衡阳方言常用量词的变异与变化研究-语言学毕业论.doc

学校代码 10530 学 号 201330050968 分 类 号 H059 密 级 公 开 硕 士 学 位 论 文衡阳方言常用量词的变异与变化研究学 位 申 请 人： CC 指 导 教 师： AA 教授 学 院 名 称： 外国语学院 学 科 专 业： 外国语言学及应用语言学研 究 方 向： 理论语言学二零一六年六月六日A Study on the Variation and Change of Frequently Used Classifiers in Hengyang DialectCandidate Xie Hong Supervisor Prof. Li Suqiong College College of Foreign Languages Program Foreign Theoretical Linguistics and Applied LinguisticsSpecialization Theoretical Linguistics Degree Master of Arts University Xiangtan University Date June 6th, 2016 湘潭大学学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。作者签名：日期： 年 月 日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权湘潭大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。涉密论文按学校规定处理。作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日导师签名： 日期： 年 月 日Chinese Abstract摘要不同语言之间的接触日渐频繁，不可避免地会给人们的语言使用带来影响。语言的变异与变化不断产生，其中尤以词汇的变异与变化最为突出。随着社会生产力和社会文化水平的提高，衡阳方言和普通话的接触日趋频繁，方言中常用的量词在使用中发生了变异与变化。本研究主要探究以下三个方面的问题：（1）衡阳方言中常用量词发生了怎样的变异与变化？（2）不同的社会变量如年龄，性别，受教育水平，职业和会话场合是如何影响衡阳方言中常用量词的变异与变化的？（3）人们在使用不同形式的常用量词时抱有何种语言态度？本研究以社会语言学变异和变化理论为指导，以量词研究为基础，在衡阳本土抽取90人为调查对象，采取田野调查中的访谈法和观察法，共收集了225条常用量词实例，同时以问卷调查为补充，对衡阳方言中常用量词称谓变化情况进行了考察。最后借助GOLDVARB X 和 EXCEL（2007）软件对所得数据进行统计分析。研究发现，衡阳方言常用量词使用情况呈现明显的变异与变化现象。传统常用名量词和动量词的使用逐渐减少，而现代常用名量词和动量词的使用逐渐增多。引起这一变异与变化的原因既与量词自身发展有关，也跟社会变量的共同作用有关。一方面，女性较男性更喜欢使用变化后的量词；量词变化更多的发生在1840人群中，其中以学生和其它职业的人们使用变化后的量词的比例最高；教育水平在大学及大学以上的人群更倾向使用变化后的量词；正式场合中人们更偏爱使用变化后的量词。另一方面，尽管方言中常用名量词和动量词在使用中仍占优势，但是普通话中相应的名量词和动量词的使用范围呈扩大的趋势。绝大部分人对变化后的普通话中常用量词是接受的，他们认为这是社会实际的需要，但也有相当一部分中老年强调传承本土方言的重要性。方言常用量词使用的变异与变化反映了社会的发展。本研究为了解衡阳方言常用变量在社会发展背景下的变异与变化情况，深入方言研究与保护提供了一定的视角。受主客观因素共同限制，本研究收集的语料数目有待扩增，研究视角有待深入和升华。关键词：量词；衡阳方言；语言接触；语言变异与变化IVEnglish AbstractAbstractThe increasing contact between different languages has inevitably brought influence to peoples language use. Language variation and change have been appearing in peoples language usage, and as for all elements of languages themselves, there also will be variation and change, especially in terms of vocabularies. As the improvement of social productivity and social culture, Hengyang dialect and Putonghua have intensified their contact, which gives rise to the variation and change in frequently used classifiers of Hengyang dialect.The present study aims to investigate the following three questions: (1) What is the variation and change in terms of frequently used quantifiers? (2) How do different social factors like age, gender, education level, occupation and occasion affect the variation and change of frequently used quantifiers in Hengyang dialect? (3) What kind of language attitudes do local people have when they use different forms of frequently used classifiers? Under the guidance of the theory of language variation and change in sociolinguistics and based on pertinent studies of classifiers, the research analyzes the usage of frequently used classifiers of 90 Hengyang natives by adoption of the method of interview and observation, two forms of field research. A total 225 tokens have been gathered, and then to supply the research, a questionnaire survey is conducted to gain peoples attitudes towards the change. All data collected is processed statistically by GoldVarb X and Excel (2007). According to the investigation, the use of nominal classifiers and verbal classifiers from traditional language are slowly decreasing, while the use of nominal classifiers and verbal classifiers from modern language are gradually increasing. The reason for the change not only is related to internal factors of classifiers themselves but also is connected to the combined action of all social variables. On one hand, females are more inclined to use the altered classifiers than males; the highest frequency of the change frequently used classifiers emerges in people aged between 18 and 40; and students and people of other occupations turn out to be the main force of the altered frequently used classifiers. Besides, the subjects with an educational background of college and above are more possible to tend to use the changed classifiers; whats more, people in formal occasions more favor the changed ones than those in informal occasions. On the other hand, although the nominal classifiers and verbal classifiers of Hengyang dialect are still on the edge, the corresponding classifiers of