《英语高级语法》word版.doc

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蚆袀羀膀蝿肆芈艿蒈衿膄芈薁肄肀芈蚃袇肆芇袅蚀莅芆薅羅芁芅蚇螈膇芄蝿羃肃芃葿螆罿莂薁羂芇莂蚄螅膃莁螆羀腿莀薆螃肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁芀莇蒀肇膆莆薂衿肂蒆蚅肅羈蒅螇袈芆蒄蒇蚁节蒃虿袆膈蒂螁蝿肄蒁蒁羄羀蒀薃螇艿蒀蚅羃膅蕿螈螅肁薈蒇羁羇薇薀螄莆薆螂聿节薅袄袂膈薅薄肇肄膁蚆袀羀膀蝿肆芈艿蒈衿膄芈薁肄肀芈蚃袇肆芇袅蚀莅芆薅羅芁芅蚇螈膇芄蝿羃肃芃葿螆罿莂薁羂芇莂蚄螅膃莁螆羀腿螃羈芆蒈螂肁蒁莄螁膃芄蚃螀袃葿薈蝿羅节蒄袈肇蒈莀袇膀芀虿袇罿肃蚅袆肁荿薁袅膄膂蒇袄袃莇莃袃羆膀蚂羂肈莅薈羁膀膈蒄羁袀莄莀羀肂膆螈罿膅蒂蚄羈芇芅薀羇羇蒀蒆薄聿芃莂薃膁蒈蚁蚂袁芁薇蚁羃蒇蒃蚀膅芀葿虿芈膂螇虿羇莈蚃蚈肀膁蕿蚇膂莆蒅蚆袂腿莁螅羄莄蚀螄肆膇薆螃艿莃薂螃羈芆蒈螂肁蒁莄螁膃芄蚃螀袃葿薈蝿羅节蒄袈肇蒈莀袇膀芀虿袇罿肃蚅袆肁荿薁袅膄膂蒇袄袃莇莃袃羆膀蚂羂肈莅薈羁膀膈蒄羁袀莄莀羀肂膆螈罿膅蒂蚄羈芇芅薀羇羇蒀蒆薄聿芃莂薃膁蒈蚁蚂袁芁薇蚁羃蒇蒃蚀膅芀葿虿芈膂螇虿羇莈蚃蚈肀膁蕿蚇膂莆蒅蚆袂腿莁螅羄莄蚀螄肆膇薆螃艿莃薂螃羈芆蒈螂肁蒁莄螁膃芄蚃螀袃葿薈蝿羅节蒄袈肇蒈莀袇膀芀虿袇罿肃蚅袆肁荿薁袅膄膂蒇袄袃莇莃袃羆膀蚂羂肈莅薈羁膀膈蒄羁袀莄莀羀肂膆螈罿膅蒂蚄羈芇芅薀羇羇蒀蒆薄聿芃莂薃膁蒈蚁蚂袁芁薇蚁羃蒇蒃蚀膅芀葿虿芈膂螇虿羇莈蚃蚈肀膁蕿蚇膂莆蒅蚆袂腿莁螅羄莄蚀螄肆膇薆螃艿莃薂螃羈芆蒈螂肁蒁莄螁膃芄蚃螀袃葿薈蝿羅节蒄袈肇蒈莀袇膀芀虿袇罿肃蚅袆肁荿薁袅膄膂蒇袄袃莇莃袃羆膀蚂羂肈莅薈羁膀膈蒄羁袀莄莀羀肂膆螈罿膅蒂蚄羈芇芅薀羇羇蒀蒆薄聿芃莂薃膁蒈蚁蚂袁芁薇蚁羃蒇蒃蚀膅芀葿虿芈膂螇虿羇莈蚃蚈肀膁蕿蚇膂莆蒅蚆袂腿莁螅羄莄蚀螄肆膇薆螃艿莃薂螃羈芆蒈螂肁蒁莄螁膃芄蚃螀袃葿薈蝿羅节蒄袈肇蒈莀袇膀芀虿袇罿肃蚅袆肁荿薁袅膄膂蒇袄袃莇莃袃羆膀蚂羂肈莅薈羁膀膈蒄羁袀莄莀羀肂膆螈罿膅蒂蚄羈芇芅薀羇羇蒀蒆薄聿芃莂薃膁蒈蚁蚂袁芁薇蚁羃蒇蒃蚀膅芀葿虿芈膂螇虿羇莈蚃蚈肀膁蕿蚇膂莆蒅蚆袂腿莁螅羄莄蚀螄肆膇薆螃艿莃薂螃羈芆蒈螂肁蒁莄螁膃芄蚃螀袃葿薈蝿羅节蒄袈肇蒈莀袇膀芀虿袇罿肃蚅袆肁荿薁袅膄膂蒇袄袃莇莃袃羆膀蚂羂肈莅薈羁膀膈蒄羁袀莄莀羀肂膆螈罿膅蒂蚄羈芇芅薀羇羇蒀蒆薄聿芃莂薃膁蒈蚁蚂袁芁薇蚁羃蒇蒃蚀膅芀葿虿芈膂螇虿羇莈蚃蚈肀膁蕿蚇膂莆蒅蚆袂腿莁螅羄莄蚀螄肆膇薆螃艿莃薂螃羈芆蒈螂肁蒁莄螁膃芄蚃螀袃葿薈蝿羅节蒄袈肇蒈莀袇膀芀虿袇罿肃蚅袆肁荿薁袅膄膂蒇袄袃莇莃袃羆膀蚂羂肈莅薈羁膀膈蒄羁袀莄莀羀肂膆螈罿膅蒂蚄羈芇芅薀羇羇蒀蒆薄聿芃莂薃膁蒈蚁蚂袁芁薇蚁羃蒇蒃蚀膅芀葿虿芈膂螇虿羇莈蚃蚈肀膁蕿蚇膂莆蒅蚆袂腿莁螅羄莄蚀螄肆膇薆螃艿莃薂螃羈芆蒈螂肁蒁莄螁膃芄蚃螀袃葿薈蝿羅节蒄袈肇蒈莀袇膀芀虿袇罿肃蚅袆肁荿薁袅膄膂蒇袄袃莇莃袃羆膀蚂羂肈莅薈羁膀膈蒄羁袀莄莀羀肂膆螈罿膅蒂蚄羈芇芅薀羇羇蒀蒆薄聿芃莂薃膁蒈蚁蚂袁芁薇蚁羃蒇蒃蚀膅芀葿虿芈膂螇虿羇莈蚃蚈肀膁蕿蚇膂莆蒅蚆袂腿莁螅羄莄蚀螄肆膇薆螃艿莃薂螃羈芆蒈螂肁蒁莄螁膃芄蚃螀袃葿薈蝿羅节蒄袈肇蒈莀袇膀芀虿袇罿肃蚅袆肁荿薁袅膄膂蒇袄袃莇莃袃羆膀蚂羂肈莅薈羁膀膈蒄羁袀莄莀羀肂膆螈罿膅蒂蚄羈芇芅薀羇羇蒀蒆薄聿芃莂薃膁蒈蚁蚂袁芁薇蚁羃蒇蒃蚀膅芀葿虿芈膂螇虿羇莈蚃蚈肀膁蕿蚇膂莆蒅蚆袂腿莁螅羄莄蚀螄肆膇薆螃艿莃薂螃羈芆蒈螂肁蒁莄螁膃芄蚃螀袃葿薈蝿羅节蒄袈肇蒈莀袇膀芀虿袇罿肃蚅袆肁荿薁袅膄膂蒇袄袃莇莃袃羆膀蚂羂肈莅薈羁膀膈蒄羁袀莄莀羀肂膆螈罿膅蒂蚄羈芇芅薀羇羇蒀蒆薄聿芃莂薃膁蒈蚁蚂袁芁薇蚁羃蒇蒃蚀膅芀葿虿芈膂螇虿羇莈蚃蚈肀膁蕿蚇膂莆蒅蚆袂腿莁螅羄莄蚀螄肆膇薆螃艿莃薂螃羈芆蒈螂肁蒁莄螁膃芄蚃螀袃葿薈蝿羅节蒄袈肇蒈莀袇膀芀虿袇罿肃蚅袆肁荿薁袅膄膂蒇袄袃莇莃袃羆膀蚂羂肈莅薈羁膀膈蒄羁袀莄莀羀肂膆螈罿膅蒂蚄羈芇芅薀羇羇蒀蒆薄聿芃莂薃膁蒈蚁蚂袁芁薇蚁羃蒇蒃蚀膅芀葿虿芈膂螇虿羇莈蚃蚈肀膁蕿蚇膂莆蒅蚆袂腿莁螅羄莄蚀螄肆膇薆螃艿莃薂螃羈芆蒈螂肁蒁莄螁膃芄蚃螀袃葿薈蝿羅节蒄袈肇蒈莀袇膀芀虿袇罿肃蚅袆肁荿薁袅膄膂蒇袄袃莇莃袃羆膀蚂羂肈莅薈羁膀膈蒄羁袀莄莀羀肂膆螈罿膅蒂蚄羈芇芅薀羇羇蒀蒆薄聿芃莂薃膁蒈蚁蚂袁芁薇蚁羃蒇蒃蚀膅芀葿虿芈膂螇虿羇莈蚃蚈肀膁蕿蚇膂莆蒅蚆袂腿莁螅羄莄蚀螄肆膇薆螃艿莃薂螃羈芆蒈螂肁蒁莄螁膃芄蚃螀袃葿薈蝿羅节蒄袈肇蒈莀袇膀芀虿袇罿肃蚅袆肁荿薁袅膄膂蒇袄袃莇莃袃羆膀蚂羂肈莅薈羁膀膈蒄羁袀莄莀羀肂膆螈罿膅蒂蚄羈芇芅薀羇羇蒀蒆薄聿芃莂薃膁蒈蚁蚂袁芁薇蚁羃蒇蒃蚀膅芀葿虿芈膂螇虿羇莈蚃蚈肀膁蕿蚇膂莆蒅蚆袂腿莁螅羄莄蚀螄肆膇薆螃艿莃薂螃羈芆蒈螂肁蒁莄螁膃芄蚃螀袃葿薈蝿羅节蒄袈肇蒈莀袇膀芀虿袇罿肃蚅袆肁荿薁袅膄膂蒇袄袃莇莃袃羆膀蚂羂肈莅薈羁膀膈蒄 第一章名 词第一节 可数名词与不可数名词英语的名词分为可数名词与不可数名词。