单片机相关外文翻译.doc

The single chip computer abbreviation Microcontroller is typical of embedded Microcontroller controller (Microcontroller Unit), common English letters is the abbreviation of MCU said Microcontroller, it was first used in industrial control field. SCM by chip inside only CPU dedicated processor. The earliest design concept is through the huge amounts of peripheral and CPU integration in a chip, make the computer system smaller, more easy to integrate into the complex and to volume demanding control equipment of. Intel-based Z80 is the earliest designed according to this kind of thought the processor, henceforth, SCM and dedicated processor development parted. Early microcontroller is 8 bits or 4 digit. One of the most successful intel-based 8031 is simple, reliable performance, because good got a lot of praise. Then in the microcomputer 8031 developed MCS51 series microcontroller systems. Based on this system of SCM system have until now in widespread use. With the improvement of industrial control area requirement, begin to emerge 16-bit single chip, but because the price is not ideal did not get very widely. After the 1990s with consumer electronic products development, microcontroller technology has been a tremendous increase. As the INTEL i960 series especially later ARM series widely, 32-bit SCM rapidly replacing 16-bit single chip of high-end status, and into the mainstream market. While the traditional 8 bit micro-controller performance also obtained the rapid increase, processing power than 1980s raised hundreds times. At present, high-end 32-bit SCM frequency has exceeded 300MHz, performance straight after the middle of 90s of dedicated processor, whereas normal type ex-factory price dropped to $1, the highest-profile 1 type was only ten dollars. Contemporary SCM system no longer only in LuoJi environment, development and use of special embedded operating system is widely used in the whole range of single-chip microcomputer. While in as a handheld computers and mobile phones key processing of high-end microcontroller even can directly use the special Windows and Linux operating system. Single-chip processor more than dedicated suitable for use with embedded system, so it has gained the most applications. In fact microcontroller is the world largest number of the computer. Modern human life that are used in almost every pieces of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated have microcontroller. Mobile, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, PDA and mouse and so on computer accessories are equipped with 1-2 department microcontroller. The PCS in also will affect many microcomputer in the work. Cars equipped with more than 40 department general single-chip microcomputer, complex industrial control system even there may be hundreds microcomputer in working at the same time! The number of MCU is not only far more than PCS and other calculation combined, and even more than the number of human beings. SCM is also called monolithic micro controller, it is not complete a logic function chips, but it is a computer system integration to a chip. The computer equivalent of a micro computer, and compared, microcontroller lack only the I/O devices. General speaking: a chip became a computer. Its compact size, light quality, cheap, for learning, application and development provides the convenience. Meanwhile, learning to use a single chip computer is knowledge of computer principle and structure of the best choice. SCM internal also use and computer functions similar module, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus and hard disk storage device functions are the same, the difference is its relative performance all these parts of our home computer weak, but the price is much lower, usually less than 10 yuan can. Use it to do some control electric appliance category is not very complicated work is sufficient. We use now roller washing machine, smoke exhaust hood, VCD and so on the home appliance inside can see the figure! . It was mainly used as a core part of the control part. It is a kind of on-line real-time control computer, on-line is site control, need is strong anti-jamming ability, low cost, this also is and off-line computer (such as household PC) the main difference. A single chip computer is by program running, and can be modified. Through the different program realization of different function, especially the unique some special function, this is another device needs to spend effort can do that, while some others are great effort also hard to do. One is not very complicated function if use in the United States during the 1950s development of 74 series, or from the 1960s CD4000 series these pure hardware to fix words, circuit must be a large piece of PCB board! But if if use American 1970s success on the market series microcontroller, and the results will be difference! Just because of single chip through your programming can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability. Due to cost is sensitive microcontroller, so, at present, the dominant software or lowest assembly language, it is besides the binary machine code above the lowest language, since so low-level why use? Many senior language has reached the level of visual programming is why not? The reason is very simple, that is no home computer microcontroller as the CPU, also did not like hard disk that mass storage device. A visual small programs written in high-level languages inside has even a button, also can achieve dozens of K size! For household PC hard disk speaking nothing, but the SCM speaking is