毕业论文-菠萝蛋白酶提取荸荠果胶的研究.doc

内江师范学院化学化工学院 毕毕 业业 论论 文文 论文题目: 菠萝蛋白酶提取荸荠果胶的研究 学生班级: 2010 级 1 班 专业: 化 学 学生姓名: 学号: 指导教师:职称: 论文提交日期: 2014 年 5 月 10 日 论文答辩日期: 2014 年 5 月 20 日 论文评阅人: 答辩小组长: 2014 年 5 月制 内江师范学院毕业论文（设计） 1 目 录 中英文摘要.2 1 前言3 2 实验材料.3 2.1 材料和试剂3 2.2 仪器4 3 实验方法.4 3.1 原料的处理4 3.2 荸荠果胶的提取4 3.3 荸荠果胶中总半乳糖醛酸含量的测定4 4 结果与讨论5 4.1 单因素对荸荠果胶提取的影响5 4.1.1 反应时间对提取的影响.5 4.1.2 酶用量对提取的影响.5 4.1.3 温度对提取的影响 .5 4.1.4 料液比对提取的影响.6 4.1.5 PH 值对提取的影响6 4.2 优化与验证7 4.3 产品检测8 5 结论8 参考文献10 声明.11 致谢.12 内江师范学院毕业论文（设计） 2 菠萝蛋白酶提取荸荠果胶的研究 摘 要：以荸荠皮为原料研究菠萝蛋白酶法提取荸荠果胶的最佳工艺条件。通过 荸荠皮果胶提取率为指标，研究提取温度、料液比、酶用量和 pH 值对果胶提取率的影 响。通过单因素实验和正交实验确定提取工艺，结果表明: 菠萝蛋白酶法提取荸荠皮果 胶的最佳工艺为温度 55 、料液比 1：18、加酶量 6mL 和 pH 值 8,在此条件下荸荠皮 中果胶提取率为 23.9%。 关键词: 菠萝蛋白酶;荸荠皮;果胶;提取率 内江师范学院毕业论文（设计） 3 Research of Bromelain Extract Water Chestnut pectin Abstract: The optimal process conditions for the extraction of water chestnut peel water chestnuts pectin materials research bromelin method. Rate as the index by Eleocharis tuberose peel pectin extraction, extraction temperature, ratio of material to liquid, enzyme dosage and effect of pH value on the pectin extraction rate. Through single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment to determine the extraction process, the result shows that: the optimum extraction technology of pectin from Eleocharis tuberose peel bromelin method for temperature 55 , solid-liquid ratio was 1:18, the amount of enzyme 6mL and pH value of 8, under the condition of water chestnut peel pectin extraction rate was 23.9%. Key words: Bromelain; Eleocharis tuberose peel; pectin; extrctiontion rate 内江师范学院毕业论文（设计） 4 菠萝蛋白酶提取荸荠果胶的研究 1 前言 果胶是一种广泛存在于高等植物细胞壁中无毒、无刺激性，颜色为白色至黄褐色粉末 的多糖类植物胶,并在水果和蔬菜中多以不溶于水的原果胶存在, 可在适度酸的作用下, 形成可溶性果胶并稳定存在, 但在强酸强碱下都易解聚1。果胶在我们日常生活中应用很 广泛，主要具有以下四点用途：（1）在食品工业上，果胶主要利用其凝胶性生产胶冻、 果 酱和软糖。 （2）在医药方面可用作止血剂和代血浆，也可用来治疗腹泻和重金属中毒等。 （3）用作乳化稳定剂和增稠剂以及黏结剂，我国规定可用于各类食品，按使用需求适量 生产。 （4）多用于化妆水、酸性牙粉等,由于它在碱性介质中不够稳定,因此不能用于碱性 化妆品。 荸荠原产印度，中国主要分布于广西、江苏和安徽等低洼地区,荸荠球茎约含碳水化 合物21%，蛋白质1.5%。荸荠在我们日常生活中一般具有以下五点用途：（1）可生食或熟 食，也能用于加工罐藏以及用作提取淀粉的原料。 （2）在医药方面有止渴、消食、解热功 能。 （3）由于荸荠中含的磷是根茎类蔬菜中较高的，所以能促进人体生长发育和维持生理 功能的需要。 （4）荸荠果皮中含有较丰富的果胶，虽然果胶是不能提供能量的，但对人体 正常的生理代谢起着重要作用。 （5）多吃荸荠的人牙齿骨骼发育一般都很好，同时荸荠也 可以促进人体内的糖、脂肪、蛋白质三大物质代谢的转化和调节人体内酸碱度平衡，因此 儿童也可以大量食用荸荠。而据不完全统计，我国每年约消耗1500多吨果胶，其中80%均 为国外进口；因此对果胶生产工业进行研究生产出优质果胶，满足市场需求尤为重要2。 目前果胶的提取方法有以下几种：酶提取乙醇沉淀法、离子交换法、酸提取盐沉法以及微 生物法、离子交换法、膜分离技术、微波提取法、化学铁盐法，但酶法和膜分离法成本较 高3。超声波用于天然产物的辅助提取4。而提取果胶最成熟的方法是酶法，目前报道从 荸荠中提取果胶方法却只有酸法。本实验研究菠萝蛋白酶法对荸荠果胶进行提取，考察反 应时间、酶用量、温度、料液比、pH值对果胶提取的影响 。 