四级语法讲座4：主谓一致.ppt

重点六 主 谓 一 致 i. 考点分析 主谓一致在四级考试中出现的不多，但 因为较简单， 应当掌握。考试的重点和 难点主要是集体名词，如family, class等 ，它们可以表示一个集体，此时要用单 数，如：my family is a big one；它们也 可以表示这个集体中的个体，这时要用 复数，如：my family were having dinner when the unexpected guest came 。 ii. 知识点 主谓一致是指句子成分之间或词语之间在人称、性、 数等方面的一致关系。 处理主谓一致一般应遵循以下三 原则： 1. 语法一致，即在语法形式上取得一致。例如，主语 为单数形式，谓语动词也为单数形式；主语为复数形 式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。 a. the number of errors was surprising. b. julia and her twin sister naturally look a lot alike. 2. 意义一致，即从意义着眼处理一致关系。 a. the crowd were fighting for their lives. ( 单形名词主 语要求复数谓语动词，下划线部分表示一个整体中的 成员) b. five minutes is enough. ( 复数名词单数谓语动词， 下划线部分表示一个数目) 就近原则 主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式 ；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形 式。 【例如】 my friend has no intention of going shopping with me. my friends have no intention of going shopping with me. 1)语法一致原则 2)意义一致原则 主语和谓语的一致不是由主语的语法形 式来决定，而是由主语所表达的意义决 定。 【例如】 the class are busying writing english passages. the united states is a developed country which has advanced science and technology. 带有复数词尾的学科名称、国家等在意 义是表示单数概念，用单数动词。 3)就近原则 谓语动词的单、复数取决于最靠近它的主语。 由eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also连接或由here, there等引导 的句子，谓语动词遵循这一原则。 【例如】 neither my friends nor i was able to persuade him to accept our advice. either he or she has broken the window, for there is no one else there. there is a teacher and fifty students in the classroom. iii. 其它要点： 1. 当名词词组中心词为表示度量、时间等复数 名词时，往往可根据意义一致的原则，把这些 复数名词看作一个整体，谓语动词采取单数形 式。 a. the dollars is not enough. b. three months passes in no time at all on the ranch. 如果明显地指一个个个体，则要根据语法一致 地原则，谓语动词用复数形式。 a. there are two sliver dollars in each of the stockings. iii. 其它要点： 2. 如果主语是“the形容词（或分词）”时，往 往根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单、复 数形式：如果指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式 ；如果指个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形 式。 a. the blind are taught trades in special schools. b. the departed was a good friend of his. c. the good in him overweighs bad. 3. 如果主语由“either(neither) + of +复数名词 （或代词）”结构担任时，一般根据语法一致 的原则，谓语动词用单数形式。 a. has either of your parents visited you? b. neither of them wants to come. 四级真题 主谓一致关系 1. ever since picassos painting went on exhibit, there_ large crowds at the museum every day. (93/01/54) a) race b) has been c) have been d are being c) 题意：自从毕加索的画参展后，每天博物馆都 有大批的参观者。 解析：由于要求必须用复数，而要求主句必须用完 成时态，故只能选c。 2. _ of the two books holds the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing. (94/1/52) a) none b) either c) both d neither 2. d) 题意：这两本书中的观点相同：核战争的危 险没有在继续上升。 解析：neither, 两者都不，符合题义。其余均不能 用于两者的否定。none用于三者和三者以上的否定 ；either表示肯定；both表示否定。 3. neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university _. (98/01/33) a) has been accepted b) have been accepted c) was accepted d) were accepted c) 题意：在这所大学申请职位的两个年轻人都没 有被接受。 解析：neither of结构作主语时需用谓语动词的单 数形式，故只有c正确。 4. the owner and editor of the newspaper _ the conference. (02/6/57) a) were attending b) were to attend c) is to attend d) are to attend c) 题意：该报的老板兼主编将参加会议。 解析：the owner and editor指的是同一个人，要 用单数。 主谓一致 练习 1. if law and order _ not preserved, people will not be able to live a secure life. a) are b) were c) is d) was c) 题意：如果法制不被保留，人们就无法过安 全的生活。 解析：law and order 可看成一个概念即法制，故 用单数动词作谓语，由主句时态可知从句为泛义 概念，故用现在时。 2. the movies star as well as a lot of fans _ photographed a lot by tv stations and newspapers. a) were b) was c) had d) has b) 题意：电视台和报社给该位电影明星及许多影 迷拍摄了大量照片。 解析：主语是movies star, as well as 结构为插入 结构，不影响全句结构，故谓语动词仍用单数。 3. as i have a meeting at four, ten minutes _ all that i can spare to talk with you. a) are b) was c) is d) were c) 题意：因为我四点钟有会，所以我最多只能抽出 10分钟和你说话。 解析：当主语表示的数量被看作一个整体时，无论其 数目多大，谓语都是单数。 4. a number of my friends _ i should take a holiday. but i am just too busy to spare any time. a) think b) thinks c) had thought d) has thought a) 题意：很多朋友都觉得我应该休假，但我太忙了 ，抽不出时间。 解析：a number of +名词的复数形式，后面的谓语动 词应用复数，but后的句子时态应为现在时。选项(c) 意为“原以为”，隐含的意义是与事实相反，但but后 的句子表明朋友们的猜测并不与事实相冲突。 5. so long as you have a companion, twenty miles _ a long way to walk, especially in the morning. a) is b) isnt c) are d) arent b) 题意：只要有同伴，走20英里的路程并不算远，尤 其是在清晨的时候。 解析：twenty miles形式上是复数，但是表达的是一个 整体的意义，谓语动词应用单数。 由前面的条件从句 可知本句表达的是否定的意思。 6. the police _ searching for a tall dark man with a beard. till now more than one person _ suspected. a) isis b) isare c) areis d) areare c) 题意：警察们正在搜寻一个高个子男人，他的肤色 较暗，留着胡子。到现在，已经不止一个人被怀疑。 解析：the police表达的是复数意义，指“警察们”，谓 语动词应用复数，more than one person表达的也是复 数意义，但习惯上用单数。 7. reading many books _ her happy. a) make b) makes c) is making d) are making b) 题意：大量的阅读使她很快乐。 解析：不定式（短语）、动名词（短语） 或从句做主语时，谓语动词要用单数。 8. every boy and girl must have _ uniform neatly kept. a) his b) her c) their d) them a) 题意：每个男孩和女孩都须使自己的 制服保持整洁。 解析：主语有every, each 字样出现谓语动 词要用单数，相应的所有格要用his。 9. the committee _ to have its second meeting in tianjin next month. a) are going b) is going c) goes to d) go to b) 题意：该组委会将于下月在天津召开第二轮会议。 解析：committee是集合名词，其后动词可为单数或复 数，这里因代词用了its，所以选用单数的is going，c 、d时态不对。 10. in addition to john and mary, their father _ visit you tomorrow. a) is going to b) are going to c) shall d) are to a) 题意：除了约翰和玛丽，他们的父亲明天也将拜 访你。 解析：主语本身是单数，当它和as well as，with， together with，along with，like，