EXPERTISEENGLISHFORGEMOLOGY珠宝专业英语.doc

EXPERTISE ENGLISH FOR GEMOLOGY 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ContentsUnit 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO GEMOLOGY3Part I Text3Part II Words and Expressions5Part III Reading Material6Part IV Business Nature8Unit 2 WHAT IS A GEM?10Part I Text10Part II Words and Expressions11Part III Reading Material13Part IV Products（I）15Unit 3 WHAT ARE SYNTHETIC DIAMONDS16Part I Text16Part II Words and Expressions19Part III Reading Material21Part IV Products（II）22Unit 4 COLOR24Part I Text24Part II Words and Expressions26Part III Reading Material29Part IV Products (III)31Unit 5 REFRACTIVE INDEX AND REFRACTOMETER33Part I Text33Part II Words and Expressions35Part III Reading Material37Part IV Products (IV)38Unit 6 MAINLAND CHINA：A VAST MARKET FOR COLORED GEMSTONES39Part I Text39Part II Words and Expressions42Part III Reading Material44Part IV Introduction (I)47Unit 7 MAKE A FASHION STATEMENT WITH GEM-SET JEWELRYS48Part I Text48Part II Words and Expressions51Part III Reading Material54Part IV Introduction (II)56Unit 8 HOW DOES NEW TECHNOLOGY BENEFIT THE DIAMOND AND JEWELRY INDUSTRY58Part I Text58Part II Words and Expressions60Part III Reading Material61Part IV Introduction (III)62Unit 9 JEWELRY-MAKING TECHNIQUES OF ANCIENT GREEK64Part I Text64Part II Words and Expressions71Part III Reading Material74Part IV Introduction (IV)76Unit 10 THE HISTORY OF LAPIDARY78Part I Text78Part II Words and Expressions85Part III Reading Material87Part IV Introduction (V)91Unit 11 FIND OUT YOUR BIRTHSTONE93Part I Text93Part II Words and Expressions101Part III Reading Material102Part IV Introduction (VI)106Appendix I Gems Nomenclature108Appendix II Vocabulary111Unit 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO GEMOLOGYby Don Clark CSMPart I TextGemology is the study of gemstones. Some dictionaries define it as the nonscientific study of gemstones, but it is almost impossible to remove the scientific element. There may be investors whose only interest is in the value of the stones, but if they ever need to distinguish one gem from another, they are dealing with science. There are many categories of gemologists. For the jeweler it is a key element of their business. They need to be able to answer their customers questions and identify the gems brought into them. The gold smith needs specific knowledge about the physical characteristics of gems. A setting that would be ideal for a diamond would be inappropriate for an opal and vice versa. The amount of pressure used to set the prongs on a garnet would break a tanzanite. Some gems will withstand the heat of repair work that involves high temperature soldering. Some can be left in the setting if steps are taken to moderate the amount of heat they receive. Still others are so heat sensitive they need to be removed. The lapidary also needs special knowledge. Cutting and polishing techniques vary from gem to gem. What would work well for one material would be a waste of time on another and disastrous on something else. When gem-cutting needs to be given to color management，how the rough is oriented can make a lot of difference in the appearance of the finished gem. The style of cutting is also a part of color management. The choice of cut can lighten or darken a gem which will have considerable effect in both the appearance and the value of the stone. The choice of a cut, which includes the shape, number and location of facets, also influences the brilliance of the gem. The angles the facets are cut at have to be carefully chosen. Then these factors are balanced, or compromises made, so as to not sacrifice too much material in the pursuit of beauty. Another category of gemologist is the scientist. These are people with degrees in geology, chemistry and sometimes physics. While one of the smallest categories of gemologists, they are at the same time one of the most influential. At the heart of gemology is gem identification. Some rubies and garnets are impossible to tell apart from each other by observation, but their values are considerably different. A precise and accurate means to tell them apart is absolutely necessary. When dealing with whole crystals, the ruby and garnet are easy to distinguish. Garnets form in the cubic system. While they vary in shape, they tend to be roundish and the number of sides is always a multiple of four. Rubies on the other hand, form long thin crystals. They are in the trigonal system and always have three or six sides. Most of the material that gets cut into gems is not found in whole crystals, but in broken pieces. Using the techniques of mineralogy, they are easily distinguished from each other. Scratch tests, where the unknown is scratched by various substances, will determine its hardness. Other useful tests are the reaction to acids and the flame of