ s Position And Influence In Culture.doc

比较爱情在东西方文化中的不同地位及其影响the rose, the bread love s position and influence in culturecontentsabstract11. summary22. love in literature32.1 western part32.1.1 17th century (& renaissance)32.1.2the 18th century (& restoration)32.1.319th century (romantics and victorian)32.2 the chinese works33. elizabeth barret browning and the dream of the red chamber53.1 background53.1.1elizabeth barret browning53.1.2the dream of the red chamber53.2 overview63.2.1 elizabeth barrett browning and her poems73.2.2 the dream of the red chamber83.3 influence93.3.1 elizabeth barrett brownings stature as a poet93.3.2 the dream of the red chamber104. consideration 114.1 types of love114.1.1 love based on the economy and the politics114.1.2 the desire type114.1.3 the emotion type124.2 considerations about love12reference13the rose, the breadlove s position and influence in culture摘 要: 什么是爱情？爱情的本质是什么？爱情在东西方文化中有什么样的地位和影响？是什么造成了东西方爱情的差异？本文试图通过对这些问题的分析和理解来引出一些有意义的思想或观念，并在此基础之上提出正确的爱情取向。本文通过对各时期爱情作品特点的认识，了解爱情地位和影响的演变。同时重点分析两个对象：十九世纪英国传奇的女诗人白郎宁夫人以及中国文学史中四大名著之一的红楼梦。前者以其传奇的人生和动人的爱情诗篇而闻名；后者则是因对中国封建社会中爱情被摧残凋零的揭露而流传，至今仍是世人注目和研究的焦点。二者在东西方文学的领域皆有着重要的地位以及深远的影响。通过对两者的了解和分析，引出本文的最后宗旨：即爱情的研究就是人性的研究，爱情的解放就是人性的解放。关键词：爱情 地位 影响 东西方文化abstract: what is love? what is the essence of it? and what kind of position and influence does it have? what cause the differences between the western and the eastern in this field? this text attempts to draw some meaningful thoughts with understanding through an analysis of these questions, and put forward the correct love orientation on this foundation. we will see loves different position in different literature and culture. there will mainly analyze two objects. one is the famous poet elizabeth barret browning in 19th century in britain. she is famous for her romanticized life and poems. another one is the famous chinese novel the dream of the red chamber. it is one of the best and well-known work about love. the two both have important position and influence in their own fields. and the influence produced by them last until now. the aim to study this subject is to show our attitudes toward love. love is not a single subject. the study of love is a part belongs to the studying of human beings.key words: love, position, influence, literature, culture, societythe rose, the breadlove s position and influence in culturei summaryo, my love is like a red, red rose,thats newly sprung in june.o, my love is like the melodie,thats sweetly playd in tune.above words were chosen from the famous love poem a red, red rose written by robert burns. from then on, people began to see and say “rose” as the incarnation of love. and what the “bread” in the title of the text stand for? before answering this, lets have a look on this list: the money, the power, the social position, the popularity and so on. such things belong to this kind we can see and say them as the “bread”. in the later part of the text we will discuss about the relationships between the two. before that, lets have some related information of them.the rose is the nutriment for our spiritual life, and the bread is the indispensable necessities in our material life. when the rose meets the bread , there is the marriage. this is an antiquated topic, because the two entangled from the beginning of humans existence. this is a modish topic, because there have no person who really take it as a serious theme to be thought about.in the modern society, the science if love relates to human beings are built more and more detailed. especially the psychologys development gives a basic theory to this field. it is necessary to study this subject, because there have many problems in our daily life in the society. there are three major problems exciting in this field. first one is what loves region is. people will wonder these questions: does love have the reign? when does it have? whats the sign of it? how about the relationships between human beings and it? the second one should be the truth of love. what is love? does it belong to mental or material? the last one is the manners of love, or we can say the rule of love. where will love go? what can affect it? how can it be developed?sometimes love has the same meaning with the human nature. so the secret of love also means the secret of human self. this also tells us the essence of love. it is a science of human. because the study object of this field is love which is one of the most important feelings of human beings. it concerns with all the fields that human beings exist in. there have two meanings. one is that the science of love must be built on the sufficient understanding of human beings. another is that: as a science about human, it can get help from other similar fields.love is a fact of life. for all human beings, it could be said that love is the fact of life. it is the very central to all human existence. you might have come to this realization already. simply by looking into your own mind and noticing how much of your time has been spent on thinking about people of the opposite sex, fantasizing about people of the opposite sex, dreaming about people of the opposite sex, wondering about people of the opposite sex, feeling depressed about people of the opposite sex and so on, you get a good idea of how important this topic is in the human realm. when people cant have or protect their love, they would turn to literature. they will have their ideal love written in a corner of literature. to some extent, love in literature and reality is depends on each other.the incomplete love in the reality was accomplished the consummate love in literature, the perfect love in literature caused peoples desire for love in reality.literature history of human can be seen as the