mla科研论文写作规范中文版.doc

mla科研论文写作规范中文版篇一：mla科研论文写作规范 rubric ofthe course paper for “american literature” 关于“美国文学”课程论文mla格式的细则 the thesis is written in english, including the citation.(全文用英文书写,包括引用文献。) what are some essential standard of a mla paper? (mla论文基本要求)type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper. set the margins of your thesis to one-inch（2.54 centimeters）on all sides. the paper should be double-space typed. there is one space between every english words. there is no space between the words and punctuations. (用12号新罗马字体排版，双倍行距。页边距为2.54厘米，16开a4白色纸打印，英文单词之间相距一个空格。单词和标点符号之间没有空格。) how to create a header?如何编辑页眉？create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your family name, followed by a space with the page number; number all pages consecutively with arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4) and flush withthe right margin. omit the page number on page one.(编辑页眉，将你的姓和页码标注在右上角，姓和页码之间有一个空格，不用标点符号；上面边距是1.27厘米，右边与正文部分对齐。) how to deal with the first page?第一页格式的处理。in the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name; your number and your class; the tutors name; the course; and the date. the date in mla format should be written as “day month year.”: i.e. 29 december 2011(without comma between each word and the month should not be abbreviated.) be sure to use double space. (第一页左上角，纵向排列你的名字；学号、班级；指导老师的名字；课程名称；日期（格式是日月年，中间不用标点符号，月份也不用缩写，如：29 december 2011） how to write a title?(如何写标题？)the title is centered and written in 12-piont times new roman font. the title is not bold, underlined, or italicized. but use quotation mark or italic(s) if your title includes works (an article, a poem, or a story) or a book of others, do just as you would do in the text: quote the title of the article, the poem or the story while italicize the book. (标题居中，用12号新罗马字体。标题不用黑体，下划线或斜体，如果标题中有已出版的文章，文章部分用双引号，如果是书籍，书籍部分用斜体。如：sybolism in “young good man brown.”或sybolism in scarlet letter。 how to write an outline?如何写提纲？（(you are not required to write an outline this time).注意：这次没有要求写提纲。）as for the outline of a mla paper, there is a sample of outline on page 38 of the fifth edition of mla handbook for writers of research papers: a- level: i, ii, iii, b-level: a, b, c; c-level: 1, 2, 3; d-level:a, b, c, e-level: (1), (2), (3); f-level: (a), (b), (c). (mla论文的题纲可以参考mla科研论文写作规范第五版38页的提纲：a级：用大写罗马数字i, ii, iii等；b级：用大写英文字母a, b, c等；c级：用阿拉伯数字1、2、3等；d级：用小写英文字母a，b, c等; e级：用阿拉伯数字加括号如(1), (2), (3); f级：用小写英文字母加括号，如：(a), (b), (c).) （如何写副标题？）as for the heading of the text, title the main sections(b-level)用不同的字体将文章中b级标题和主标题区分开:如标题左对齐,词首字母用12号字体，其余用10号字体，大写锁定键键入，如：主标题是：symbolism in“young good man brown”(居中)，b级标题是symbolic meaning of nature.（左对齐），然后用两倍行距分行，开始正文部分；c级标题大写词首字母，用斜体格式，不分行，直接开始正文部分。如: c级标题symblic meaning of the forest 8. how to indent the first paragraph? (如何编辑段落？)indent the first sentence of each paragraph 0.5inch. microsoft word suggests using the tab ky. 段第一句缩进半英寸（1.75厘米），用tab键。 (每一 how many parts are there basically in a thesis? (论文最基本应该包括几部分？)the thesis should have an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs for developing ideas and a paragraph for conclusion. (论文应该包括一段引言部分、几段论证部分和一段结论部分。) how to write the introduction? is it the introduction of the author or the introduction of the plot of the story? (如何写论文的引言部分？它是作者的生平介绍吗？它是小说的故事情节介绍吗？) no, the introduction is neither theintroduction of the author nor that of the plot of the story you study. it is an introduction of the paper you are writing. it should set the context for the rest of the paper. it tells your readers why you are writing and why your topic is important. it ends with a thesis statement which is the position you will develop and support throughout the paper. the thesis statement guides and controls your paper.