英语中的专有名词（人名、地名）、物质名词（如copper, water）及抽象名词为不可数名词。此外，还有一些词并非根据其词义而是根据其本身属性为不可数名词，如：advice, baggage, clothing, equipment, evidence, garbage, information, litter, luggage, machinery, news progress, traffic, ware等。有些名词作物质名词时，是不可数名词；也可作个体名词，而且这时则为可数名词。注意其意义上的变化，并注意他们作主语时，其谓语动词的单复数形式。不可数名词可数名词不可数名词可数名词iron铁熨斗business商业、事务企业、商店rubber橡皮橡皮擦capital资本首都wood木头森林brick砖砖块beauty美丽美人glass玻璃玻璃杯copper铜铜币room空间、余地房间cork软木软木塞chicken鸡肉鸡tin锡罐cloth布料抹布，桌布paper纸试卷，文件，论文等power权力强国第二节可数名词有单、复数之分。1. 一般情况下在单数名词后加-s或-es即构成复数形式，如：deskdesks;girlgirls;brushbrushes;boxboxes.2. 复合名词变复数时，有中心词时将中心词变为复数。如：fortune-tellers( 算命人)；lookers-on（旁观者）；comings in (收入)；girl friends(女朋友，girl在这里表性别，friend 是中心词)；passers-by(过程人)；editors-in-chief(总编，主编)。如果复合名词中无中心词，则复数加在词尾。如：forget-me-nots(勿忘我);grown-ups(成人)；set-backs(挫折)；break-throughs(突破)。如果复合名词是以woman, man为前缀构成，则合成的两个名词都变为复数。如：women teachers(女教师)；men doctors(男医生)。当两个由s构成的所有格名词修饰同一个事物时，前一个名词的s省略；若它们所修饰的是互不相同的事物时，则两个所有格名词必须s。如：Brown and Catherines villa(两人共同拥有的别墅)Browns and Catherines villa (分别指布朗的别墅和凯瑟琳的别墅)。单数复数单数复数scale等级、刻度规模天平advice忠告通知，消息Short短的短裤arm武装武器surrounding包围环境air空气架子，神气content内容目录good好货物necessity需要必需品remain仍然（是）遗体，废墟color颜色旗，绶带子rich富裕财富quarter一刻钟，四分之一营房spirit精神情绪effect效果财产，动产due应得权益应付款humanity人类人文科学manner方式礼貌custom风俗海关pain痛努力4.下列名词常以复数形式出现：scissors(剪刀)；savings(积蓄)；ashes(灰烬，骨灰)；belongs(所有物)；earnings(收入)；lodgings(租住的房子)；minutes(会议记录)；outskirts(郊区)；slums(贫民窟)；at ones fingers ends(了如指掌)；make both ends meet（收支相抵）等。5.下列名词单数形式相同：deer(鹿)；sheep(绵羊)；craft(小船；飞船)；score(二十)；species(种，种类)；series(系列)；means(方式，方法)；works(工厂)；aircraft(飞机，飞船)；headquarters(总部)；Burmese(缅旬人，以-ese和-ss结尾的民族名称指人时单复数同形)。Exercise 11.Folk art is a spontaneous expression of the feelings, attitudes, and the lower classes of a society.A. needB. need of C. needsD. needs of2. He bought for his father in a drugstore.A. some medicineB. some medicinesC. many medicinesD. enough medicines3.It requires a certain of preparation.A. numberB. lotC. amountD. deal4. I