《翻译的概念》word版.doc

第一章 第一节 翻译的概念,分类,过程及方法 一.翻译的概念1.关于翻译的几种定义翻译是一门艺术.(Translation is a fine art.)-林语堂翻译论翻译是一门科学.-董秋斯Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.-尤金.奈达2. 广义的翻译是指语言与语言,语言变体与语言变体,语言与非语言等的代码转换和基本信息的传达.3.狭义的翻译是一种语言活动,是把一种语言表达的内容忠实地用另一种语言表达出来.二. 翻译的分类1.按所涉及的两种代码的性质分为:语内翻译(intralingual translation):同一种语言间不同语言变体的翻译.语际翻译(interlingual translation):不同语言间的翻译,是狭义翻译的研究对象.语符翻译( interseniotic translation):用非文字符号解释文字符号.2.按翻译主体的性质分为人工翻译和机器翻译两类.nextexercise3.按照翻译的工具和成品形式可分为口译和笔译.4.按翻译的客体即所译资料的性质可分为文学翻译(literary translation):包括诗歌,小说,戏剧等文学作品的翻译,着重情感内容和修辞特征的表达.实用翻译(pragmatic translation):包括科技,商务,公文等资料的翻译,着重实际内容的表达.三. 翻译的过程翻译的过程是理解和表达的有机结合.翻译的关键在于对原文的理解,要真正理解原文,译者必须有扎实的语言功底和相关专业背景知识,并熟知英汉两种文化知识,否则译者就不能真正理解,从而产生误差.例:Cannot Beat the Real Thing.(美国可口可乐广告)不能打败真正的商品.挡不住的诱惑!next后者简单明了的把原文的真正含义表达了出来,能达到打动消费者的目的.表达阶段就是译者把自己从原文所理解的内容用目的语重新表达出来.表达的好坏主要取决与对原文的理解深度和对译文语言的饿修养程度.理解原文不是易事,表达亦然.例:As we obtained a clean B/L, you will see that the goods were slopped in good order. We suggest, therefore, that you lodge your claim with it.由于我们获得了清洁提单,所以你们将明白货物在装运时情况良好,且被安放的井井有条.由此看来我们建议你们可以向该轮船公司提出索赔.我方已获得清洁提单一张,贵方谅必清楚货物装船时状况良好,因此建议贵方可依此向该轮船公司提出索赔.四. 翻译的方法1.直译和意译是翻译的两大基本方法.2.所谓直译是指翻译时要求译文与原文在词语,语法结构及表达方式上保持一致的方法.例:Many investors no longer treat a stock as an instrument of ownership in a corporation but only as a derivative of economic factors, risks and potentials.许多投资者不再把他们拥有的股票看作是拥有某一公司一部分权益的工具,而只是将它视为经济因素,风险,潜力的衍生物.See morenext3.意译是指摆脱原文形式的束缚而传达原文的内容.During Federal Reserve Chairman Greenspans nearly 20 years as the world most powerful central banker, the U.S has suffered only one recession, a brief one in 1990-1991.格林斯潘作为全球最有实力的中央银行的掌舵人,在其近20年的任期中,美国仅在1990-1991年间遭受过一次短暂的经济萧条.本句意译主要体现在句子结构层面上,将only one recession和a brief one in 1990-1991进一步融合,更加符合汉语的表达习惯.讨论翻译的概念, 分类,过程及方法并提出自己的看法和观点.将下列汉语译成英语:1.语内翻译 _2.语际翻译 _3.语符翻译 _4.文学翻译 _5.实用翻译 _6.功能对等 _7.机器翻译 _8.目的语 _9. 源语 _三.结合直译和意译两种翻译方法,将下列英语译成汉语:1.Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language.2.A translation should give a complete transcript of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.3. Automatic package has been adopted into production of almost every industry.4.A compensation package often includes a base salary, an annual bonus and some other extra rewards and benefits.5. A packaged service called Trade Web costs companies less than 1,000$a year to join. It is so cheap that 3,000 small suppliers have signed up with the operator.6.The through quality management is apparent not just in the products, but also in the system through a self-check system and tracebility at each stage of production from the greenhouse to the table.第二节 商务英语和商务文本翻译标准exercise一. 商务英语的界定商务英语是英语的一种功能变体,是专门用途英语(English for Specific Purposes)中的一个分支,适于商务场合中应用,或者说是一种包含了各种商务活动内容,适合商业需要的标准英文.而这些商务活动包括技术引进,对外贸易,招商引资,对外劳务承包与合同,国际金融,涉外保险,国际旅游,海外投资,国际运输等等, 在这些活动中使用的英语统称为商务英语(Business English )二.商务文本的翻译标准商务文本的复杂性决定了商务文本的翻译标准必须是多元化的,不同的商务文体该有不同的翻译标准.1.商务广告的翻译:劝购功能相似广告的主要功能是劝购功能,即说服读者去买广告中所宣传的产品或服务.广告翻译是否成功取决它是否能在译文读者中取得同样的作用.广告翻译应以劝购功能相似为其基本原则, 译文应与原文有大致相同的宣传效果,信息传递功能和移情感召功能.需要强调的是,由于语言之间存在的差异以及译文读者和原文读者的社会和文化背景不同,广告翻译的功能相似原则并不是要求字字对等的忠实翻译而是一种极为灵活的对等:即广告翻译的受众是否象原广告的受众一样乐于掏钱买商家所宣传的广告产品.例:We take no pride in prejudice.( The Times 的一则广告)译文1:对于你的偏见,我们没有傲慢.译文2: 对于有失偏颇的报道,我们并不引以为豪.参考译文:正义的力量,舆论的向导.examplePride in prejudice引用英国作家简.奥斯汀的名作傲慢与偏见,体现了泰晤士报秉承公平,公正的办报原则,收到了很好的广告效果.