[英语四六级]仔细阅读指导.doc

四级考试仔细阅读理解技巧四级考试中，为了节省时间，提高阅读的效率和质量，考生要有一个正确的阅读思维模式。一般而言，四级的阅读可以分为以下几步：先用略读的方法浏览全文，了解文章的主旨和大意；然后用查读的方法边看题边返回文章寻找答案；再用仔细阅读的方式，了解文章深层内容，确定考题答案。 一、五种题型 四级阅读理解根据大纲要求，一般主要考五种题型：主旨题，细节题，推论题，语义题和观点题。 主旨大意题在考查考生的归结总结能力及对文章整体上的理解把握能力，这类题目常就文章的主要内容，主题或标题进行设问。 细节题是阅读理解中最基本的题型，也是四级阅读理解中出现频率最高的一类题型，其目的在于考查考生对文章事实内容的掌握，如时间，地点，任务，时间等细节问题；题干多对文中信息进行归纳得出结论，或者答案选项是对文中内容的复述，改写或释意，只不过问题和选项在表达方式或语言上不同，有时是形容词改写成副词，动词改写成名词，有时是对原内容信息的部分抽取，有时是对原内容的综合和概括。不过，一般对说明主旨的主要细节进行提问的多，但是有时也为了考查某一较典型的语言点而命题。 细节题的定位法：根据题干或选项的关键词返回原文相关的词语，句子或段落，来确定答案，或者说带着选项在文中找答案。密切关注关联词，对迅速回忆文章脉络和主要细节，对答案的迅速定位起着非常积极的作用，所以浏览（略读）时注意关联词，过渡词及表示作者感情态度的语气词。表示原因的关联词例如：as,because,becauseof,onaccountof,owingto,byreasonof等。表示附加的：also,aswellas,likewise,furthermore;表示解释的：thatis,thatstosay,namely；表示转折的：although,instead,ratherthan,otherwise,however；得出结论的：allinall,hence,asaresult,后面往往是命题者出题的地方，即常常是答案源。 推论题要求考生根据所读内容进行一定的推理，透过文章表层信息了解到字里行间的潜在意义，此类题的题干中一般都含有imply,infer,declare,conclude等词；语义理解题考查的是考生对阅读文章中出现的关键词、短语或句子含义的理解能力，完成这类题目时不能孤立地根据某个句子或短语做出判断，应把它放到上下文中去理解；做观点态度题时，要注意辨别清楚文章的文体。在议论文中，文章的中心句一般暗示作者的态度；说明文，因为其体裁的客观性，所以作者的态度也往往采取中立。因此，考生要注意捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词或短语。 二、几种阅读方法 A.略读 1.略读目的 在正式阅读和做题前，先进行预备性阅读，即通常人们所说的浏览，阅读课上叫略读。它的目的是通过浏览全文和下面的理解试题获取文章的主要信息：掌握文章主旨和大意。此外，通过略读还要掌握文章脉络、组织结构这样是粗略掌握各段大意，如此略读既能掌握文章的核心又能掌握其大体轮廓。 2.怎样实现略读之目的 （1）重点要读两个“第一”和两个“最后”，即是两个首末。要重点阅读全文的首段和末段的段首句和段末句，以及第二段的段首句。因为主题大意通常（或多数情况下）是在文章首段里体现出来的（尤其在演绎型的文章里如此）；有时文章主旨大意在文章末段里表现出来（尤其在归纳性文章里更是如此）。同理，在一个段落里其段落大意通常体现在段首句里，有时也可能体现在段末句（称之为归纳段）。 除了重点阅读首末段及各段的段首句段末句外，其次要重视连接上下文的关联词，并根据各段的主题句迅速悟出各段之大意，各段落大意之综合与首段大意相等，段内各句之综合与首段句之意相符。此外，略读对于那些容易记住的时间、人名、地名、标题、插图、破折号等显著的标点，以及斜体字，黑体字，大写字母等对理解文章起着不可忽视作用的非语言符号，都能轻松的捕捉且理解和记忆。对此，英国快速阅读专家FryEdwerd在“TeachingReading”一书中指出略读时可略去一些材料不读，有些地方以更快的速度进行“掠读”（进行快速地扫射），其扫射的重点应为关键词。所谓的关键词，即对句意起关键作用的词，那就是充当主、谓、宾的词，对于定、状、补的词的注意与思考应放到查读过程中去，一个句子首先要传递出做了什么事，或是什么这些主要信息，因此略读非重点之处时，只要把句子的主、谓、宾传达的信息在大脑里闪过就可以了。（2)读题：确定题型与做题顺序 浏览（略读）的最后一个任务是确定题型和做题顺序，概括上讲，问题可分为主观题与客观题两大类。主观题是指在文章中找到答案的试题，通常问who,what,which,when,where等方面的问题，或问某一具体论点，论据，原因，过程，如whichofthefollowingismentioned(stated,discussed.)等章节方面的问题。做题顺序的原则：先易后难，先客观后主观，因此通常顺序是:1.细节型题；2.通过略读，很快找到主题句的主旨题；3.态度题;4.推论题。 B.查读 通过略读，初步了解了文章大意与主旨后，下面就边读边看题，边到文章里找答案，这种方法叫查读。它不是从头到尾，逐字逐句地读，而是根据题目的要求去搜寻相关信息，因此这种阅读必然是从一个地方到另一个地方的跳跃似的阅读，所以，查读又叫跳读。但阅读课上常称之为“扫读”。对不同性质的问题，我们应掌握不同的查询法。比如细节题，直接去文章相关地方找，如事情发生的时间，地点等，直接查读，而细节归纳或推论题用查读和细节相结合等。要想掌握主旨，首先要确定主题句，于是巡查和捕捉主题句就成了查读的首要任务了。根据国际上公认的权威阅读专家们的观点：略读仅了解文章大意和轮廓，并不做题，它不是正式阅读。而查读才是正式阅读。 因为大脑是以接受句子的整体意思为单位进行目移的，所以即使个别词不认识，一般不大影响对全句的理解。若能把注意力集中在每个单词上，以词的意思为接受单位，就减缓了阅读速度。究竟是以词还是以句子为目移单位，要根据题目的具体情况而定。如果答案的内容，仅涉及一个句子内的几个词，并不涉及上下文时，就要对涉及的几个词逐词去读去理解。 C.细读 细读的目的是做那些把几条信息归纳出一个结论的归纳题，推论题和无主题句的主题性试题，还包括回答作者态度，评价等与主题密切相关的主题变体试题所用的阅读法。它既强调对信息的整体理解，又要逐字逐句地细读，要读出文章的言外之意。要能分清每段论点和论据以及段落大意，在总结概括全文时，特别注意句子之间，段落间的关联词、过渡词，它们对上下文的逻辑关系起着提示和信号作用。边读边分析就能概括出每段和全文的主题，根据主题、结论和表达上的语言特征，就能回答作者态度、立场观点语气以及文章基调等问题。 