如何做好阅读理解题.ppt

阅读理解解题技巧 寻找主题句 n一篇文章通常围绕一个中心思想展开。各段之 间存在着内在的逻辑联系，构成一个有机的整 体。每段都有一个句子表达这个段落的中心思 想，这个句子叫主题句（Topic Sentence ）， 其他句子则围绕主题句进行说明或阐述；整篇 文章就是通过这些主题句表现出来的。大多数 主题句出现在段落的第一句，有一小部分出现 在尾句，但也有在段落中间的。 n主题句的特点是： n相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括； n主题句一般结构简单； n段落中其他句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展 主题句所表达的思想的。 n正确地找到主题句，并搞清它的意思对理解整 篇文章是十分重要的，是我们做阅读理解练习 时的必要步骤。 n下面举几个例子说明： nIn the United States, most people who live in cities and small towns receive their mails at home. Letters are delivered to the familys door everyday. Some people have boxes or baskets for letters are delivered by pushing through an opening in the door. Large packages are sometimes left beside the door. n这段里，除第一句外，其他几句讲的全是关于 邮件是如何送到家的，即在美国，多数城市和 小镇居民是在家取邮件的。因此，这一段开头 一句代表了全段的中心，是主题句。主题句放 在句首，有利于吸引读者。 nOne of the most important uses of gold is for money. Gold can be used to make rings, earrings, and other things. Gold is also used to make gold leaf, a very flat ribbon of gold that is often used on pictures frames. Cups and dishes can also be made from gold. Gold has many uses. n本段主要列举了金子的一些用途。 根据上述 细节， 最后一句做出较概括的结论，即“金子 有多种用途”。这种带结论性的句子应视为主 题句。主题句位于句尾， 可使观点或意图更 容易为读者所接受。 nHow many languages are there in the world? There are about 15 hundred, but many of them are not very important. English is one of the most important because so many people use it, not only in England and the U.S.A., but in other parts of the world. About 200,000,000 speak it as their own language, and another 200,000,000 use it as a second language. It is difficult to say how many people are learning it. Many millions of schoolboys and schoolgirls are trying to do so. n本段第一句以设问的方式引出第一段要论述的 主题，而主题则由随之引出的句子来表述。 English is one of the most important because so many people use it, not only in England and the U.S.A., but in other parts of the world.是本段主题句。然后最后三句对主题句 作了进一步的解释。 理解细节 n一篇或一段文章有了主题句， 确定了主题思 想之后，作者还必须发展主题思想，提供与主 题句相联系的具体细节，如事实、数字、例子 等。一般说来，英语的段落类型有分析型、描 写型、对比型和定义型等。作者通过分析事物 发展的步骤、过程，分析原因、结果；通过描 述细节；通过比较两种或多种事物的相同之处 ，对比同类事物的不同之处和通过解释概念、 论述意义等方法阐述文章或段落的主题思想。 nDays and nights on the moon are very long. One day on the moon is as long as two weeks on the earth. One night is also as long as two weeks on the earth. In the daytime, the moon is very hot:120.The nights are very cold :-150. A man on the moon would quickly freeze to death in the night time if he did not wear special clothes. In the day time it would be hot to live without special clothes. The moon is much hotter and much colder than the earth. n在本段中， 作者通过对照月球和地球上的某 些自然现象，阐述主题思想， 通过比较月球 和地球推导出结论，即Days and nights on the moon are very long(首句).The moon is much hotter and much colder than the earth.(尾句). nThe search for ways of preserving foods is not new. Primitive men learned that he could make foods by drying them. The Indians, for example, hung deer meant in the sun. The greatest single advance began in 1800 when a Frenchman discovered that he preserved certain foods by sealing them in jars and keeping the air from them. This was the start of the can industry which bring us many foods in all seasons. n在本段中， 主题句为第一话：The search for ways of preserving foods is not new. 作者通 过列举“原始人和印地安人如何保存食物”的细 节，通过分析“法国人因为用坛子密封食物而 引发了罐头工业的发展”的方法，发展了主题 思想。 nThe name “television” comes from the Greek word “tele”, meaning “far”, and the Latin word ”videre”, meaning “to see”. Thus, “television” means “seeing far.” n在本段中，作者通过television”一词的来源的 解释，引出主题思想：“Television” means “seeing far”.(尾句)。 猜测词义 n要求考生根据上下文的内容对某个生词或短语 等进行词语释义，利用猜字技巧选出正确答案 。 n因此学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，是 十分重要的。 