have to get about the subject before I write the paper.A. a few more informationsB. a little more informationC. a few more informationD. a little more informations5. Although a great number of house in that area are still in need of repair. There been much improvement in their appearance.A. hasB. haveC. will haveD. would have6. Every means been tried since then.A. haveB. areC. hasD. is7. He couldnt remember .A. what was the formulaB. what the formula wasC. what were the formulaD. what the formula were8. He went to the to buy a pair of shoes.A. shoes storeB. shoe storeC. shoes storeD. shoes store9.I will give you to finish it.A. two weeks timeB. two weeks timeC. two-weeks timeD. two weeks time10. He gave me several good .A. piece of adviceB. pieces of advicesC. piece of advicesD. pieces of advice答案：1.D2.A3.C4.B5.A 6.C7.B8.B9.A10.D第二章代词英语中的代词可分为下列八类：人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，不定代词，疑问代词，连接代词和关系代词。英语专业四级考试中这部分测试的分量不重，稍加注意即可。第一节 人称代词、不定代词1.人称代词要注意主格和宾格的用法。2.物主代词则需要着区分名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词,要记住：名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+相应名词；名词性物主代词相当于名词的句法功能，在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语等；而形容词性物主代词不能独立来表达一个完整的含义，它充当名词的定语，总是与名词连用来表达一完整概念。3.英语中不定代词有：all, each, everyone, everybody, both, enough, many , much, few, less, little, either, neither, other, another, some thing, anything, nothing等。而anybody, something, no thing 等不定词被形容词或限定词修饰时，该形容词或限定词应该后置，即：something(anything, nothing, anybody, somebody)+形容词或限定词，如:somebody old(某个老人)；something new (某个事物)；anything unknown(任何尚未知晓的事)等。另外，不定代词有许多习惯搭配，表示特定的含义；nothing but(只不过，就是，只有)，anything but(根本不，并不)，something of (表示“略有”)，none other than(就是)。4.英语中的相互代词只有两个：each other和one another。通常each other 用来指两个以上人或事物相互之间的关系。第二节 one和ones, it 和them,that 和those的用法在英语中，one和ones, it和them, that those 可用来代替上文出现过的名词（人或物），其中，one, it, that代替上文出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，而ones, them, those代替上文出现过的可数名词。而one/ones, it/them及that/those这三组替代词用法的区别主要在于其是否带有前置和后置修饰语。