(引言部分既不是你所研究的文章的作者介绍，也不是作品的故事情节介绍，而是对你写的论文大致介绍。它为整篇文章定下基调，告知读者你的论文的必要性和重要性；引言部分用一个句子作为全文中心论点结束，中心论点是需要论证阐释的观点，指导和控制全文，使整篇文章不至于偏题。) how to make the ideas of a long thesis easier for the reader to grasp? (如何使一篇篇幅较长的论文便于读者理解？)if your thesis is a long one, you may want to write about how your paper is organized. this can help your reader to follow your ideas.(如果你的论文比较长，在引言之后接下来一段，你可以介绍你论文的结构，便于读者理解你的观点。)篇二：mla论文文本规范 论文格式要求 1论文全文采用小四号times new roman（12号）字体：论文题目采用小二号 times new roman；中文题目采用小2号宋体。一级标题（章标题）采用16号times new roman，分别冠以i、ii、iii、iv、v等序号；二级标题（节标题）14号，分别冠以1.1, 1.2、2.1, 2.2、等序号；三级标题（节以下标题）均采用12号，分别冠以1.1.1、2.1.1等序号。所有标题加黑。 2 论文正文采用段首缩进5个字符，单面打印；2倍行距。正文第一页加论文题目。 3正文（包括附录和参考文献）页码标注格式为阿拉伯数字1 2 3.页码标注在页面底部居中。论文封面不标注页码。 4论文采用a4复印纸单面打印。上、下、右边距为25mm；左边距为30mm，其中10mm供装订。 5论文装订次序为论文封面、论文主体（body），参考文献、附录（若有）。论文页码从正文开始。 示例1：mla格式参考文献著录及引述格式 第一部分：正文内引述(in-text citation: mla style) the formatting generally follows the latest modern language association (mla) style, including parenthetical references.parenthetical documentation means that in the text, only the authors surname and the page number is given in parentheses following the quotation or any reference to another source. if the authors name is given in the introductory statement to the quotation, only the page number is given in parentheses at （mla一般不用脚注）the works cited page contains the full name of the author, the title of the book, etc. internet sites frequently do not have page numbers, so that only the name of the author or web site is given in parentheses. footnotes are used sparingly, and only to give additional information not suitable to include in the text. (julia diterman) . mla格式文内摘录一般用括号加注法： 1 括号内（作者姓氏引文页码），如果引文中已经给出作者姓名，只需括号加注内页码即可。例如： e.g in studying the influence of latin american, african and asian music on modern american composers, music historians tend to discuss such figures as aaron copland, george gershwin, hey cowell, alan hovhaness, and john cage (brindle; griffiths 104-39; hitchcock 173-98这里同时引用不同作者的多篇文献) e.g brian taves suggests some interesting conclusions regarding philosophy and politics of the adventure film (153-54, 171). e.g her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her” (fountain 33). e.g her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her (fountain 33).”（不规范） e.g her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her (fountain 33).” （不规范） 2. 引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多，应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分，如： mla： (s.r. wang 26) (j.x. wang 30) 3. 两个作者时可以用 & 连接，两个以上时可用 ，隔开. 如： e.g according to educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility of the entire community (franklin, childs, & smith 410). 4. 引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应使用团体的名称，如： e.g it was apparent that the american health care system needed “to be fixed and perhaps radically modified” (public agenda foundation 4).5. 引用无作者文献:引用无作者文献，如果文献标题没有出现在正文里，则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者（如果标题过长的话）使用该标题中的关键词组，如: e.g an anonymous wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional (“wordsworth is a loser” 100). 6.引用非直接文献（indirect source）论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献secondary source），但在无法找到直接文献（即一级文献primary source）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出，例如： e.g samuel johnson admitted that edmund burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in boswell 2: 450). 