history of human love life. once people become to be the purpose center of the note, did the human nature becomes the focus that people pay close attention to,including the first place which love is in this human nature. so called as love or the marriage is just an appearance. the truth of the desiring for love is that we want to have the accompanist both in material and mental.iilove in literature1.western part1.1 17th century (& renaissance)the greatest of all english authors, william shakespeare belongs to those rare geniuses of mankind who have become landmarks in the history of world culture. he usually set love in his works as love at the first sight. and we have read many love plays given by him. for example, romeo and juliet, alls well that ends well and so.medieval standards of chivairy, the ideal of a national church. the puritans believed in simplicity of life. they disapproved of the sonnets and love poetry written in the precious period. 1.2 the 18th century (& restoration) in this period, there had a great novel that can still discussed until today. it is the tom jones. the writer was henry fielding. he showed the 18th century love of satire. he hated the hypocrisy which tried to conceal itself under a mask of morality. in the evolution of the plots of his novels, he invariably puts such characters in position which tear away their mask.1.3 19th century (romantics and victorian)in the romantic and victorian period, the most famous love novels perhaps are the pride and prejudice, jane eyer and wuthering heights. the characteristic of the three are the truthful and enduring love of lovers. it seems that women had the equal position with men in this field. here, love became to be the first presupposition of marriage.2. the chinese works2.1 the book of poetry that was the time of the beginning of the civilization of china. in that period, the human nature was not restrained. what the people liked to do was showing their feelings directly without any concealment. here is the famous words from the guan! guan! cry the fish hawksguan! guan! cry the fish hawkson sandbars in the river:a mild-mannered good girl,fine match for the gentleman.2.2 the peacock flies in the southeast : this is chosen from the new songs of the jade terrace (玉台新咏) love in the marriage of lovers was so weak when it faced to the factors outside(in this story,it is the filial piety one)that love in this story ended with a tragic result. so called as love in this story were sunk by the filial piety. the disappointment in the reality when they were alive was solved after their death in the world of illusory. in this period, when love met marriage, it was a tragedy.2.3 liuyi is one of the famous novels in the tang dynasty. today we can find many love stories from that period. there had a dim notion that one should have the right to his love and marriage. it was advanced and romantic. at the end of the story, the fairy chose her husband by her own willing. this reflected the respect to women and the intention to break through the conventional idea.2.4 during the song and yuan dynasty, there appeared many dramas involved in this topic. some of them were so famous that their influence last until today. the peony pavilion(the return of the soul) is a long play of fifty-five scenes, revolves round love story of liu meng-mei (willow dreaming plum), a young student, and tu li-niang, the daughter of a high official in nan-an in southern kiangsi. the play ends, as usual, with the official promotion and family reconciliation and reunion. and the the legend of the white snake and the romance of the western chamber also were the subjects about love.2.5 the short stories during the ming and qing dynasty: that was the primary time of the short novels in cinese history. during that period, there had some new concepts about love and marriage. some of the stories opposed the arranged marriage. it approved of the freedom of love and marriage. and they prised and affirmed love should be the foundation of the marriage. these can be found in the paian jingqi (surprising stories causing the reader to pound the table) and jingu qiguan (wonderful tales of old and new times”).2.6 in the qing dynasty, the short story collections like pu songlings strange accounts from the leisure study (liaozhai zhiyi ) had got many love stories from the working people. in a family, parents arranged the marriage and fathers right played a decisive role of the life in ancient time. the men and women didnt have common life foundation, often only regard traditional sense of duty to the family as the tie of spirit among couples. in some stories, what the man likes is often the beautiful woman who was good at singing and dancing , who understands thoroughly the lute-playing,chess,calligraphy and painting, and what the woman likes is often the mans talent. this kind of life phenomenon is running through the ancient society of china . elizabeth barret browning and the dream of the red chamber1.background 1.1 elizabeth barret browningelizabeth barret browning (1806-1861)- english poet, the wife of robert browning, the most respected and successful woman poet of the victorian period, considered seriously for the laureateship that eventually was awarded to tennyson in 1850. elizabeth brownings greatest work, sonnets from the portuguese (1850), is a sequence of love sonnets addresses to her husband. her vivid intelligence and ethereal physical appearance made a lifelong impression to all of the friends of the brownings, among them ruskin, carlyle, thackeray, rossetti, hawthorne, and many others.1.2 the dream of the red chamberthe dream of the red chamber is also called the story of the stone (shitouji 石头记), this novel written by cao xueqin (d. 1763) is