细读的另一目的是回答推论试题，所谓推论是根据已知信息推论出作者的言外之意，即作者想说而未说出的话，或推导出文章的情节发展下去的结果或某文前面的情节；因此，细读是深入细致的阅读过程，是融会贯通，消化的过程。仔细阅读练习1Baekeland and Hartmann report that the “short sleepers” had been more or less average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens. But at about age 15 or so, the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school, work, and other activities. These men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines.In general, these “short sleeps” appeared ambitious, active, energetic, cheerful, conformist(不动摇) in their opinions, and very sure about their career choices. They often held several jobs at once, or workers full-or part-time while going to school. And many of them had a strong urge to appear “normal” or “acceptable” to their friends and associates.When asked to recall their dreams, the “short sleepers” did poorly. More than this, they seemed to prefer not remembering. In similar fashion, their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed, and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away.The sleep patterns of the “short sleepers” were similar to, but less extreme than, sleep patterns shown by many mental patients categorized as manic(疯人).The “long sleepers” were quite different indeed. Baekeland and Hartmann report that these young men had been lengthy sleeps since childhood. They seemed to enjoy their sleep, protected it, and were quite concerned when they were occasionally deprived of their desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest. They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the “short sleepers.”Many of the “long sleepers” were shy, anxious, introverted (内向), inhibited (压抑), passive, mildly depressed, and unsure of themselves (particularly in social situations). Several openly states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems.1. According to the report,_.A) many short sleepers need less sleep by natureB) many short sleepers are obliged to reduce their nightly sleep time because they are busy with their workC) long sleepers sleep a longer period of time during the dayD) many long sleepers preserve their sleeping habit formed during their childhood2. Many “short sleepers” are likely to hold the view that _.A) sleep is a withdrawal from the realityB) sleep interferes with their sound judgementC) sleep is the least expensive item on their routine programD) sleep is the best way to deal with psychological troubles3. It is stated in the third paragraph that short sleepers _.A) are ideally vigorous even under the pressures of lifeB) often neglect the consequences of inadequate sleepC) do not know how to relax properlyD) are more unlikely to run into mental problems4. When sometimes they cannot enjoy adequate sleep, the long sleepers might _.A) appear disturbedB) become energeticC) feel dissatisfiedD) be extremely depressed5. Which of the following is Not included in the passage?A) If one sleeps inadequately, his performance suffers and his memory is weakenedB) The sleep patterns of short sleepers are exactly the sane as those shown by many mental patientsC) Long and short sleepers differ in their attitudes towards sleepD) Short sleepers would be better off with more rest【答案及详解】答案：DCBAB贝克尔和哈特曼报道说，“睡眠少的人”在未进入少年期之前，其正常睡眠时间大致与所需要的时间差不多。