例：1）I dont like these shirts. Take them away, please.2)Please show me the red ones(in the shop window).3)Ok, Id like to take those with bronze buttons.句1)中的them代替上文出现过的复数可数名词shirts, 且既不带前置修饰词，也无后置修饰词。句2）中的ones也代替上文出现过的复数可数名词shirts,在ones前有前置修饰词“the red”,而其后的修饰语“in the shop window”是否出现并不影响本句语法结构的正确及句意的完整，属可有可无。句3）中的those 仍代替shirts, 但它不能有前置修饰语，却一定要带后置修饰语。Exercise 21. It was who did that.A. he and IB. him and meC. he and ID. he and me2. This bicycle is his, not .A. theirB. hersC. herD. your3. Each man and woman must sign full name before entering the examination.A. theirB. itsC. herD. his4. The members of the two groups often help .A. each otherB. one anotherC. one and the otherD. one and another5. “May I help you with some shoes, Sir?”“Yes, Id like to try on those brown .”A. oneB. onesC. pairD. shoe6.He has two blue pens and a red .A. itB. oneC. onesD. that7. After a long walk, I wanted to drink .A. cold something B. something coldC. something to make coldD. anything cold8. The man over there is our principal.A. no other but B. no other thanC. no one thanD. none other than9. Our department is monitored by two supervisors, Bill and .A. IB. mineC. meD. my10. I did not choose any of the three offerings, because I found satisfactory.A. neither of themB. none of itC. either of themD. none of them答案：1.A2.B3.D4.B5.B 6.B7.B8.D9.C10.D第三章动 词 动词是英语中涉及语法范畴最广、用法最为复杂、测试中出现频率最高、考生也感觉最难掌握的部分，它包括动词的时态、动词的语气，情态动词，主、谓数的一致，非限定动词等的用法与区别。第一节英语专业四级测试中常考虑的时态用法有一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时的用法与区别。一、一般现在时1.表示普遍真理和客观事实。如：Our teacher told us that anything that is dropped falls towards the center of the earth because of the pull of gravity.2.在Ill see to it that,Ill make sure that, see(to it)that结构的从句里用一般现在时表示将来含义。如：1）Ill see to it that you dont get lost.2) See(to it )that you are here punctually tomorrow morning.3)在when ,while, as, the moment 等连词引导的时间状语从句中及if引导的条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来含义。