said to be the greatest masterpiece of chinese fiction. a wide branched scholarship does not consent about the main theme of this novel, should it be a novel of sentiment, of daoist-buddhist enlightenment, of social observation, of the decay of an aristocratic family, or even a veiled attack on manchu rule. the frame of the novel is the contest of a buddhist and a daoist priest who make be born a young noble boy called jia baoyu and his girl cousin lin daiyu. with a loving detail describing the life of the two cousins in a huge noble mansion, between gardens and palaces, the red thread is the triangular love between baoyu, daiyu and a second girl cousin called xue baochai that is of more plumper character than the ever sick daiyu. switching between their life, the divine world and dreams, baoyu becomes deranged after the disappearance of a stone (the origin of the second title) he had in his mouth when he was born. not knowing, his love daiyu died, he is tricked to marrying baochai. becoming aware of being tricked, baoyu leaves the world of the red dust and becomes a monk.with hundreds of persons and their stories, paralleling the life and feelings of servants to the life of the main persons, the story is very complex and full of symbolisms, but very interesting and convincing for its encyclopedic character, depicting the life of a noble family in the 18th century qing china .period: the text does not mention any particular date. however, there are implicit indications that the action takes place during the ching dynasty (16441912). official titles and ranks correspond to those of the last dynast, and manchuria could be referred to as a province only since the ching dynasty. according to the findings of dr. hu shih, the author tsao hsueh chin wrote about contemporary events and his own experiences. internal evidence indicated that the main narrative covers the period between 1729 and 1737.place: the text speaks alternately of the capital and chin-ling. the capital under the ching dynasty was peking. chin-ling, which means golden tombs, is probably an allusion to the well-known imperial burial places in the vicinity of peking. the mountains outside the city gates, where the prince hermit lives in seclusion, suggest the famous western mountains near peking,2.overview2.1 elizabeth barrett browning and her poems2.1.1 about elizabeth barrett browningin the early 1820s elizabeth browning injured her spine in a riding accident, and was long an invalid, using morphine for the pains for the rest of her life. in 1932 the barrett family moved to sidmouth and in 1835 to london, where she began to contribute several periodicals. in 1838, seriously ill as a result of a broken blood-vessel, she was sent to torquay. after the death of her brother, who drowned in torqauy, she developed almost morbid fear of meeting anyone, and devoted herself entirely to literature. when her poems (1844) appeared, it gained a huge popularity and was praised among others by the american writer edgar allan poe. elizabeth brownings name was mentioned six years later in speculations about the successor of wordsworth as the poet laureate. at the age of 39 she started a correspondence with the six year younger poet robert browning, who knew well her work. their courtship was kept a close secret from her father, who had forbidden all 12 of his sons and daughters to marry. next year she ran away from her tyrannical father. in september 1846 she married the robert browning in a church near wimpole street, and the couple settled a week later in florence. casa guide became their base for the rest of elizabeths life, although they visited rome, siena, bagni di lucca, paris, and london. their only child, robert wiedemann (known as penini), was born in 1849. elizabeth browning died, romantically, in her husbands arms on june 29, 1861 in florence. after her death the writer edward fitzgerald expressed no sorrow in his famous lettter: mrs. brownings death is rather a relief to me, i must say: no more aurora leighs, thank god! a woman of real genius, i know; but what is the upshot of it all? she and her sex had better mind the kitchen and their children: and perhaps the poor: except in such things as little novels, they only devote themselves to what men do much better, leaving that which men do worse or not at all.2.1.2 her poemsone of brownings most perfect short poems, one word more, is addressed to his wife, elizabeth barrett browning(1806-1861), and a kind of counter-tributu to her most perfect work, the sonnets from the portuguess, which contain the record of her courtship and marriage. her early life was shadowed by illness and affliction; and her early poetry (the seraphim, 1838, poems, 1844) shows in many places the defects of unreality and of overwrought emotion natural to work produced in the loneliness of a sick-chamber. the best known of these early poems are perhaps lady geraldines courtship, where she works under the influences of tennysons idylls, and the cry of the children, where she voices the humanitarian protest against the practice of employing childlabour her health improved, and her art marriage and removal to italy her health improved, and her art greatly strengthened. mrs. browning was deeply interested in the struggle of italy to shake off her bondage to austria, as it shown by her casa guidi windows, published in 1851. in 1857 appeared her most ambitious work, aurora leigh, a kind of versified novel of modern english life, with a social reformer and humanitarian, of aristocratic lineage, for hero, and a young poetess, in large part a reflection of mrs. browning own personality, for heroine. aurora leigh shows the influence of a great novel- writing age, when the novel was becoming more and more imbu