高中虚拟语气用法讲解.doc

飞跃培训英语资源集（内部使用）虚拟语气用法讲解语气 (mood)是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。英语中的语气有三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。直陈语气(indicative mood),表示所说的话是事实。祈使语气 (imperative mood),表示所说的话是请求或命令。虚拟语气(subjunctive mood),表示所说的话不是事实或不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一、与现在事实相反 连接词条件从句结果从句If1.动词过去式(动词be一律用were)2.助动词过去式（should ,would, might, could）+动词原形should（表示应该，责备的语气）would(表示意愿) + 动词原形could (表示能够)might (表示可能)If had the time, John would make a trip to China to see the Great Wall.If I were you, I would give up drinking immediately.二、与将来事实相反连接词条件从句结果从句If1.should+动词原形2.动词过去式3. were to+动词原形shouldwould + 动词原形couldmightIf you should lose, what would you do? If I were to permitted to Tsinghua University/Central Art College，my parents would be quite happy。If you went there next time, you would see what I mean.三、与过去事实相反If I had studied harder during my school times，I would have cherished time more。If Alice hadnt gone shopping in the mall last Sunday，she would havent met her old friend Daisy。连接词条件从句结果从句Ifhad+过去分词should would + have+过去分词couldmightIf Id known that it was going to rain, I would never have gone for a walk in the country.四、省略连词if的虚拟语气如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were，had和should时，可省略if，把were，had和should放到从句主语前面去，多见于书面语。Had you not helped me，I should have failed.要是没有你的帮助，我就失败了。Were you in my position, you would do the same. 假如你处在我的地位，你也会这样干的。Should they attack us, well wipe them out completely. 假如他们进攻我们，我们就把他们彻底消灭干净。注意：表否定意义的虚拟句写成倒装形式时，not 不提前。如：If I werent there = Were I not there.五、混合型的条件句当条件从句中的动作和结果从句中的动作发生的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应，这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时（指过去行为），而主句用一般时（指目前状态）。If he had followed the doctors advice, he would be quite all right now.If I had spoken to him yesterday , I should know what to do now. 如条件从句用if I were.，主句则可用表任何时间的虚拟形式。If I were not busy, I would have come.If I were you, I would have gone home.六、虚拟语气在从句中的应用虚拟语气除主要用于条件句（也就是状语从句）外，还可用于主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句等。（一）主语从句中的虚拟语气在It is (was)+形容词 / 过去分词+that引导的主语从句句型中，主语从句要用虚拟语气。主语从句的谓语用should+动词原形(或should+have+过去分词)或只用动词原形(尤其是美国英语)。necessary，important，best, right, impossible，preferable，desirable, imperative（紧要的，必要的）, advisable，essential，reserved，urgent，reserved，natural, strange, suggested，settled, required，requested，demanded，urged，decided, proposed，ordered，desired，advised,a pity,动词完成式should have done(should) + 动词原形 It is (was) that It is right that you should have done your homework.Its important that we（should）work out a plan. （带有“要求”的含义）Its better that he go at once. （带有“建议”的意思）It is a pity that she should fare so badly.用于本句型中的过去分词主要是表示建议、要求、命令等意义的过去分词。It is requested that Professor Liu（should）give us a lecture Im ashamed you should have done such a thing. It has been suggested that the meeting（should）be put off有人建议推迟会议。注意：如果不是表示建议、要求、命令等语气，而是陈述事实，这种句型中的主语从句用陈述语气。It was important that he made an explicit statement on this score last week. （二）宾语从句中的虚拟语气表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，其谓语形式为（should）+动词原形。这类动词有suggest，request，demand，urge，propose，prefer，advise，insist，require，order，command，maintain，ask，object, arrange, desire等。The doctor suggested that he not go there医生建议他不要去那里。He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。 (should) + 动词原形 suggest, advise, recommend, demand, require, insist, urge, request, order, decide, ask, move, propose, that 注意：insist不表示“坚持认为”、suggest不表示建议，而是陈述事实的时候，后面从句应该用陈述语气。（三）虚拟语气在表语从句中的应用名词suggestion，proposal，order，advice，demand等作主语，其后的表语从句中的谓语动词一般使用虚拟语气，用should +动词原形或省略should。My suggestion is that we (should) send a few soldiers to help them. He makes the demand that she (should) leave the place at once.注意：虚拟语气也可以用于同位语从句。There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.（离队）七、一些特殊句型虚拟语气的用法1.wish的用法与现在事实相反：过去式（were）主语wish(that)主语 与过去事实相反：过去完成式或could/would/might have done与将来事实相反：could/would/might+动词原形I wish I were a pop singer. (=I am sorry I am not a pop singer.)I wish you would stay a little longer.我希望你再待一会儿。We wish you had come to our New Years party.我们真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会。注意wish与hope后面接宾语从句的区别：hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气；wish表示很难或不大可能实现的希望，宾语从句用虚拟语气。试比较：We hope they will come, (We dont know if they can come.)We wish they could come, (We know they are not coming.)2.as if, as though, would rather, had rather等引导的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。 表示与现在和将来事实相反，用一般过去时 表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时I would rather you came tomorrow.我宁愿你明天来。He acts as if nothing had happened.I would rather you didnt tell him.3.常用在Its (high) time that句型中，从句谓语用动词过去式或should+动词原形，should不可省。如：It is time the children went to bed.孩子们该上床睡觉了。（表示催促）Its high time (that) we took some action. 我们早该4.if only常常用来表达强烈的愿望或遗憾，因此多用虚拟语气。常译为“但愿”、“要是该多好啊”等。默认为与过去事实相反，谓语可用过去时、过去完成时或could+完成时三种形式。例如：If only I were as clever as you！要是我像你一样聪明该多好！ If only he had known about it!他那时要是知道这件事该多好！ If only you could have been here earlier that day!要是你那天再早点到这就好了。 5.有些动词，如think, expect, believe，其否定式的宾语从句亦可用should+动词原形。如：I never thought he should refuse.我万没有想到他会拒绝。She did not expect that you should come.她没有预料你会来。八、不用if引导的条件从句（含蓄条件句）虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况。1) 条件暗含在短语中，包括连接词、不定式、分词、介词、名词等。如：But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。(暗含在分词短词but for your help)What would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在介词短语without you 中)It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语 to do it this way中)This same thing, happening in wartime, amount to disaster. 同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime 中)He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。总结：but for、without后面接的是事实，or接的是虚拟。除此外，还可用when, unless, lest, suppose, for fear, in case, on condition 等词语来引导。The peasants prepared to feed the city when it should be freed. 农民已准备在这座城市解放后供给粮食。Lest you should not have heard all, I shall begin at the beginning. 我怕你没有听全，所以我再从头开始讲一遍。Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at school. 除非我好了，否则我不会上学。Suppose / Supposing you were give