但由于中西方的文化差异,使这种效果很难在译文中表现出来.译文1将傲慢与偏见的两个关键词强加到译文中,但却使人看了之后不知所云.译文二虽然表达了公平公正的意思,但给人的感觉是泰晤士报不总是报道真实的新闻.在这种既难保留原文,又难达到广告宣传目的的两难情况下,则可放弃原文,采取另译的方法例句分析Quality Services for Quality Life.凝聚新动力,文康展新姿._香港康乐及文化事物署的双语广告Connecting People.科技以人为本._诺基亚公司的广告词商务广告的翻译next2.商务应用文的翻译:约定俗成,入乡随俗.商务应用文在此具体是指商务活动中的项目招商通告,营业执照,招投标文件,请柬等具有固定行文格式的商务文件.example商务应用文的翻译The Deputy Prime Minister of Australiaand minister for Overseas Trade Dr.J.F. CairnsRequests the Pleasure of Your Companyat a BanquetOn Tuesday, 11 October, 2005from 12:30 to 13:30 p.m.in Hall Three of the Beijing Exhibition CenterTo Mark the Opening of the Australian ExhibitionR.S.V.PTel:_ Chinese商务应用文的翻译谨订于2005年10月11日(星期二)12时半至下午1时半假座北京展览馆3号大厅举行宴会,庆祝澳大利亚展览会开幕.敬请光临澳大利亚副总理兼海外贸易部长杰.弗.凯恩斯博士(请赐复)电话_next3. 商务信函的翻译: 事实准确,礼貌得体根据商务信函的语言特点和实际用途,商务信函的翻译应遵循以下原则:准确传达原文的事实信息主要包括三个方面:术语翻译规范,具体事实细节准确传译, 一般性叙述用词恰当.贴切再现原文的礼貌语气商务信函属于公函语体,措辞严谨,语气委婉,注重礼节,翻译是要特别注意再现原文的礼貌语气.符合公函文体的语言特征example商务信函的翻译There are qualities of this item here, in different weights and size, with varied colors and shapes. The price is very reasonable and the quotations will be given upon request.Our prices already make full allowance for large orders and , as you know, we operate in a highly competitive market in which we have been forced to cut our prices to minimum.我方现有各种不同重量,不同体积,颜色丰富,形状各异的大理石,数量甚巨,价格合理,受函抱价.我方抱价已考虑到大批量定货的因素.相信贵公司了解我们是在一个竞争十分激烈的市场上经营销售业务,因而已经不得不把利润降到最低限度.next4. 商务合同的翻译商务合同的概念:是一种契约文体,其文体具有用语正式,句式严谨以及篇章结构固定等特点.具体标准:用词准确,译文完整行文通顺,条理清楚符合契约的文体特点example商务合同的翻译The date of receipt issued by the transportation department concerned shall be regarded as the date of the delivery of goods.Payment: By irrevocable L/C at the sight to reach the sellers 30 days before the time of shipment.The buyer shall make a claim against the Seller (including replacement of the goods) by the further inspection certificate and all the expenses incurred therefore shall by the Seller.The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.Chinese商务合同的翻译由有关的运输机构所开据收据的日期视为为交货期.买方应在装船前30天将不可撤消的即期信用证开到卖方.买方需凭复检证明书向卖方提出索赔(包括换货),由此引起的全部费用应由卖方负责.仲裁机构的裁决具有最终效力,双方必须遵照执行.一.讨论翻译及商务英语翻译的标准.二.将下列英语短语译成汉语:1.form a receipt _2.ticket order form _3.application form _4.an active list _5.an export list _more三.将下列英语段落翻译成汉语.Speaking of translation, we tend to think of Yan Fu who advocated for the first time the three words as translation criteria, namely, faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. Yan Fus faithfulness means the full and complete conveying or transmission of the original content or thought. His expressiveness demands that the version must be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense. But his elegance is unadoptable because it refers to the use of classical Chinese before the Han Dynasty, Yan Fu held that only the language before the Han Dynasty could be considered elegant and old vocabulary, the old structure of Chinese must be used in order to represent the original fully and adequately.Faithfulness first refers to the content of the original work. The translator must bring out the original meaning both comprehensively and accurately without any distortion or casual addition or deletion of the original thoughts.Faithfulness also includes the keeping of the original style, as Mr. Lu Xun put it , keep the full flavor of the original work.