n这里介绍几种猜测生词词义的方法： n）根据上下文的提示猜测生词词义; 根据定义 或解释猜测生词词义 n例如：A bookmark is something put between the pages of a book to mark the place. n假定bookmark 是生词，根据下文提供的解释 ，可猜出它的词义是“书签”。 n）根据同位语、同义词、反义词等猜测词义 n例如：The new edifice, a twenty-four-storey building, was completed last month. nEdifice 是生词， 但它同位语a twenty-four- storey building 告诉我们edifice的词义是“建筑 物”。 n）根据语义情景性或逻辑性的线索猜测词义 n例如：He is a learned professor and can speak any languages from Japanese to Swahili. n教授很博学，能讲许多语言，有日语等还有 Swahili。显然， Swahili 是一种语言（斯瓦西 里语）。 n）根据构词猜测生词词义 n例如：As the disease developed to its advanced stage, the cancer is inoperable. nInoperable 一词可分成in-oper-(ate)-able 三个 词。其中前缀表示“否定”，词干为 “手术”，后 缀表示“能够的”， 这样我们可猜出inoperable 的意思是“不动手术的”。假定本句中advanced 一词是生词， 我们可以结合语义情景和逻辑线 索猜测：晚期癌症不可动手术。 那么， advanced stage 的意思是“晚期”。 n5）利用因果关系 nThe lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again. n从后面的结果“永远不能再运动“中，可以推测 permanent. 综合概括 n不是所有的文章或段落都有主题句。有时文章 的主题思想是通过对细节的陈述或概括各段的 主题思想，含蓄地表达出来。因此，我们阅读 这样的文章时，应当首先记住作者所提供的事 实、观点和事件， 在大脑中形成初步印象，然 后根据作者提供的事实、观点和事件，综合归 纳成一般性的概念。 n不论是“记忆”还是“归纳”，都要求同学们在阅读 过程中分析事实、细节，注意细节的安排的方 式，如：按重要的程度安排细节，按时间顺序 安排细节，按空间顺序安排细节， 还是一个一 个地列举事实和细节；注意细节与细节间的内 在联系， 最后做出简明的概括。 n请看下面的例子： nMrs Turners telephone number was 3463;the number of the cinema in her town was 3464, people often made a mistake and telephoned her when they actually wanted the cinema. nOne evening the telephone bell rang and Mrs Turner answered it . A tired mans voice came over the telephone: ”At what time does your last film begin?” ”Im sorry”, said Mrs Turner, “but you have the wrong number. This is not the cinema.” n“Oh, It began twenty minutes ago, ”said the man. “Im sorry about that. Well, goodbye.” nMrs Turner was very surprised, so she told her husband. He laughed and said, “ No, that wasnt a mistake. The mans wife wanted to go to the cinema, but he was feeling tired, so he telephoned the cinema. His wife heard him, but she didnt hear you. Now they will stay at home this evening, and the husband will be happy.” Q: Why was Mrs Turner surprised? Because the tired man _. A. wanted the cinema but called a wrong number. B. Asked her a silly question which she refused to answer C. Said something that had nothing to do with her answer. D. Was angry with himself for having made a mistake. n本题答案是C 。 n从文章中可看出：打电话的人第二次讲的话与 Turner夫人的回答毫无联系，因此可确定C 是正 确的答案。答案A 是错误的，因为那个错误的电 话并未使 Turn 夫人吃惊；答案B 和D 在文中没有 明确的记述，所以，不是正确答案。 做出判断 n在阅读过程中，“判断”是进一步理解文章内容 与深层含义的关键环节， 是一种主要的阅读 理解技巧。 n“判断”是以文章所提供事实为依据，经过分析 思考，作出唯一的，合理的决定。 n下面举一例来说明： nIn many factories, working conditions are poor. Workers have to spend eight to nine hours a day doing tiresome jobs in dirty surroundings. Cleaner working areas and better pay will improve the workers situation. But more thought and planning are needed to create better conditions under which workers can take real pride in their work and get satisfaction from their jobs. nAccording to the passage, what must bosses of factories think of? A. Better pay B. Cleaner working conditions C. Better pay and cleaner working conditions D. The workers total needs. n答案A和B 都仅仅是工厂老板应该想到的部分 内容。如果综合文章涉及的全部事实，答案C 才是最佳选择，即：工厂老板要考虑到工人的 全部需求。答案C 是被全部事实支撑着的合理 的判断。 n在作出判断时，应注意以下三点； n正确地获取证据，尽量考虑文章中的全部信息 和事实，真正理解其含义。 n对这些事实和信息，认真分析考虑，作出正确 的评价。 n在理解和评价的基础上，作出决定。在作出决 定时，切不可自行其事，偏离作者提供的事实 和信息。 n在阅读过程中，还必须在理解作者所叙述的内 容的基础上，根据作者的意图和文中所提供的 事实作出正确的结论。通常作者不总是直接告 诉读者他们想知道的某种结果。 n结论是根据证据所作出的唯一的决定。获得结 论是一个逻辑推理的过程。 n请看下面的例子： nJack was worried. He hated to leave Sue , but he couldnt do anything if he stayed. Only water, rest and food would help now. He turned away and stared on the climb. Behind him the empty water bag lay forgotten on the g