但到了15岁左右，由于学校、工作或其它活动的地压力，他们就故意地减少了夜间睡眠的时间。这些人持有这样的观点：夜间睡眠是一件令人讨厌的事情，打断了日常事务。总的说来，这些“睡眠少的人”表现得雄心勃勃、积极活跃、精力充沛、无意识乐观豁达、立场坚定，对自己职业的选择胸有成竹。他们往往同时从事几项工作，或者一边上学读书，一边从事专职或兼职工作。其中许多人有强烈愿望，想在朋友和熟人面前表现得“正常”或“合群”。当让他们回忆梦境时，“睡眠少的人”回忆不起什么来。更有甚者，他们似乎情愿什么都记不住。类似的情况是他们通常处理心理问题的方式：不承认问题的存在，希望只要忙忙碌碌，麻烦总会过去的。“睡眠少的人”的睡眠模式与被划入疯子之类精神病患者的睡眠模式十分相似，只不过没有那么严重而已。“睡眠多的人”情形则大不相同。贝克尔和哈特曼报道说，这些年轻人从小的，有抱负的睡眠就一直很长。他们好像注重睡眠，不让睡眠受打搅。偶尔没有所需的9个小时夜间卧床休息，他们便会十分不安。他们比“睡眠少的人”要更能回忆得起梦的内容。许多“睡眠多的人”腼腆、焦躁、内向、压抑、消极和稍微有点儿沮丧，尤其在社交场合缺乏自信。好几个人坦言，睡眠是摆脱每天烦恼的一种方式。仔细阅读练习2Upon reaching an appropriate age (usually between 18 and 21 years), children are encouraged, but not forced, to “leave the nest” and begin an independent life. After children leave home they often find social relationship and financial support outside the family. Parents do not arrange marriages for their children, nor do children usually ask permission of their parents to get married, Romantic love is most often the basis for marriage in the United States; young adults meet their future spouses (配偶) through other friends, at jobs, and in organizations and religious institutions, Although children choose their own spouses, they still hope their parents will approve of their choices.In many families, parents feel that children should make major life decisions by themselves. A parent may try to influence a child to follow a particular profession but the child is free to choose another career. Sometimes children do precisely the opposite of what their parents wish in order to assert their independence. A son may deliberately decide not to go into his fathers business because of a fear that he will lose his autonomy in his fathers workplace. This independence from parents is not an indication that parents and children do not love each other. Strong love between parents and children is universal and this is no exception in the American family Coexisting with such love in the American family are cultural values of self reliance and independence.1. The writer discusses the marriage of young adults in order to show which of the following?A) They enjoy the freedom of choosing their spouses.B) They want to win the permission of their parents.C) They have a strong desire to become independent.D) They want to challenge the authority of their parents.2. Most young adults in the U.S. get married for the sake of _.A) loveB) financial concernC) their parentsD) family background3. Based on the passage, it can be assumed that _.A) American young adults are likely to follow the suit of their parentsB) most American people never make major decisi