第三章涉外商务信函的翻译第一节 商务信函简介一 商务信函的12种要素 信头(letterhead)案号 (reference)日期 (date)封内地址 (inside address注意项 (attention line)称呼 (salutation) 事由栏 (subject)信的正文 (body of letter)信尾敬语 (complimentary close)签名 (signature)缩写名,附件及分送标志部分(IEC: initials, enclosures and carbon copies block)附言 (postscript)Next商务信函实例1Kee & Co., Ltd 34 Regent Street London, UK Inside Address 收信人地址 Dear Sirs,Salutation称呼 We have obtained your name and address from Dee&Co. Ltd, and we are writing toenquire whether you would be willing to establish business relations with us. We have been importers of shoes for many years. At present, we are interested in extending our range and would appreciate your catalogues and quotations. If your prices are competitive we would expect to place volume orders on you. We look forward to your early reply. _Yours faithfully, Complimentary Close客套结束语 Tony Smith Signature Block签名栏 Enc: invoice for consulting services Enclosure Notation_ 商务信函实例21117 The High RoadAustin TX 78703 6 June 2006MR. David Patricks3005 West 29th, Suite 130Waco. TX 77663Dear Mr. Ptricks,I received your June 5th letter requesting consultation and am providing myrecommendation in the following.First, let me review my understanding of your inquiry. The question you raise revolvesaround whether the heating registers should be located in a low sidewall, or in the ceiling,and if ceiling registers are used, which type step down or stamped-facedwill deliverthe best results. Additionally, the problem concerns whether there is any benefit to haveheating registers near the floor, whether moving heated air down in ducts negativelyaffects blower performance.My recommendations are as follow:I can find nothing in either Carrier, Trane, or ASHRAE design manuals that indicatesdrop as being a factor in duct design any different from normal static losses. If you havedifferent information on this, I would like to have references to it.I cannot see any advantage to low sidewall application. The problem is injection and pattern. I do see an advantage to low sidewall return; Carrier Design ManualAir Distribution is a good reference on both items.I recommend step-down diffusers with OBD because they have pattern and volume control that is superior to stamped-faced diffusers.I am opposed to low sidewall diffusers or floor diffusers in the application you describe. The increased static losses that result from trying to get the ducts to down through the walls will only increase installation cost and reduceefficiency.If there is anyone in your organization who is uncomfortable with theserecommendations, let me know. Id be very interested in reviewing any actualdocumented test results. Let me know if you have any further questions or if Ican be of any further assistance.Sincerely,Jane A McMurreyJane A McMurrey, P.E.HVAC Consultant, Inc.JAM/dmcEncl.: invoice for consulting services 2 涉外商务信函语篇风格的特点,也称7C原则2.1 完整 (completeness)2.2 简洁 (conciseness)2.3 具体 (concreteness)2.4 正确 (correctness)2.5 清晰 (clarity)2.6 体谅 (consideration)2.7 礼貌 (courtesy)2.1 完整 (completeness)实例解说:Cellulose Tape 1/2x 3yds, with plastic dispenser 700 doz./ditto-but 1/2 x 5 yds, 1,000doz. 这是出口商接到的一份定单中有关商品品名,规格和数量的内容.中文意思是:纤素带(幅)宽半英寸,长3码,带塑料包装容器,700打;同上,但(幅)宽宽半英寸,长5码,1000打. 问题是后半句不清楚. ditto在这里表示前面提到的商名称纤维素带, 但不能包括带塑料包装容器,因此,幅英寸长5码的纤维素带是否 要塑料包装容器没有说清楚,不完整.