unacceptable. Microcomputer in hardware resources utilization must high to just go, so assembly although original but still in use large. The same way, if the giant computer operating system and application software got home PC came running, household PC is also cannot bear. Can say, the twentieth century across the three electricity age, namely the age of electricity, electronic era and now has entered the computer era. However, this kind of computer, usually refers to the personal computer, the abbreviation PCS. It consists of host, keyboard, display etc. And those computer, most people do not so familiar with. This computer is intelligence gives all kinds of mechanical SCM (also called micro controller). As the name suggests, the computer is minimal systems only took a piece of integrated circuits, simple operation and control can be carried out. Because of its small size, usually hidden in the accused of mechanical stomach. It in the whole device, plays the role of like the human mind, it went wrong, the whole device broke down. Now, this SCM use field has been widely, such as intelligent instruments, real-time control, communication equipment, navigation system, household electric appliances, etc. Various products once using single-chip microcomputer, can have the effect that product upgrading, often in product specialty bariatric adjectives - intelligent, such as intelligent washing machines etc. Now some factories technicians or other leisure electronic developers out some of the products, not the circuits are too complex, is functional too simple and the easy be imitators. Investigate its reason, may be stuck in product without using SCM or other programmable logic devices. . Microcontroller history 1971 Intel company developed the worlds first four microprocessor, The Intel company hoff successfully developed the worlds first piece of four 4004 Intel microprocessor chips, marks the first generation of microprocessor market, microprocessor and computer era begins. For invention microprocessor, hoff by the British economist magazine named the most influential since world war ii the seven scientists one. In 1971, the Intel on November launch MCS - 4 microcomputer system (including 4001 ROM chip, 4002 RAM chips, 4003 shift register chips and 4004 microprocessor) which 4004 (figure below) contains 2,300 transistor, the dimension of 3mm x 4mm, computing performance than that ENIAC, initially sells for $200. April 1972, hoff etc, developed the first eight Intel microprocessor 8008. Because 8008 USES is P in gully MOS microprocessor, and therefore still belong to the first generation of microprocessors. 1973 Intel company develop 8 bits of the microprocessor 8080; In 1973, August hoff person such as developed eight microprocessor 8080 to N in gully intel-based MOS circuit replaced P channel, the second generation microprocessor at birth. Frequency of 2MHz 8080 chip speed 8008 10 times faster than, can access 64KB memory, use based on six micron technology 6,000 transistors, processing speed of 0.64 the MIPS (at) Million will conference. In 1975, MITS issued on April first general-purpose Altair 8,800, price $37.5bn, with 1KB memory. This is the worlds first microcomputer. 1976 the Intel company develop MCS - 48 series of 8 bits of single chip microcontroller, this also is published. Zilog company in 1976 development Z80 microprocessor, widely used in microcomputer and industrial automatic control equipment. At that time, Zilog, Motorola and Intel microprocessor field in Japan. In the early 1980s, the Intel company in MCS - 48 series microcontroller, on the basis of launched MCS - 51 series 8 bits of high-grade microcontroller. MCS - 51 series microcontroller whether pieces (RAM capacity, I/O mouth function, system extension aspects had the very big enhancement. Singlechip the bus: we know that a circuit is always from the components through wires connected, and in analog circuits, the connection does not become a problem, because the devices are generally serial inter-relationship between the various devices connection is not much, but not the same as computer circuits, which is based on the microprocessor as the core, the device must be connected with the microprocessor, the device must be between the mutual coordination and so on need to connect on a lot of If still the same as analog circuits, in the microprocessor and a separate connection between the devices, the quantity line will be many alarmingly so in the microprocessor introduced the concept of bus, all devices share the connection All devices of all eight data lines from eight public online, which is equivalent to all devices in parallel, but only this is not enough, if there is two devices send data simultaneously, a 0, a 1, then , the receiving party received what is it? This situation is not allowed, so to pass the line of control to control the device time job, any time there can be only one device to send data (which may have multiple devices simultaneously receiving). Devices data lines will be referred to as data bus, all the line of control devices known as control bus. Singlechip at internal or external memory and other devices have memory cells, these memory cells to be assigned addresses to use, the allocation of addresses is of course to give the form of electrical signals, and because memory cells are more so for address the allocation of more lines, these lines were known as the address bus. Second, data, address, command: The reason why these three together, because these three are the essence is the same - figure, or are a string of0 and1, composed of sequence . In other