引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况：一种是作者的姓 氏在正文中没有出现，如： (摘自：复旦大学英语语言专业学位论文规范) e.g charlottes and emily bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (taylor). 另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，按mla的规范不需要使用括号夹注，如： e.g taylor claims that charlotte and emily bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 超过四行的文内摘引语，另起一段，首行在原文基础上再缩进五个字符。行间距按1.5倍打印。 lengthy quoted passages (more than four lines) are single-spaced and indented from the left margin.(some time from both margins) five paces. the first line is indented an additional five spaces when it marks the beginning of a paragraph. 把句号或逗号放在引号内（place the period and the comma within the quotation marks:）e.g. “jenny,” he said, “lets have lunch.” 也有例外: e.g. the author states: “time alone reveals the just(471)”. 当摘引用于强调事件本身时，破折号 ， 问号？和感叹号！一般置于引号内；当用于强调整个句子时，置于引号外。 e.g gordon answered, “no way !” e.g stop whistling “all do is dream of you” ! 例如： 第二部分：参考文献著录 works cited or bibliography mla格式(documenting list of sources: mla style) 正文引用文献须按mla要求，著录在works cited或者bibliography之下，在正文最后一章结束后另页开始，页码与正文相连。文献著录必须按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列，不得以正文中出现的先后编码排序，不得使用阿拉伯数字。每一条目中的各项内容都必须按mla规定的次序和格式编排。 参考文献的字体与正文相同，条目间距为1.5倍行间距，另行缩进5个字符间距。 .每个参考文献一般有三个部分组成，依次是：作者姓，逗号，名，黑点，书名（斜体，如有副标题加冒号，文章名用引号），黑点，出版地，冒号，出版商，出版年。 e.g feldman, paula r. ed. british women poets of the romantic era. baltimore: johns hopkins up, 1997. (note: in a mla style, always give the authors name as it appears on the title page. never abbreviate a name given in full. only use initials if the title page does.以书名上所给名字为准 ) borroff, marie. trans. sir gawain and the green knight. new york: norton, 1967. eggins, suzanne, and diane slade. analyzing casual conversation. london: cassell, 1997. (note: reverse the first authors name only，当有两个作者是，只把第一位作者的姓，名倒置) brownell, hiram h., and heather h. potter. “inference deficits in right-brain damaged patients.” brain and language 27 (1986): 310-21. gilman, sander, et al.（两个以上作者） hysteria beyond freund. berkeley: university ofcalifornia press, 1993. (note: when there are more than three names, name only the first and add et al., or give all names in full in the order in which they appear on the tile page.) 引用各类文献中的文章 1.书评、影评、电视节目评论等（review） kidd, john. “the scandal of ulysses.” rev. of ulysses: the corrected text, by hans walter gabler. new york review of books 30 june 1988: 32-39. 2. 收集在书籍中的文章（selection from an edited book） glover, david. “the stuff that dreams are made of: masculinity, femininity, and the thriller.” gender, gee and narrative pleasure. ed. derek longhurst. london: unwin hyman, 1989. 67-83. 3.杂志中的文章 miller, mark crispen. “massa, come home.” new republic 16 sept. 1981: 29-32. 4.百科全书中的文章（an entry in an encyclopedia） mohanty, jitendra m. “indian philosophy.” the new encyclopaedia britannica: macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987. 5研究报告 flower, linda. the role of task representation in reading to write. technical report no. 6. berkeley: center for the study of writing at u of california, berkeley and carnegie mellon u, 1987. 6翻译的书籍（translated book） lacan, jacques. ecrits: a selection. trans. alan sheridan. new york: norton, 1977. 7硕博士论文（dissertation） hubert, hey allan. “the development of english studies in nineteenth-century anglo- canadian colleges.” diss. u of british columbia, 1988. 8学术会议上的报告（conference paper）篇三：mla格式 关于“美国文学”课程论文mla格式的细则 rubric of the course paper for “american literature” 1. the thesis is written in english, including the citation.