2 实验材料 2.1 材料和试剂 新鲜荸荠皮（购于四川内江市临江小区菜市场） ；YY10508-25g菠萝蛋白酶（上海 源叶生物科技有限公司） 、无水乙醇（99.7%） 、一水合柠檬酸（成都金山化学试剂有限 公司） 、柠檬酸三钠（成都市新都区木兰镇工业开发区） 、盐酸（0.5mol/L） 、氢氧化钠 （0.1mol/L） 、活性炭、标准邻苯二甲酸氢钾缓冲溶液。 内江师范学院毕业论文（设计） 5 缓冲溶液的配制：称取21.014g柠檬酸配成1000mL溶液，称取29.014g柠檬酸三钠配 成1000mL溶液，按比例混合（柠檬酸三钠溶液与柠檬酸溶液混合）调节pH后，用pH计 精确调节pH值。 菠萝蛋白酶溶液的配制：精确称取0.02g活力值500U/mg的菠萝蛋白酶，配成 100mL溶液，现配现用。 2.2 仪器 DF-101S集热式恒温加热磁力搅拌器（郑州长城科技工贸有限公司） ；TD5-1台式低 速离心机（四川蜀科仪器有限公司） ；pHS-3E精密pH计（上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公 司） ；BT-323S电子天平（北京赛多利斯仪器系统有限公司） ；电热鼓风干燥箱（上海一 恒科学仪器有限公司） ；SHZ-C型循环水式多用真空泵（巩义市英峪仪器厂） ；600克摇 摆式高速万能粉碎机（温岭市林大机械有限公司） ；HH-S2数显恒温水浴锅（金坛市医 疗仪器厂） 。 3 实验方法 3.1 原料的处理 洗净新鲜的荸荠皮，将荸荠皮在沸水中煮5min左右，并用煮沸过的沸水冲洗数次以 除去部分可溶性的糖，沥干水分，在5560下烘24小时。用粉碎机粉碎35min，并 用100目筛进行过筛。将制好的荸荠皮粉密封存放在干燥器中备用。 3.2 荸荠果胶的提取 准确称取3g已制备好的荸荠皮粉于250mL烧杯中，加入一定体积已调节好pH值的 缓冲（柠檬酸/林檬酸三钠）溶液，再向烧杯中加入一定体积浓度为0.02%g/L、活力值 500U/mg的菠萝蛋白酶溶液，用保鲜膜盖住烧杯并将烧杯置于水浴锅中（控制一定温 度）不断搅拌，反应一定时间后，立即将烧杯内的溶液一并转移到95的数显恒温水浴 锅中灭酶5min，趁热离心取上层清液，将滤渣用煮沸的水冲洗23次并合并滤液（若 滤液有颜色可加少量活性炭进行吸附再过滤，滤液不纯将其过滤为清液） 。向滤液中加 入99.7%的无水乙醇溶液（加入乙醇的量为滤液体积一倍多为好）并不断搅拌，过一会 就明显可以观察到加入无水乙醇后析出白色絮状物，放置1小时后用布氏漏斗过滤，用 75%的乙醇溶液洗涤沉淀23次，产品置于4550的干燥箱中干燥、称重、计算提取 率，平行实验35次。 3.3 荸荠果胶中总半乳糖醛酸含量的测定 参考GB 25533-2010食品添加剂果胶中方法进行荸荠果胶中总半乳糖醛酸含量的 测定18。 荸荠果胶提取率：粗提率=（粗果胶质量/荸荠皮粉的质量）*100% 内江师范学院毕业论文（设计） 6 荸荠果胶的纯度计算：总半乳糖醛酸百分含量 X（%）=（V1+V2）*19.41*100%/m2 4 结果与讨论 4.1 单因素对荸荠果胶提取的影响 4.1.1 反应时间对提取的影响 控制提取温度为55，缓冲溶液的pH为6，料液比为1:22，用0.02%g/L的菠萝蛋白 酶6mL；分别控制提取时间为1h、1.5h、2.0h、2.5h、3.0h，测定荸荠果胶的提取率。结 果表明（如图1所示）：随着反应时间的增长, 果胶的提取率逐渐增高, 在提取时间为 1.5h 时最好, 但继续随着提取时间的延长, 果胶提取率反而降低，并且在 2.0h2.5h 时果胶提取率趋于平缓，这可能是提取出的果胶随着提取时间增长被分解了, 从提取效 率上来讲：大量浪费时间却产量不佳，所以说明浸提时间以 1.5h 为最佳, 浸提时间过 长或过短都会影响荸荠果胶提取率。 图1 反应时间对提取的影响 图2 加酶量对提取的影响 Fig. 1 Effect of reaction time on Extraction Fig. 2 Effect of enzyme concentration on the extraction 4.1.2 酶用量对提取的影响 控制提取温度为55，缓冲溶液的pH为6，料液比为1:22，提取时间为1.5h，分别 用0.02%g/L的菠萝蛋白酶为2mL、4mL、6mL、8mL、10mL反应，测定荸荠果胶的提取 率。结果表明（如图2所示）：当加入酶量低于 6mL 时, 果胶提取率随加入菠萝蛋白 酶用量的增加而逐渐上升；当加酶量超过 6mL 时, 随加入菠萝蛋白酶的量越多果胶提 取率反而降低。故加酶量以6mL为佳。 4.1.3 温度对提取的影响 控制提取时间为1.5h，缓冲溶液的pH为6，料液比为1:22，用0.02%g/L的菠萝蛋白 酶6mL；分别控制提取温度为40、45、50、55、60、65，测定荸荠果胶的 提取率。结果表明（如图3所示）：当温度低于 55 时, 果胶提取率随浸提温度的升 高而逐渐增高； 当温度超过 55 时, 随浸提温度的升高果胶提取率反而逐渐降低。 内江师范学院毕业论文（设计） 7 这可能是由于菠萝蛋白酶有其反应的最适温度。温度过低, 达不到最大活性, 温度过高 导致菠萝蛋白酶酶变性失活, 使果胶提取率下降, 影响果胶产量1, 故浸提温度以 55 为佳，浸提温度过高或过低都会影响荸荠果胶提取率。 图3 温度对提取的影响 图4 料液比对提取的影响 Fig. 3 Effect of temperature on Extraction Fig. 4 Effect of ratio of material to liquid on Extraction 4.1.4 料液比对提取的影响 控制提取温度为55，缓冲溶液的pH为6，提取时间为1.5h，用0.02%g/L的菠萝蛋 白酶体积为6mL，分别控制料液比为1:12、1:18、1:22、1:25、1:30，测定荸荠果胶的提 取率。结果表明（如图4所示）：在料液比不同的条件下, 果胶的提取率也不相同。料 液比由 1:12 增加到 1:22 时, 果胶的提取率升高较慢；继续再增加料液比，提取率升 高幅度较大，直到料液比大于 1:25 时,果胶的提取率随料液比的增加而降低。