如：1）Ill tell him your address when he comes back. 2) He will be glad if he passes the examination.但注意：3) I dont know when he will come back.4)I am not sure if he will come.句3)中when引导的从句中用将来时没错，因为when在本句中不引导时间状语从句，而引导宾语从句。句4）中if引导的从句用将来时也对，因为if在此引导的不是条件状语从句。4. come go, begin, end, leave, start, arrive, return, depart, stop等瞬间性动词常用一般现在时表示按计划、安排、时刻表将发生的动作。如：1）The film begins at seven in the evening2) The plane leaves at ten thirty.二、一般过去时1.在有些谚语中用过去时而不用现在时。如：1）Care killed a cat.(忧郁伤身。)2）The course of true love never did run smooth.(好事多磨。)2.表示过去经常、反复、习惯但现在已经不再如此的动作。如：I went to visit him everyday.3.用一般过去时代替一般现在时表示更加客气、婉转的语气。如：1）Could you tell me the way to the Summer Palace?2）Did you need my help?三、一般将来时1. 当shall 在陈述句中用于第二、第三人称时，它不是将来时的时态助动词，而是情态动词，表示说话者的允诺、意图、警告、命令等。例：He shall not leave his post.他不是离开岗位。2.be about to 接动词原形也可以表示将来，有“就要、即将”的意思。但它不能与表示将来的时间状语连用。例：He is about to start for Beijing tomorrow morning.误改正：去掉tomorrow morning即可。3.Will 和be going to 接动词原形均可表将来，但will常表示说话人临时“打算做什么”，而be going to 则表示说话人在讲此话前已作好决定“将做什么”。例：1）Mary is in hospital. Really? I will see her someday next week.2)John is in hospital.I know it I am going to visit him on next Wednesday.四、现在进行时1现在进行时表示到现在某一刻或某一阶段尚未完成，仍在进行的动作或所处的状态。例：The new library is still being built in our university.2.现在进行时中有时用副词always, forever, constantly等，表示对某一经常发生动作的厌烦、赞同等感情色彩。例：1）He is constantly telling the story of his life. 2) He is always helping others.3.静态动词不用现在时行时，若用进行时则词义会有所变化。例：1）He is wealthy and has two cars. 2) We are having English lesson the whole morning.4.表状态的动词一般不用现在时，而用一般现在时代替现在进行时。表状态的动词常见的有：live, hate, like, wish, belong to, sound, taste, desire, understand, think(认为)，know, own, possess, have(有)，envy等。5.感觉动词表示“被动感觉”意义时不用进行时态，表示“主动感觉”时可以用进行时态度。例：1）The wood is feeling very smooth.误 2) The wood feels very smooth.正 3）He is feeling his way in the dark.正6.be 后接动态形容词时可用进行时态表示人的暂时行为和性格特征，若是表态形容词，则不能用进行时态。例：1）He is being modest.他显得谦虚正 2) She is being tall.误(tall 是静态形容词，不能表示暂时行为)。五、现在完成时。