Putonghua tend to expand in peoples daily use. The using situation of classifiers among people is gradually changing. From the above variation and change, we can conclude certain regulation that is of all the five chosen social variables, age and educational level have relatively less influence. From the outcome of questionnaire on language attitudes, an absolutely large proportion of people accept the altered frequently used classifiers because they think it is necessary for practical social interaction. Meanwhile, quite a few quinquagenarians express that it is of great significance to inherit the local dialect. The variation and change of frequently used classifiers in local dialect is a mirror to the cultural alternation in local community. The study gives a unique glimpse into the frequently used classifiers in Hengyang dialect and provides some enlightening thoughts to dialectal research and preservation. Owing to the limitations of objective and subjective factors, the corpus of the study are confined to limited amount and the perspective remains to be deepened and sublimated.Key Word: Classifiers; Hengyang Dialect; Language Contact; Language Variation and ChangeContentsContentsContentsChinese Abstract.IEnglish Abstract.IIIList of Tables.IVIntroduction.1Research Background.1Objectives and Significance of the Research.2Research Questions.3Organization of the Thesis.3Chapter One Previous Researches on Language Contact and Classifiers.51.1 Previous Researches on Language Contact.51.1.1 Viewpoints of Variationists on Language Contact.51.1.2 Outcomes of Language Contact.61.1.3 Language Contact Between Putonghua and Dialects .7 1.2 Previous Researches on Chinese Classifiers and Classifiers in Hengyang Dialect.8 1.2.1. Chinese Classifiers.8 1.2.2 Types of Chinese Classifiers.9 1.2.3 Variation in Usage of Chinese Classifiers.11 1.2.4 Classifiers in Hengyang Dialect.12 1.3 Comments on the Previous Researches.15Chapter Two Variation Theory.17 2.1 Language Variation and Change .17 2.2 Sociolinguistic Variables.19 2.2.1 Gender.20 2.2.2 Age.21 2.2.3 Social Class.22 2.3 Variation Associated with Language Attitudes.23Chapter Three Research Methodology.25 3.1 Hypotheses.25 3.2 Selection of Subjects.25 3.3 Data Collection26 3.3.1 Tape-recorded Spontaneous Speech27 3.3.2 Observation of Daily Conversation28 3.3.3 Language Attitude Questionnaire Survey29 3.4 Data Processing.30 3.4.1 Transcription of the Speech Data30 3.4.2 Distributional and Multivariate Analysis of the Recorded Speech Data .31 3.4.3 Analysis of the Questionnaire Survey31Chapter Four Results and Discussion.32 4.1 Change of the Use of Classifiers in Hengyang Dialect.324.1.1 Overall Distribution of the Use of Classifiers.324.1.2 Change of Nominal Classifiers.354.1.3 Change of Verbal Classifiers.36 4.2 Influence of Social Factors on Language Choice.37 4.2.1 Gender.37 4.2.2 Age.38 4.2.3 Educational Level.40 4.2.4 Occupation.42 4.2.5 Occasion.44 4.3 Multivariate Statistical Analysis.45 4.4 Language Attitudes towards the Change.47 4.4.1 General Attitudes.48 4.4.2 Attitudes in Regard to Emotional Value .50 4.4.3 Attitudes in Terms of Functional Value.52 4.4.4 Attitudes with Regard to Interpersonal Value.53 Chapter Five Implications Got from the Research.56 5.1 Preservation of Hengyang Dialect.56 5.2 Advice on Feasible Language Policy .57Conclusion.59 Major Findings of the Study.59 Limitations of the Study and Suggestions for Further Study.61Citations.63Works Cited.64Acknowledgments.69Appendix A: Chinese Transcription of the Cited Examples of Frequently Used Classifiers in Hengyang Dialect.71 Appendix B: Coding for Each Factor Group.72Appendix C: Samples of the Change of Frequently Used Classifiers from the Excel Data File.74Appendix D: Questionnaire.76Informative Abstract in Chinese.78Rsum and Publications since Entering the Program.81List of TablesList of TablesTable 3.1 Personal Background of the Subjects (N=90)Table 4.1 Overall Distributions of Frequently Used ClassifiersTable 4.2 Change of Frequently Used Classifiers from DNCs to SNCsTable 4.3 Change of Frequently Used Classifiers from DVCs to SVCsTable 4.4 Gender Differences on the Frequently Used ClassifiersTable 4.5 Age Differences on the Frequently Used ClassifiersTable 4.6 Education Difference on the Change of Frequently Used