故料液 比为 1:25 时最佳。 4.1.5 pH值对提取的影响 控制提取温度为55，提取时间为1.5h，料液比为1:25，用6mL浓度为0.02%g/L的 菠萝蛋白酶，分别用pH为3、4、5、6、7、8的缓冲溶液调节pH，测定不同酸度下荸荠 果胶的提取率。结果表明（如图5所示）：在不同的pH值条件下, 果胶的提取率也不相 同。在pH值小于 6 时, 果胶的提取率随pH值的升高而逐渐升高； 在pH值大于 6 时, 果胶的提取率随pH值的升高反而降低。所以菠萝蛋白酶液酸度pH值为 6 较为合适。 内江师范学院毕业论文（设计） 8 图5 pH值对提取的影响 Fig. 5 Effect of pH value on Extraction 4.2 优化与验证 根据单因素实验的结果，分别对提取温度、提取所需的酶体积量、pH值、提取所 需的料液比等因素对果胶提取率最大的3个组进行Lg(34)正交试验来优化提取荸荠皮中 果胶的最佳工艺参数。并对正交实验进行设计和实验结果分析（如下表所示） 。 表1 正交实验设计 水平 温度（） /A 料液比/B酶用量 （mL）/C pH 值/D 1 50 1:18 4 6 2 55 1:22 6 7 3 60 1:25 8 8 内江师范学院毕业论文（设计） 9 表2 正交实验结果 方差分析结果表明，第8组果胶提取率最高。结合极差分析可知B因素（料液比） 的极差最大，D因素（pH值）的极差次之，因此料液比和pH值为试验果胶提取率的重 要因素，适当增加浸提液的料液比和pH值，对荸荠皮果胶提取率影响较大。从节约能 源和减少污染的角度综合考虑，A2B1C2D3为试验条件的最佳组合，即在浸提温度在 55、浸提料液比为1:18、0.02%的菠萝蛋白酶用量为6mL、浸提pH为8的条件下可得到 果胶的最大产量（即A2B1C2D3条件下提取工艺最佳） 。在此优化的工艺条件下，其果胶 的提取率达23.9% 。 4.3 产品检测 经测定总半乳糖醛酸百分含量 X（%）=52.02%，不符合国家 GB 25533-2010食 品添加剂 果胶中纯度（65%）和美国药典 USP 32-NF27 中果胶纯度（74%）要求， 纯度有待进一步提高。 5 结论 荸荠皮中含有比较丰富的果胶，利用荸荠皮提取果胶，既解决了荸荠带来的环境污 染问题，又为食品、医药品以及化妆品工业增加了新的果胶物质来源。本实验通过单因 素试验和正交试验分析得到菠萝蛋白酶提取荸荠皮果胶的最佳组合为：浸提温度在55、 水平温度（） /A 料液比/B酶用量 （ml）/C pH 值/D产量 /（g） 提取率 /（%） 1 50 1:18 4 6 0.669 22.3 2 55 1:22 6 7 0.624 20.8 3 60 1:25 8 8 0.530 17.7 4 50 1:25 4 7 0.606 20.2 5 55 1:18 6 8 0.671 22.4 6 60 1:22 8 6 0.677 22.6 7 50 1:22 4 8 0.559 18.6 8 55 1:25 6 6 0.686 22.7 9 60 1:18 8 7 0.547 17.2 K1 20.267 20.967 20.400 19.733 K2 21.767 20.667 22.633 19.567 K3 19.833 20.200 19.500 22.533 R 1.934 3.133 0.767 2.966 优水平 A2 B1 C2 D3 0.707 23.9 主次顺序 CDAB 优组合 A2B1C2D3 内江师范学院毕业论文（设计） 10 浸提料液比为1:18、0.02%的菠萝蛋白酶用量为6mL、浸提pH为8，果胶提取率可达到 23.9%，明显高于正交试验中的各组试验结果，纯度达52.02%。该方法的提取纯度有待 提高，望广大读者在此基础上继续研究。 参考文献 内江师范学院毕业论文（设计） 11 1 戴余军, 丁文, 石会军. 纤维素酶提取柑桔皮果胶工艺条件的研究J. 河北农业大学学报, 2011, 34(2):7175. 2 张娜, 陈锦屏, 严静, 李仁杰. 柿皮果胶纤维素酶法提取工艺J. 食品科学工艺技术, 2011, 32(12) :161163. 3 詹歌, 周兴虎, 屠康, 等. 荸荠皮果胶的酸法提取工艺J. 食品与物技术学报, 2010, 29(6):859864. 4 余先纯, 李湘苏, 韩大良 等. 超声波联合果胶酸酶提取柚皮果胶的工艺研究J. 食品工业科技, 2013, 34(01):164167. 5 赵莎莎, 姚晓丽, 吴旻丹, 等. 酶法提取猕猴桃皮和渣中果胶的工艺研究J.安徽农业科学, 2011, 39(12):70977100. 6 马红恩, 邓天发, 白先放, 等. 酶法提取柚子皮果胶的研究J.食品与药品, 2013, 15(1):3033 7 高 雪, 蔡伟玉, 吴礼文, 等. 酶法脱酯从柚皮中制取低甲氧基果胶的工艺研究J.北方园艺, 2011, (09) :191193. 8 韩冬梅, 廖小军, 李淑燕, 胡小松. 酶法制取橙皮果胶的研究J.食品工业科技, 2011, 32(02):183 186. 9 Chocw , Leedy, Kimcw. Concent ration and purificationo fsoluble pectin from mandarin peels using crssflow microf il tration system J . Carbohydrate Polymer s,2003, 54(1) : 21- 26. 10 赵广河, 沈育林, 陈振林. 酸法与酶法提取香蕉皮果胶工艺比较J.广东农业科学, 2013, (12): 104106. 11 王丽华. 西瓜果胶提取工艺研究J. 安微科技, 2002,(10):4143. 12 Maxim K, Irina S, Yuri K.The effect s of low-esterified pect in on leadinducedthy-roid injury in rats J . Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,2004, 17: 6771. 13 苏艳玲, 郝更新, 赵红梅, 等. 纤维素酶法提取柑橘皮果胶J. 晋中学院学报, 2009, 26(03):6870. 14 王卉, 黄朝晖, 徐云升, 等. 香蕉皮果胶纤维素酶法提取工艺J. 农业工程, 2013, 3(04):7476. 15 高梦祥, 陈政伟. 用酒精法从西瓜皮中提取果胶J. 陕西农业科学, 2005, (01):2930. 16李春海. 脐橙皮果胶的提取工艺研究J. 广东石油化工学院学报, 2012, 22(1): 814. 17王芳, 淡小艳, 任丹亚, 等. 西柚果皮中果胶的提取工艺优化J. 广东农业科学, 2012, (18):108 117. 18食品添加果胶S.中国标准出版社2010，(12):34. 声 明 内江师范学院毕业论文（设计） 12 本人声明所呈交的毕业论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究成果。除文中特别加以 标注和致谢的地方，论文不包含其他人已经发表或撰写的研究成果，也不包含为获得内 江师范学院或者其他教育机构的学位或毕业证书而使用过的材料。 本毕业论文成果是本人在内江师范学院读书期间在导师的指导下取得的，论文成果 归内江师范学院所有，特此声明。 学生： 2012 年 5 月 18 日 致 谢 内江师范学院毕业论文（设计） 13 值此论文完成之际，衷心感谢我的指导教师王碧老师的悉心指导和热情帮助。王碧 老师在我的毕业论文的整个过程给予了极大的指导，从论文的选题、文献的采集、实验 的设计、实验的指导、结构的布局到最终的论文定稿，从内容到格式，从标题到标点， 他都费尽心血。没有王碧老师的辛勤劳作、不厌其烦，就没有我论文的顺利完成，在此 表示衷心的感谢。同时，感谢内江师范学院化学化工学院所有的领导和老师们在我的大 学生涯里悉心的指导和帮助，正是他们无私的奉献才教会了我如何学习，如何做人，如 何做事。 也感谢我的家人，同学，朋友对我一如既往的支持使我能够继续去追求自己的人生 理想和目标，愿他们身体健康，万事如意！ 衷心感谢参加我论文评阅和答辩的各位老师！ 最后，感谢培育我的母校！ 吉克木呷 2014 年 5 月于内江 内江师范学院毕业论文（设计） 14 为你提供优秀的毕业论文参考资料，请您删除以下内容，为你提供优秀的毕业论文参考资料，请您删除以下内容，O(_)O 谢谢！谢谢！A large group of tea merchants on camels and horses from Northwest Chinas Shaanxi province pass through a stop on the ancient Silk Road, Gansus Zhangye city during their journey to Kazakhstan, May 5, 2015. The caravan, consisting of more than 100 camels, three horse-drawn carriages and four support vehicles, started the trip from Jingyang county in Shaanxi on Sept 19, 2014. It will pass through Gansu province and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, and finally arrive in Almaty, formerly known as Alma-Ata, the largest city in Kazakhstan, and Dungan in Zhambyl province. The trip will cover about 15,000 kilometers and take the caravan more than one year to complete. The caravan is expected to return to Jingyang in March 2016. Then they will come back, carrying specialty products from Kazakhstan A small art troupe founded six decades ago has grown into a household name in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. In the 1950s, Ulan Muqir Art Troupe was created by nine young musicians, who toured remote villages on horses and performed traditional Mongolian music and dances for nomadic families. The 54-year-old was born in Tongliao, in eastern Inner Mongolia and joined the troupe in 1975.He says there are 74 branch troupes across Inner Mongolia and actors give around 100 shows every year to local nomadic people. “I can still recall the days when I toured with the