( 全文用英文书写, 包括引用文献。) 2.what are some essential standard of a mla paper? (mla 论文基本要求)type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper. set the margins of your thesis to one-inch（2.54 centimeters）on all sides. the paper should be double-space typed. there is one space between every english words. there is no space between the words and punctuations. (用12号新罗马字体排版，双倍行距。页边距为2.54厘米，16开a4白色纸打印，英文单词之间相距一个空格。单词和标点符号之间没有空格。) 3.how to create a header? 如何编辑页眉？create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your family name, followed by a space with the page number; number all pages consecutively with arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4) and flush with the right margin. omit the page number on page one.(编辑页眉，将你的姓和页码标注在右上角，姓和页码之间有一个空格，不用标点符号；上面边距是1.27厘米，右边与正文部分对齐。) 4.how to deal with the first page? 第一页格式的处理。in the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name; your number and your class; the tutors name; the course; and the date. the date in mla format should be written as “day month year.”: i.e. 29 december 2011(without comma between each word and the month should not be abbreviated.) be sure to use double space. (第一页左上角，纵向排列你的名字；学号、班级；指导老师的名字；课程名称；日期（格式是日月年，中间不用标点符号，月份也不用缩写，如：29 december 2011） 5.how to write a title? (如何写标题？)the title is centered and written in 12-piont times new roman font. the title is not bold, underlined, or italicized. but use quotation mark or italic(s) if your title includes works (an article, a poem, or a story) or a book of others, do just as you would do in the text: quote the title of the article, the poem or the story while italicize the book. (标题居中，用12号新罗马字体。标题不用黑体，下划线或斜体，如果标题中有已出版的文章，文章部分用双引号，如果是书籍，书籍部分用斜体。如：sybolism in “young good man brown.”或sybolism in scarlet letter。 6.how to write an outline? 如何写提纲？（(you are not required to write an outline this time).注意：这次没有要求写提纲。）as for the outline of a mla paper, there is a sample of outline on page 38 of the fifth edition of mla handbook for writers of research papers: a- level: i, ii, iii, b-level: a, b, c; c-level: 1, 2, 3; d-level:a, b, c, e-level: (1), (2), (3); f-level: (a), (b), (c). (mla论文的题纲可以参考mla科研论文写作规范第五版38页的提纲：a级：用大写罗马数字i, ii, iii等；b级：用大写英文字母a, b, c等；c级：用阿拉伯数字1、2、3 等；d级：用小写英文字母a，b, c 等; e级：用阿拉伯数字加括号如(1), (2), (3); f级：用小写英文字母加括号，如：(a), (b), (c).) 7.（如何写副标题？）as for the heading of the text, title the main sections(b-level) 用不同的字体将文章中b级标题和主标题区分开: 如标题左对齐, 词首字母用12号字体，其余用10号字体，大写锁定键键入，如：主标题是：symbolism in “young good man brown”(居中)，b级标题是symbolic meaning of nature.（左对齐），然后用两倍行距分行，开始正文部分；c级标题大写词首字母，用斜体格式，不分行，直接开始正文部分。如: c级标题symbolic meaning of the forest 8.how to indent the first paragraph? (如何编辑段落？)indent the first sentence of each paragraph 0.5inch. microsoft word suggests using the tab key. (每一段第一句缩进半英寸（1.75厘米），用tab键。 9.how many parts are there basically in a thesis? (论文最基本应该包括几部分？)the thesis should have an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs for developing ideas and a paragraph for conclusion. (论文应该包括一段引言部分、几段论证部分和一段结论部分。) 10.how to write the introduction? is it the introduction of the author or the introduction of the plot of the story? (如何写论文的引言部分？它是作者的生平介绍吗？它是小说的故事情节介绍吗？) no, the introduction is neither the introduction of the author nor that of the plot of the story you study. it is an introduction of the paper you are writing. it should set the context for the rest of the paper. it tells your readers why you are writing and why your topic is important. it ends with a thesis statement which is the position you will develop and support throughout the paper. the thesis statement guides and controls your paper.