所以最好改成: Cellulose Tape 1/2x 3yds, with plastic dispenser 700 doz. Cellulose Tape 1/2 x 5yds,with plastic dispenser 1000 doz. 这样既完正,又清楚明确,不引起误解.2.2 简洁 (conciseness)简洁是有客观标准的.虽然西方国家的作者之间在怎样用词才算简洁方面还是有争论的,不过他们的一些看法还是有一定参考价值的. 怎样才能使商业书信简洁 西方国家作者有很多建议,先介绍如下: eg 2;(一) 避免使用陈旧的商业术语 陈旧的与传统的商业术语(Commercial jargon)对信的内容没有什么作用,应该避免使用. Eg 1:Wordy: We wish to acknowledge receipt of your letter of November 14 with the check for Stg.10 enclosed and wish to thank you for sameConcise: We appreciate your letter of November 14 and the check for Stg. 10 you sent with it. 例二: Wordy: We take liberty to approach you with the request that you would be kind enough to introduce to us some exporters of cotton textiles in your cities. Would you please introduce to us some exporters of cotton textiles in your city Concise: Please introduce to us some exporters of cotton textiles in your city. (二) 要长话短说,避免罗嗦 通常商业人士每天需要阅读大量的书信,对开门见山,长话短说,直接切题的信特别欢迎.因此, 写信要力求长话短说,例如: 不要写Please see that an enquiry is conducted to determine the reason.应写作Please find out the reason. 不要写We express our regret at being unable to fulfill your order on this occasion. 应写作We are sorry we cannot meet your present order. 要使用简洁的语言,有可能的话, 尽量使用单词来代替某些娇柔做作的短语.删去不必要的形容词,如下列句子中的形容词或副词删去后并不影响句子的原意:The proposal is under (active) consideration. The answer is (definitely) correct. I would (rather) think the fare is too high. The (true) facts are as stated .(三) 要注意每句句子的长短 例如: We would like to know whether you would allow us to extend the time of shipment for twenty days, and if you would be so kind as to allow us to do so, kindly give us your reply by cable without delay. 这句话过分客气,使句子过长而不清楚.内容要求对方同意延期交货20天,一般情况下,应尽可能提出延期到那一天的具体日期.这句话可压缩为:Please reply by telegram immediately if you will allow us to delay the shipment until April 21.2.3 具体 (concreteness) 2.4 正确 (correctness)商业书信必须写得正确,因为它涉及到买卖双方的权利,义务,厉害关系,是各种商业单据(如合同)的根据. 广义的说,商业书信的正确性表现在:(一) 运用正确的语言水平 (二) 叙述得正确 (三) 数字要正确 (四) 正确理解和运用商业术语 (五) 合适的写作技巧或方法,以及正确运用其他的六个 C. (一) 运用正确的语言水(二 )叙述得正确叙述得正确: 商业书信的内容要叙述得正确,既不要说得不够(Understatement),更不要说得过头(Overstatement). 例一 This stove is absolutely the best (or: the very best) on the market. (这种炉子是市场上绝对最好的炉子.) 这句话是用来介绍商品的, 但没有具体介绍商品的性能, 而是抽象地断定这种炉子是市场上最好的.这样介绍商品,不但不能达到推销的目的,反而使人对写信人有卖狗皮膏药的感觉.改写 Our model A195 is designed on modern lines, without any increase in fuel consumption, 25% more heat than the older models. So you will agree that it is the outstanding stove for economy of fuel. (我们的A195型炉子是按近代样式设计的,在不增加燃料消耗的情况下,比其他各种旧式炉子温度高25%.所以,你会同意,这是优良的节约燃料的炉子.) (三) 字要正确字要正确:做对外贸易离不开数字. 对商业书信中的数字的正确性要特别加以注意,有时失之毫厘,差之千里.甚至引起不同的理解. (a)以上,以下,以前,以后,从.到. 等的表达法 (b)二美元和二美元以上$2 or (and) $2 above (over)不少于50罗的定单50gross or (and) up (upward, upwards)(四) 正确理解和运用商业术语理解和运用商业术语 :一般常用的商业用语用字简洁,意义明确,使用得好,工作进行得顺利,使用得不好,就会引起混乱,误解,甚至产生不必要的纠纷.如:You ask very short delivery for your order.写信的人原意是说你们要求赶快交你们的定货. 可是short delivery不是快点交货的意思,而是短交的意思,这就用错了商业术语.因此,应该说:Your require quick (prompt) delivery of your order. (五)正确运用其他的六个 C. 2.5 清晰 (clarity)(一).避免使用可能产生不同理解或意义不明确的词例一 As to the steamers sailing from Hongkong to San Francisco, we have bimonthly direct services. (从香港到旧金山有直达船,) 但是bimonthly 究竟是一个月两次即半月一次呢,还是两个月一次 不明确.