外文翻译---关于高层民用建筑消防设计与实践问题研究.docx

附录E 关于高层民用建筑消防设计与实践问题研究81.高层民用建筑消防扑救登高面和登高场地在火灾中的作用高层民用建筑，一般功能复杂，体量较大，但由于高层建筑使用功能、城市规划、街景及建筑学的需要，往往在高层民用建筑主体附建与高层建筑相连的裙房，用作商场、餐厅、营业厅、会议厅等。尤其对高层建筑的裙房，登高面等诸多问题设计时稍有忽视。高层建筑一旦发生火灾，有以下几个特点：（1）现有的电梯往往由于停电，不能正常使用，而多数高层建筑的疏散楼梯或剪刀梯都布置设计在建筑的筒体中部，火灾停电时往往无照明，消防电梯、疏散楼梯不能正常使用，给迎救人员、疏散人员带来困难。（2）消防人员难以接近着火层扑救，由于人员在火灾时惊慌外逃，顺楼梯或下或上，与消防人员逆向行走。极大的导致人员阻设等因素，给抢救和人员疏散带来混乱。（3）火灾时往往是烟气顺其楼梯间、电梯间、竖向的管导井、电缆井等上下漫延，由于高层建筑的烟囱效应，烟气在很短时间内就会迷漫疏散楼梯间、电梯间、烟气的毒性导致人员难以疏散。因此，高层民用建筑登高面的设计是保障火灾时抢救人员生命、逃生和扑灭火灾的重要保证。2.现有标准和实际存在的设计缺陷问题1)现有规定现有实施历经几次局部修订的高层民用建筑设计防火规范第 4.1.7 条要求，“高层建筑的底边至少有一个长边或周边长度的 1/4 且不小于一个长边长度，不应布置高度大于5 米、进深大于 4 米的裙房，且在此范围内必须设有直通室外的楼梯或直通楼梯间的出口”。该条明确了高层建筑消防扑救登高面的基本要求。2)存在问题随城市化建设加快，中心城市土地使用率的不断提高，给高层民用建筑扑救面设计带来许多不容忽视的问题。（1）裙房的设计问题。在城市区域内的高层建筑，多为追求商业价值，建筑裙房设计多在四层左右，由于裙房作商业用途，每层层高净空多为 4-4.5 米以上，往往裙房高度超过防火规范 5 米要求，多数裙房的进深也大于 4 米。（2）幕墙问题。城区内的多数高层建筑，为达到设计美观，协调繁荣城市的效果，许多高层建筑均设计有幕墙，尤其是设计玻璃幕墙且作为消防登高面考虑。（3）登高面一侧、直通室外的楼梯或直通楼梯间的出口设计问题。临街高层建筑底层均设计为商铺。当考虑作为登高面时，而多数设计为追求商业价值而规避设计布置直通室外疏散楼梯或直通楼梯间的出口，往往将疏散楼梯或出口布置在非登高面的另一侧。（4）消防车道的设计问题。城区内的高层建筑为充分利用当街的立面效果和商铺的价值，许多建筑将消防登高扑救面布置在建筑的背街一侧。然而，对环形消防车道和回车场的设计更多的是消防车道转弯半径不能满足消防车辆的使用要求。（5）幕墙下设计室外消火栓等问题。高层建筑临街面往往设计有装饰幕墙，而室外消火栓，水泵结合器及消防水池等也宜临沿街设置。稍有忽视，很容易将室外消火栓等布置在幕墙之下，一旦火灾幕墙坍塌，严重影响消防车吸水、供水等扑救。（6）登高消防车场地的设计问题。许多高层建筑对登高消防车辆的操作场地考虑不周，多数仅以环形消防车道宽度来考虑。以此宽度作为登高消防车的场地，将远远不能满足登高消防车的操作空间要求。3.结合实际、合理设计树立以人为本、安全发展观念，以保障民生、保障公共消防安全为发展，以创新思想、合理设计高层民用建筑消防登高扑救面的问题非常重要。以下为作者结合现有的规范、标准在工作实践中针对存在问题与读者作共同探讨。1)临街登高面外墙设计建在市区或商业街的高层建筑，当确定其临街一面作为消防扑救登高面时，其优点是可以充分利用临街一侧的道路保障登高消防车的场地需要，但特别要注意，设计时要避免在登高扑救面一侧外墙设置玻璃幕墙。由于幕墙的设置增加了建筑外观美的效果，对装点城市起到了重要的作用，设计思路上考虑采用较多，但往往一旦火灾，会给消防扑救带来极为不便的后果。火灾证实，玻璃幕墙在火的作用下会炸裂和塌落，导致消防人员扑救火灾时无法靠近建筑。同时、一旦幕墙下设计有消火栓、消防水泵接合器，火灾时由于幕墙的塌落下掉。这些灭火设施将无法使用，也容易导致扑救人员的伤亡。2)登高边长、裙房、疏散楼梯与出口设计高层民用建筑设计防火规范第 4.1.7 条明确规定：“高层建筑的底边至少有一个长边或周边长度的1/4且不小于一个长边长度，不应布置高度大于 5 米、进深大于 4 米的裙房，且在此范围内必须设有直通室外的楼梯或直通楼梯间的出口”。我们在进行消防设计时要尽力考虑规范的强制规定。其意义是登高边不应小于 1/4 周边长度且不小于一个长边的长度。尤其是一些矩形建筑、多边形平面的建筑应考虑满足一个长边的长度作登高扑救边；其二是在登高扑救面一侧必须设置有直通室外的楼梯或直通楼梯间的出口。其三，是对裙房高度和进深的要求，其目的是保证登高消防车曲背靠近高层建筑施救的需要。3合理设计高层建筑的登高场地一幢高层建筑登高面确定之后，紧接着要有能满足各类登高消防车的登高场地，登高场地在高层民用建筑设计防火规范内没有条文明示，往往在设计时容易被忽视。登高场地应布置在高层建筑扑救面一侧，同时要结合消防车道一同考虑。根据目前国内登高消防车的最大长度 15.6 米，以及车道宽度，在留有余地情况下，登高场地不宜小于 18 米长13米宽。登高场地是供登高消防车扑灭火灾抢救人员使用，根据不同登高车技术参数，要求登高场地边缘与建筑物外墙不应小于 5 米，同时其最外一点至建筑物登高边缘的水平距离也不应大于 15 米。对于几个单元组合的板式住宅及底层整体裙房而上部多个塔楼或不规则多边形建筑的高层建筑应针对每个单元和塔楼布置登高场地，也可以根据建筑内部防火分区的划分、靠室外楼梯间的布置及建筑周边的消防车道实际情况分段设计登高场地。总之，笔者认为高层民用建筑防火扑救登高面及其施救场地的设计要与地方经济社会发展需求紧密结合，与相关的城市规划、城市的总体抗灾能力、当地的消防装备、建筑周边环境道路等情况统筹考虑，力求从保障生命安全至上的角度整体完成消防工程设计。Appendix E Research on the design and practice of high-rise civil building fire1.High building fire fighting aerial surface and climb the field role in fireHigh civil buildings, general function complex, large size, but due to the high building use function, the urban planning, the street and the needs of the architecture, often in high civil buildings with tall buildings built and main body connected podium, used for stores, restaurants, business hall, a conference hall, etc. Especially for high-rise building podium, face the problems such as the design slightly to ignore. High-rise building once fire, has the following characteristics: (1) the existing elevator often because of the blackout, cannot be used properly, and most of the high-rise building ladders or scissors ladder are decorated in architecture design of central cylinder, fire when the power is often no lighting, fire elevator, and evacuation stair cant normal use, save to meet personnel, evacuees