现在完成时表示动作的延续、结果或经历，着重于过去时间和现在时间的综观，因此，不能与表示单纯过去时间的状语（如two weeks ago, last year等）连用，而常与下列状语连用；already, yet, ever, never, scarcely, lately, recently, up to the present, up till now in the past few years, so far, once, just, this week等。例：Up to now the work has been easy.1.瞬间性动词或词组go, come, become leave, start, die, begin, stop, join, get up, borrow, buy, come back 等可以用于现在完成时，但它们若用现在完成时，则不能for，since等表示延续的时间状语连用。要表示瞬间性动作持续多久时可用它们相应的系表结构或者换为持续性动词的完成时形式。例：1）He has died. 正 2) He has joined the army for 14 years. 误 3）He has been in the army for 14 years. 正 4）He has bought the TV set for 10 years. 误 5）He has had the TV set for years. 正2.在It (That, This )is the first(second)time, It is the most(best)结构后通常要用现在完成时态。若be动词为was，则从句用过去完成时。例：1）This is the second time I have visited your beautiful country. 2) It was the most interesting novel I had ever read.3.瞬间性动词不与延续性时间状语同时用于现在完成时中，但若句子是否定结构则没有这个限制。例：1）He has gone home for two weeks. 正 2) He hasnt gone home for two weeks. 误4.在“it is +时间段+过去时”结构中，since后面接终止性动词表示该动作开始；后面接延续性动词则表示该动的终止。例：1）It is five years since I began to study English. 我已经学了五年的英语了。 2) It is five years since I studied English.我已经五年没有学英语了。六、过去完成时1.用动词hope, mean, suppose, intend, think, plan等的过去完成时表示过去未能实现的愿望等。例：1）I had intended to come ten minutes earlier, but I was caught in a traffic jam. 2) by the end of后接过去时间，句子用过去完成时；by the end of 后接将来时间，句子用将来完成时。例：1）By the end of last weekend all the papers had been checked. 2) By the end of next month we will have been in the United States for two weeks.3.过去完成时不能单独使用，它所表示的动作必须是“过去的过去”，即表示在过去某一时间或作（或用从句表示出，或可从上下文看出）之前的动作。例：1）The instructor had gone over the problems many times before the students took the final examination. 2) Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.Exercise 311.Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about compliments to his political leaders.A. payingB. having paidC. to payD. to have paid2.By the time she is 50 years old, she an inmate of the prison for over half of her life.A. would have beenB. will beC. will have been D. would be3.There was a