troupe in the early 80s. We sat on the back of pickup trucks for hours. The sky was blue, and we couldnt help but sing the folk songs,“ Nasun says. The vastness of Inner Mongolia and the lack of entertainment options for people living there, made their lives lonely. “The nomadic people were very excited about our visits,“ Nasun recalls. “We didnt have a formal stage. The audience just sat on the grass. Usually, the performances became a big party with local people joining in.“ For him, the rewarding part about touring isnt just about sharing art with nomadic families but also about gaining inspiration for the music and dance. Ulan Muqir literally translates as “red burgeon“, and todays performers of the troupe still tour the regions villages and entertain nomadic families, but their fame has spread around the world. On May 16 and 17, nearly 100 singers and dancers from the troupe performed at Beijings Poly Theater. Their show, titled Ulan Muqir on the Grassland, depicted the history and development of the art troupe. “Being from the region allowed me to embrace the culture of Inner Mongolia and being a member of the troupe showed me where I belonged,“ Nasun, the art troupes president, who is also a renowned tenor, tells China Daily. During a tour in 1985, he went to a village and met an elderly local man, who told him a story about his friendship with a solider from Shenyang, capital of Northeast Chinas Liaoning province, decades ago. The solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. The story inspired Nasun to write Carved Saddle, a song that later became one of his most popular numbers. Now, every year, Nasun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. The troupe has also designed a new repertoire, which is mostly based on the daily lives of Mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has combined contemporary musical elements with folk songs of the region. Haimu, a 25-year-old khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe three years ago. Along with a six-member band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writesall while playing the horse-head fiddle.“Although I learned the piano since childhood and grew up listening to various kinds of music, to me, the folk music of Inner Mongolia is the root,“ he says. “Performing in remote villages is pleasant. I feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled.“ The first round of spring auction season in Beijing ended last week, but it failed to create much spring in the art market. Although two pieces of Chinese painting fetched more than 100 million yuan, the decline in trading volume and sa le rate showed a downturn this year. In the “Grand View: Chinese Painting Highlight” session at China Guardian 2015 spring auctions, Pan Tianshous representative work Eagle, Rock and Flora hit a record auction price of 279 million yuan, while Li Kerans masterwork Jinggang Mountain fetched 126.5 million yuan, an unexpected high in recent years. However, the trading volume fells to 1.87 billion yuan from 2.22 billion yuan in the same period the year before. The Huangchen 2015 Spring Auctions, which recorded 42.5 million yuan in total sales, experienced the same. The section number went down to 5 from 12 compared to last year. According to expert Shao Jianwu, the art market did not attract much excitement this year due to the booming stock market and the persistent problems of forgery and fake deals. The two pieces of Chinese painting notched up high price this spring due to their own value not due to a revival in the market. “The successful transaction of two works with a hammer price of more than 100 million yuan once again confirms that valuable and rare works of high quality always earn the long-lasting high price. Chinese painting and calligraphy is still the pillar of the market. However, the overall sales rate has dropped slightly, which reflects the demand for the ordinary auction goods has weakened,” said the president of China Guardians Hu Yanyan. “Besides, the entry of new buyers also makes certain changes to the direction of purchasing. In a word, the overall market trend is very unpredictable. Although China Guardian 2015 Spring Auctions has achieved remarkable results, it does not mean that the market has walked out of the predicament. We still have to wait for the big economic boom to invigorate the art market.” Even so, the hot pursuit of some special items appeared this spring. A special session of China Guardian Spring Auctions titled “Fine GiltBronze Buddhist Images” achieved a great deal with total sales volume of 41.89 million yuan and 92 percent sale rate. The 5th Shamar Rinpoche Statue from 16-17th century of Tibet was sold for 5.06 million yuan. The Beijing Chengxuan Auctions featured almost 2,800 items of coins and stamps in three sessions with good sale rate. The Huachen Auctions also set a special session of photographs under the condition of large-scale decline of auction sessions. There was a palpable dull thud of disappointment that accompanied the return of the imperial