words, addresses, instructions are also data. Command: from single-chip chip designer provides a figure, it is consistent with our mnemonic commonly used commands have a strict one-to-one relationship, not by the developer to change the MCU. Address: Singlechip are looking for internal, external storage units, input and output port based on the value of the internal units address has been provided for the chip designers, and can not be changed, the external unit can be single-chip developers to decide, but Yes there is some address must be the unit (see procedures for the implementation process). Data: This is the object of treatment by the microprocessor, in a variety of different applications in different circuits, in general, the data may be processed so have several situations: 1 ? address (such as MOV DPTR, # 1000H), that address 1000h into the DPTR. 2 ? the way the words or control characters (such as MOV TMOD, # 3), 3 which controls the characters. 3 ? constants (such as MOV TH0, # 10H) 10H that is constant from time to time. 4 ? The actual output value (such as the mouth then P1 lantern light to light the whole, then the implementation of instruction: MOV P1, # 0FFH, to light the whole dark, then the implementation of instruction: MOV P1, # 00H) and 00H are here 0FFH actual output value. Another example is the font code for the LED, is the actual output value. Understanding of the address, the nature of instructions, running is not difficult to understand why the process of running fly, the data will be implemented as instructions. Three, P0 mouth, P2 and P3 the mouth of the second function Usage: often on P0 beginner I, P2 and P3 mouth I use the second function puzzled think the second function and the original features have a switch between the process, or that there have to be a directive, in fact, the ports second feature is completely automatic, no need to use command to convert. Such as P3.6, P3.7, respectively, are WR, RD signal, when the micro-chip RAM or external justifications machine has an external I / O port, they were used as the second function, can not be used as general-purpose I / O port to use, as long as one microprocessor implementation of the MOVX instruction 1, there will be a corresponding signal sent from the P3.6 or P3.7, no prior use instructions indicate. In fact can not be used as general-purpose I / O port use is not should not but (user) not as a general-purpose I / O port to use. At command you can arrange a Medium of Instruction SETB P3.7, and when the single-chip implementation of this Article directions, P3.7 will also become high, but users will not do so, because This usually will lead to the collapse of the system. Four, the program implementation process: single-chip power-on reset in 8051 after the program counter (PC) in the value of0000 , so the procedure always0000 unit begin implementation of, that is to say: the systems ROM must exist in the0000 in this unit, and0000 in the storage unit must be a command. Friday, the stack: the stack is a region, are used to store data, the region does not have any unique position, that is a part of internal RAM, special is its data storage and access methods, namely, the so-called advanced after that last-in first-out , and the stack has a special data transmission command, ie PUSH and POP , there is a special unit specifically for its services, that is, the stack pointer SP, when they first PUSH instruction, the SP on (at the original value of the foundation on) automatically add one, whenever the implementation of a POP instruction, SP on (at the original value basis) minus one automatically. Because of the value of SP can be used to change directions, so as long as the stage at the beginning of the proceedings to change the value of the SP, you can put the stack set up the required memory units, such as at the beginning of the proceedings, with a MOV SP, # 5FH instructions when put on the stack from the memory modules installed in the unit 60H start. The normal procedure at the beginning of the total that there is a stack pointer of the instruction set, because at startup, SP initial value of 07H, thus the stack from the beginning the next unit 08h, and 08h to 1Fh in the region 8031 is the second, Three, four working registers area, often used, this will lead to data chaos. The author has prepared a different program, not exactly the same instructions to initialize the stack, which is the authors customary problem. When set up the stack area, does not mean that the region as a dedicated memory, it can be as common as the use of memory region, but under normal circumstances programming will not put it as an ordinary memory use.AVR single chipThe AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. The ATmega8 provides the following features: 8K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 512 bytes of EEPROM, 1K byte of SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, a serial program- mable USART, a byte oriented Two-wire Serial Interface, a 6-channel ADC (eight channels in TQFP and MLF packages) where four (six) channels have 10-bit accuracy and two channels have 8-bit accuracy, a programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port, and five software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next Interrupt or Hard- ware Reset. In Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping. The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except asynchronous timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the crys- tal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with low-power consumption. The de