ClassifiersTable 4.7 Occupational Differences on the Change of Frequently Used ClassifiersTable 4.8 Occasional Difference on the Change of Frequently Used ClassifiersTable 4.9 Multivariate Analysis of the Contribution of Independent Variables to the Change of frequently Used ClassifiersTable 4.10 Attitude Analyses on Language UseTable 4.11 Emotional Value with Regard to Different ScoresTable 4.12 Practical Value with Regard to Different ScoresTable 4.13 Interpersonal value with Regard to Different ScoresIntroductionIntroductionResearch BackgroundIt is commonly agreed that language and culture are closely related. they are interdependent. China is a country of vast territory and abundant resources with a large population and a wide range of dialects. China is also characteristic of cultural diversity. At present, Putonghua, i.e. Chinese mandarin, is treated as standard and official language while other dialects are used by native speakers in limited social settings where communicating parties are from the same speech community. Whereas, with the development of industrialization and urbanization, interaction between people from different regions and backgrounds are growing, so peoples life, including linguistic life, is going through an unconscious but perceptible change.Hengyang is known as Yan City because an outstanding poet called Fan Zhongyan (范仲淹 )wrote a famous poem about it. Hengyang is located in the center of Southern Hunan1. Hengyang named after Nanyuan(南岳)Mountain because Hengyang is in the south of Nanyuan Mountain. It forms tripartite confrontation with provincial capital Changsha and northwestern Changde (常德 )in the geography, economy and culture. Hengyang dialect owns an important position in Xiang dialect which is the representative of Hunan dialects. Hengyang dialect is used in Hengyang county and Hengnan(衡南)county besides Hengyang city. Hengyang dialect belongs to Hengyang small pieces（Chen Hui and Bao Houxing 251）. Since the reforming and opening policy, the old Yan City has become a busy and hustle and bustle modern city. Again, because Hengyang is located in the main traffic artery, it contacts people and goods from all directions. With a great population flow, people are communicating with each other using a number of language varieties. Dialects of external population, the promotion of Putonghua, as well as the popularization of television and broadcasting and other mass media, Hengyang dialect is showing its own unique sociolinguistic features at present, the frequently used classifiers in Hengyang dialect goes first in this investigation.Objectives and Significance of the ResearchThe thesis is based on the theory of language variation and change. Under the guidance of this important theory, the researcher endeavors to investigate and analyze internal differences of the use of classifiers among Hengyang people in their daily life by sociolinguistic method to understand the Hengyang citizens awareness of quantifiers and the quantifier use in Hengyang dialect, to research the situation of language use, language attitudes and the correlation of the two with social characteristics of the users (including age, gender, education level, occupation and occasion), and to predicate developing trend in Hengyang. The meaning of this study is summarized as the following aspects:(1) In theoretical sense, the research explores frequently used quantifiers in Hengyang dialect and uses it as an observation point to catch a glimpse of overall law of development of Hengyang dialect, pursues its variation patterns, and furthermore probes into the social and psychological factors behind. It provides a typical case for studies of language variation and change and the protection and maintenance of dialects. (2) In practical sense, the detailed research and description of features and using situation of frequently used quantifiers in Hengyang dialect can provide firsthand data for further studies and lexicography of Hengyang dialect. Meanwhile, it can arouse peoples awareness of the importance and urgency of protection of local dialects. Last but not least, it can also offer evidence for related dialectal studies.Research QuestionsThe research is an empirical study adopting the sociolinguistic methodology within the framework of languag