difficult. (2) firefighters to save to fire floor, because the personnel in a fire alarm flight, arranges stair or next or, and firefighters reverse walk. Great cause personnel resistance set factors, to rescue and evacuation cause confusion. (3) when the fire is often the flue gas stair rooms, elevators, the vertical tube Wells, such as the DianLanJing spread up and down, because of the high-rise building chimney effect, smoke in a very short period of time will be very evacuation stairwells, elevator, gas toxic lead to personnel is difficult to evacuate. Therefore, high civil buildings of the design is the guarantee of fire rescue personnel and extinguish fire escape life, the important guarantee.2.Design defects in the existing standards and practical problems1)The existing provisions Existing implementation after several local amended high civil buildings of the code for fire protection design the first article 4.1.7 requirements, the lower side of the high-rise building at least a long side or around a quarter of the length and not less than a long side length, should not be more than 5 m, decorate height more than four meters deep into the podium, and in the range of direct must have outdoor stairs or through the export of stairs. The clear the high-rise building fire fighting the climb up the basic demand. 2)The existing problems Along with the urbanization construction speed up, the center city land utilization rate rise ceaselessly, to save face high civil buildings designed to bring many problem that nots allow to ignore. (1) the skirt building design problem. In areas of the city high-rise building, much as the pursuit of commercial value, building the skirt building design more in the four or so, due to the podium for commercial use, each layer upon layer for four more headroom high-4.5 meters, often the skirt building height more than the code for fire protection 5 meters request, most the podium over 4 meters deep also. (2) curtain wall. Most of the high-rise buildings in the city, to achieve the design is beautiful, coordinate the effect of thriving city, many high-rise building curtain wall design are, especially design glass curtain wall and for fire up surface consideration. (3) the climb on one side of the face, direct outdoor stairs or through the export of stair design problem. High-rise building ground floor are street design for shops. When considering the as to the surface, and most design as the pursuit of commercial value and avoiding design layout ended at outdoor ladders or through the export of stair, often will ladders or export arrangement in the climb up the other side. (4) fire lane design problem. In the city of high-rise buildings to make full use of the elevation effects and shops in the streets of value, many buildings will fire the climb in the building layout save face the back side. However, for the ring fire lane and back to the design of the lot more fire lane is turning radius cannot meet the requirement of the fire trucks. (5) under the curtain wall design outdoor fire hydrant. High-rise building LinJieMian often design have adornment wall, and outdoor fire hydrant, pumps with emulators, and also the fire-fighting should set up along the street. A slight ignored, its very easy to outdoor fire hydrant, decorate in curtain wall under, once the fire wall collapsed, the serious influence water, water supply, fire fighting. (6) the design problem of the fire truck. Many high-rise building