(引言部分既不是你所研究的文章的作者介绍，也不是作品的故事情节介绍，而是对你写的论文大致介绍。它为整篇文章定下基调，告知读者你的论文的必要性和重要性；引言部分用一个句子作为全文中心论点结束，中心论点是需要论证阐释的观点，指导和控制全文，使整篇文章不至于偏题。) 11.how to make the ideas of a long thesis easier for the reader to grasp? (如何使一篇篇幅较长的论文便于读者理解？)if your thesis is a long one, you may want to write about how your paper is organized. this can help your reader to follow your ideas.(如果你的论文比较长，在引言之后接下来一段，你可以介绍你论文的结构，便于读者理解你的观点。) 12.what are the elements for the body paragraphs? （正文段落的有哪些要素？）body paragraphs have these four elements: a transition, a topic sentence, evidence and a brief wrap-up sentence. at the beginning of your developing paragraphs, make sure you have transitory words, phrases or paragraphs to have each part connected logically together. youd better begin each paragraph with a topic sentence and several other sentences of instances to support it, and the last sentence to wrap up for a conclusion while transitioning to the next paragraph.(每一个自然段开始，要注意用过渡段的连接词，词组或句子，把每一部分串联成一个符合逻辑的整体。每一段开始用一个中心句，接下来用列子证明，句与句之间要有表示逻辑关系的词，词组，最后用一句话概括整段大意,并与下一段自然过渡。) 13.how to quote in the text? (如何在正文中引用文献？)in-text citations occur after the quote but before the period. the authors/authors name/s go before the page number with no comma in between. i.e. “a lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts that shes afraid of herself sometimes” (hawthorne 431). if you go on to quote the same work, put thepage number in a bracket only. i.e. “shes a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night ill cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven”(432). 文中引用文献的标注在引用部分后面，句号前面，作者姓空格页码，中间没有逗号），如果同一页引用同一作品，则只标页码。 14. use block quote when quotations are longer than four-typed lines. block quotations begin on a new line, are double-spaced and indented one-inch from the margin. do not use quotation marks. the citation information (the authors name and the page number) follow. （如果被引用的部分超过三行，则引用整段。整段引用另起一行，双倍行距，自页边空白整体缩进一英寸（2.54厘米），不用引号，末尾添加引用来源（作者姓空格页码）。 15.if you delete words from the original quote, insert an ellipsis, three periods with a space before and after each one.(如果你去掉引文中的一些单词，用省略号（三个前后有空格的小圆点）。 16.if a source has more than three authors, use the first authors surname followed by “et al.” i.e. (barker et al. 23) （如果文献作者是三位以上，文中引用只用第一位作者的姓，后面是空格加“et al. 再空格加页码） 17. citation from a website: a. if the website has no page number,you simply use the author's surname after the period.i.e. b. if you cite an indirect source, words quoted in another source. ie.(qtd.in author's surname). c. source with an unknown author is cited by a shortened title.(the first word of the title with a quotation mark:i.e. automatically) 17.conclusion wrap up what you have discussed in your paper. because it is b-level, the first paragraph is not indented. (结尾部分总结论文中讨论的话题。因它是b级标题，第一段不缩进。) 18.how to use endnotes? (如何使用尾注？） use endnotes to explain something that doesnt fit in with the rest of the paragraph. avoid lengthy discussion in the endnote. endnote begins on a new page after the paper but before the work/s cited page. double space all entries and indent each entry 0.5 inch from the margin.（如果有和本段不相吻合，可以用尾注加以详细解释。尾注要简洁，避免冗长的讨论。尾注在正文后另起一页，置于文献引用页之前，用双行距，左对齐，页边距是半英寸，即1.75厘米。 19.how to format the work/s cited page ?(引用作品格式） the work/s cited page is a list of all the sources you cited in your paper. it includes books, journals, magazines, online resources, films, cd-rom, interview，classroom notes, blog