entourage of Zhen Huan to her homeland. It followed a couple years of hushed excitement as Chinese fans were fed tidbits about their proud concubine who was supposed to conquer the high ground of the North American market. Zhen Huan is, of course, the title character of The Legend of Zhen Huan, a 2011 television series that swept China off its feet and later took other Asian countries by storm. Two years ago, it was reported that HBO, a premium cable service headquartered in the United States, was going to air it in North America after some modification. Now, a condensed version that provides English subtitles but no dubbing has finally been made available on Netflix for online streaming. This version, highly anticipated as a milestone in Chinas cultural foray overseas, has been widely panned by its home audience. Retitled Empresses in the Palace, the American version has been shortened from its original 76 episodes at 45 minutes each, to six 90-minute episodes. The quick pacing threw off many native viewers, who are accustomed to a more leisurely daytime-soap-style narrative rhythm. (Chinese TV stations would run two or three episodes every day.) I did not finish the full-length version and found the truncated one not difficult to follow. Whats lost, I believe, are the interesting setups and pauses that illuminate the Chinese art of storytelling. Much of the plot is still there. It is the flavor that was sacrificed. The American edition uses the framework of the Empress Dowager in her senior years reminiscing at the beginning and the end of each episode, hinting at whats to come and recapping the key points. This device, not used in the original, is culturally understandable but artistically mediocre. What puzzles me is the two new songs for the opening and end credits. They were written in English, but sung by Chinese with an uncomfortable accent. They were obviously designed to appeal to an English-speaking base, but do not jibe with the Chinese dialogue. Speaking of the dialogue, the English translation, picked apart by some Chinese, is too literal for my taste. I can imagine a typical American hit by a flurry of royal ranks, addresses and greetings, even multiple names and titles for the same person. The first half hour must be a swamp to wade through, very much like my experience of getting through a Tolstoy tome with its endless inflections of names transliterated into lengthy Chinese. I see the choice of verbatim translation as an effort for conveying exotica. It is fairly competent, with no