a blow torch. These are categorized as destructive tests and are obviously inappropriate for cut gems. For centuries it was the lapidary who was in a position to most easily recognize the differences in like appearing gems. During the cutting process gems get viewed intently, a perspective that no other gemologist has. Identifying inclusions are given a lot of attention, and then as many as possible removed. Differences in hardness are readily apparent when cutting and polishing, as are other characteristics. A method needed to be devised where cut gems could be identified without damage. To this end scientists began to first, identify the measurable physical and optical properties of our gems. Next they devised instruments to measure these properties. There was a long process of systematically measuring and recording these properties so they could be looked up. (Though well established, this is actually an ongoing process.) Eventually all this got put together into methods that could be used by people without extensive scientific backgrounds or large and expensive laboratory equipment. That is not to say that it doesnt require substantial education to identify gems. It is a large and complex subject that is continuing to increase in complexity as new gems are discovered and new ones are created in the laboratory. However, one doesnt need a degree in chemistry or physics to simply measure the properties of our gems. The most esoteric part was discovering those properties and creating the tools to measure them. If you are interested in learning about gems the first step would be to learn how they are categorized. Also important in the early stages is learning the terminology used to describe gems. Next you can learn what the physical and optical properties are. When you have this background, you can get into gem identification. Of course there are many side roads to travel. You may find a fascination with phenomenal gems or their inclusions. Many people find a desire to collect gems and this often leads to making jewelry or learning how to cut gems.Whether your interest is casual or professional, there is much to delight and amaze. It is something you can do from your desk, or something that allows you to get your hands dirty. Plus the subject of gemology is one of those where you will never run out of new elements to discover.Part II Words and ExpressionsEXPERTISE ENGLISH FOR GEMOLOGY 珠宝专业英语（试用）gemology demldi n. 宝石学 gemstone demstun n. 经雕琢的宝石investor invest n. 投资者distinguish distiwi v. 区别, 辨别category ktiri n. 种类, 别, 逻范畴 gemologist demldist n. 宝石学家jewel du:l n. 宝石jeweler du:l n. 宝石商, 宝石匠identify aidentifai vt. 识别, 鉴别, 把.和.看成一样 v. 确定gold uld n. 黄金, 金币adj. 金的, 金制的smith smi n. 铁匠, 金属品工匠setting seti n. 安置, 安装, (太阳)落山, (固定东西的)框架, 底座, 镶嵌diamond daimnd n. 钻石, 菱形scratch skrt n. 刮擦声, 抓痕, 擦伤vt.乱涂, 擦, 刮, vi. 发刮擦声, 搔, 抓garnet :nit n. 石榴石, 深红色opal upl n. 矿蛋白石, 欧泊vice versa vais v:s adv. 反之亦然 prongs prz (岩心采取器的)弹簧tanzanite tnznait n. 矿坦桑黝帘石(产于坦桑尼亚北部)withstand wistnd vt. 抵挡, 经受住jewelry du:lri: n. 珠宝, 珠宝类repair rip n. 修理, 修补 vt. 修理, 修补, 补救, 纠正soldering sldri n. 软焊, 锡焊, 低温焊接, 热焊接, 软钎焊solder sd n. (低温)焊料, 焊剂, 焊锡moderate mdrit adj. 中等的, 适度的, 适中的 v. 缓和lapidary lpideri: n. 宝玉石工匠, 宝石商 adj. 雕刻宝石的, 玉细工的, 刻在宝石上的disastrous diz:strs adj. 灾难性的, 悲惨的; 招致不幸的oriented :rientid adj. 导向的finished finit adj. 完成的, 完美的, 精巧的considerable knsidrbl adj. 相当大(或多)的, 值得考虑的, 相当可观的facet fsit n. (多面体的)面, (宝石等的)刻面, 小平面, 琢面vt. 在.上刻画brilliance briljns n. 光辉, 明亮, 亮度sacrifice skrifais n. 牺牲, 献身, 祭品, 供奉 v. 牺牲, 献出, 献祭, 供奉geology dildi n. 地质学identification aidentifikein n. 辨认, 鉴定, 证明, 视为同一mineral minrl n. 矿物, 矿石adj. 矿物(性)的, 含矿物的, 无机的ruby ru:bi n. 红宝石polish pli n. 磨光, 光泽, 上光剂, 优雅, 精良vt. 抛光, 磨光, 擦亮, 使精练优美, 润饰(文章)inclusion inklu:n n. 包体crystal kristl n. 结晶, 晶体, 水晶adj.结晶状的cubic kju:bik adj. 立方体的, 立方的multiple mltipl adj. 多样的, 多重的n.倍数, 若干v. 成倍增加trigonal trinl adj. 三角的, 三角形的,三方的mineralogy minrldi:, -rl- n. 矿物学hardness h:dnis n. 硬, 硬度acid sid n. 化酸blow torch喷灯, 吹管, 自动吹管灯optical ptikl adj. 光学的, 视力的systematically sistmtikli adv. 系统地, 有系统地substantial sbstnl adj. 坚固的, 实质的, 真实的, 充实的complexity kmpleksiti: n. 复杂的事物, 复杂性esoteric esterik adj. 深奥的terminology t:mnldi: n. 专门名词, 术语Part III Reading Material GEM QUALIFICATIONSThe gemstone is applied to these materials, usually after they are cut and polished, that are sufficiently attractive and durable to be used for personal adornment. Of the several attributes of gemstones, beauty is the most important. That beauty is in the eye of the beholder is as true with gems as with many other things. To one, beauty may be in the color; to others, it may be in the luster, transparency, or brilliancy and the fire resulting from skillful cutting by the lapidary. The beauty of most gems results from a combination of two or more of these properties, but in some nontransparent stones, such as turquoise and malachite, it li