因此,最好清楚明白说明一个月两次还是两个月一次 (a) We have two direct sailings every month from Hongkong to San Francisco. (每月两次直达船) (b) We have semimonthly direct sailing from Hongkong to San Francisco. (每半月一次直达船) (c) We have a direct sailing from Hongkong to San Francisco every two month. (每两个月一次直达船) (二)注意修饰词的位置,有时修饰词的位置不同,会导致不同的含意如:a) Please let us know what you wish us to do about this matter as soon as possible; b) Please let us know as soon as possible what you wish us to do about this matter. 以上两句中的修饰的内容不同: a) 你们要求我们尽快做些什么.b) 请尽快告诉我们. a) 可译成请告诉我们你们要我们为此尽快做些什么; b) 可译为请尽快告知,你们要我们为此事做些什么. (三) 注意代名词,关系代词和先行词的关系 按照英语习惯, 句子中的代名词和关系代词一般是指离得最近的名词,因此要特别注意,以免引起误解或不清楚.例句: 不好 :They informed Messrs. John & Smith that they would receive an answer in a few days. 较好: They informed Messrs. John & Smith that latter would receive an answer in a few days. (四)注意前后一致和紧凑,连贯 不一致:Being a certified public accountant, I am sure you can help us. 一致: Being a certified public accountant, you can surely help us. or; As you are a certified public accountant, I am sure you can help us.(五)仔细和恰当地分段落 商业书信要写得使人一读就明白,因此必须按照内容仔细和恰当的分段落,一般的分段落原则是一个段落一个意思(A paragraph for each point is a good general rule.). 现举例说明: Dear Sirs, It is reported in a domestic newspaper that the Iranian Central Bank has instructed the commercial banks to suspend their business of opening a new letter of credit as from the 3rd May for financial reason of foreign currency. Although it is said that this arrangement would be a temporary one and with establishment of new import policy this emergency arrangement would be lifted, we are much concerned about the outcome of this movement toward restriction of import to Iran and shall be obliged if you will kindly keep us well advised of development of this new arrangement especially in connection with import from France.Yours faithfully, 以上这封信只有一段,供两句.第一句39字,第二句66句. 读后虽 然能基本了解其内容, 但读起来很舒服.信的内容大体有三点: 1. 伊朗中央银行因外汇原因,通知个商业银行从五月三日起停止 开立信用证;2. 这临时措施,新的进口政策一订,这个措施可能取消;3. 希望对方随时告之有关情况.按照这三点,适当地分段,把信重新改写,读起来比原来的清楚易懂:Dear Sirs, It is reported in a vernacular newspaper that the Iranian Central Bank hasinstructed the commercial banks to suspend their issuing new Letters of Creditas from the 3rd May because of its decreasing foreign currency funds.Furthermore it is said that the suspension seems a temporary one and willbe released with establishment if a new import policy. We are much concerned, however, about the outcome of this movementtoward restriction of import to Iran.We, therefore, shall be obliged if you will keep us well informed ofdevelopment of this new state of affairs, especially in connection with importsfrom France. Yours faithfully, 2.6 体谅 (consideration)2.7 礼貌 (courtesy)COURTESY译成礼貌.但是根据西方国家函电书籍作者普遍的看法,所谓COURTESY是客气而又体谅人的意思.这样的形式很多,现在提供一些常见的供参考:(一) 把命令变成请求的常用形式: Please, Will you., Will you please.,如:a) Will you give us more detailed information on your requirement b) Will you please (kindly) let us hear from you on these two points (二) 虚拟式(Past Subjunctive From)如:a) Would you compare our sample with the goods of other firms b) We would ask you to ship the goods by the first available vessel. c) We wish you would let us have your reply soon.d) This would seem to confirm our opinion.e) We should be grateful if you would help us with your suggestion. f) We might be of some service to you in a similar case. 以上的b, 也可用 will, shall, may, 但是用Past Subjunctive Form则表示更客气 和婉转些. 2.7 礼貌 (courtesy)(三) 缓和用法(Mitigation) 为了缓和过分强调或刺激对方,常用: We are afraid, we would say, we may(or, might) say, we(would) think, it seems(or