to climb up the fire trucks operation site thoughtfulness, most in the ring fire lane width only to consider. This width as the trucks site, will be far from meeting the requirements of the fire trucks operating space.3.Combined with the actual and reasonable design Establish people-oriented, safety development idea, in order to ensure the peoples livelihood, ensuring public security fire control for the development, to the innovative ideas, the reasonable design high civil buildings fire up the fighting is very important. The following is based on the existing standard, the standard practice in the existing problems and discusses the common reader. 1)The exterior Wall Street face design built in the city or commercial street of the high-rise building, when determine its side street as fire fighting climb up to the surface, can make full use of its advantage is a street side of the road race the venue of the need to ensure fire, but special attention should be paid to, when the design to avoid the side wall save face in set glass curtain wall. Because of the increased building curtain wall set appearance beautiful effect, city of deck can play an important role, design idea to consider to use more, but often once fire, fire fighting will bring extremely inconvenient consequences. Fire proof, glass curtain wall under the action of the fire will burst and collapsing, lead to firefighters could not get close to the building when the fire fighting. At the same time, the once under the curtain wall there is a fire hydrant, fire pump design the junction, because of the fire wall chunks off. The fire fighting facilities will be unable to use, and easy to lead to save the personnel casualties. 2)The climb, the skirt building, with sides ladders and export design The high civil buildings of the code for fire protection design the first article 4.1.7 specified: the lower side of the high-rise building at least a long side or around a quarter of the length and not less than a long side length, should not be more than 5 m, decorate height more than four meters deep into the podium, and in the range of direct must have outdoor stairs or through the export of stairs. We in the fire fighting design to do my best to consider when standard compulsive regulation. Its significance is the race should be not less than 1/4 length around and not less than a long side of the length. Some rectangular building, especially in the plane of the polygon architecture should consider meet a long side of the length of the side for save; The second is in the face side must save Settings is through outdoor stairs or through the export of the stairs. Thirdly, is to the podium height and the requirements of the deep, its purpose is to make sure the climb back near the high building fire engines song of the need to rescue them. 3. The reasonable design of high-rise building up field A high-rise building up face was determined, and then to have to meet all kinds of the climb the ascent of the fire, the climb in the high civil buildings within the code for fire protection design of no rules express, often in the design easy to ignore. The field should be arranged in high-rise building save face side, at the same time, to combine the fire lane considered together. According to the current domestic fire up maximum length of 15.6 m, width and lane, leave room in, the site should not be less than 18 meters long 13 meters wide. The site is for the climb to fight fire