a静态蒸汽杀菌锅中英.pptVIP

Copyright 2010 University of Maryland All Rights Reserved Copyright 2010 University of Maryland All Rights Reserved 静态蒸汽静态蒸汽 杀菌锅杀菌锅 Daniel Geffin Morocco January 2009 STILL STILL STEAM STEAM RETORTSRETORTS Daniel Geffin Morocco January 2009 水平静态杀菌锅是一个大金属圆柱体（改造的锅炉），能 够控制内部压力。 圆柱体尾部开有门，用于装载或转移容器。很多杀菌锅两 端都有门，一端进一端出。 The basic horizontal still retort is a large metal cylinder (often a converted boiler). This cylinder can handle a significant internal pressure. At one end of the cylinder is a door to load and remove food containers. Many retorts have doors at both ends. In the two door retorts, product goes in one end and goes out the other (after processing). 垂直静态杀菌锅是一个大的金属 圆柱体（改造的锅炉），形状类 似于水平杀菌锅，换了方向。 杀菌锅顶部为门，罐头用提升机 置于罐内。 同水平杀菌锅相比，水管路和杀 菌篮有所不同，很多其他装置很 相似。 垂直静态杀菌锅 The basic vertical still retort is a large metal cylinder (often a converted boiler). Its similar in shape to the horizontal retort, but turned on its end. At the top of the retort is a door. Cans are lowered in a basket with a hoist. Compared to the horizontal retort, the plumbing and crate support requirements are slightly varied. Most of the other requirements are very similar. VERTICAL STILL STEAM RETORT 罐头置于篮内. 后续图形不再显示 罐体 Cans are loaded in baskets. (Diagrams that follow will not show cans) 杀杀菌篮篮 / 分隔板设备设备 用于盛装罐体的杀菌篮，托盘用带孔的金属皮或其 他材料制成。 CRATES / STACKING EQUIPMENT Crates, Trays gondolas, etc for holding containers hall be made of strap iron, adequately perforated sheet metal, or other suitable material. 杀杀菌篮篮 / 分隔板设备设备 当用带孔板作为底板时，孔径直径为 1 英寸，中心孔距为2 英寸。 分隔 板同样为孔径直径1英寸，中心孔 距2英寸。 CRATES / STACKING EQUIPMENT When perforated sheet metal is used for the bottoms the perforations should be approximately the equivalent of 1 inch holes on 2 inch centers. Divider plates should also be 1 inch holes on 2 inch centers. “1 inch holes on 2 inch centers” 1 2 “adequately perforated metal” One in holes on two inch centers: 注意比例 孔径可大可小，其比例最重要。孔直径要为两孔径中 心距的一半。 Within limits FOCUS ON THE RATIO It doesnt necessarily have to be in inches (it can be slightly larger or smaller). Its the ratio thats important. The diameter of the holes has to be one half the length of the distance between their centers. Within limits 蒸汽供应及蒸汽散 布管 STEAM SUPPLY AND STEAM SPREADERS 封闭后，蒸汽通过蒸气散布管进入杀菌锅内，蒸汽散布管 是蒸汽管在杀菌锅内的延续。通常置于罐的底部（也可置 于顶部）。其目的是保证蒸汽的充分供应，将蒸汽中的热 能分布在整个杀菌锅内。蒸汽散布管沿其长度有固定间隔 的小孔。 After the door is closed, steam is introduced into the retort through a steam spreader. A steam spreader is a pipe which runs the length of the retort. It is usually on the bottom (but can be located at the top). The purpose of the steam spreader is to assure an adequate supply of steam and to distribute thermal energy in the steam along the whole length of the retort. The steam spreader has holes at regular intervals along its length. 水平静态杀菌锅内蒸汽散布管的截面剖面图 蒸汽孔以90度弧度布置。每排孔距顶部中心点45度。 (左右两边的孔是不对称的,右边的孔是错一位的) 4545 Cross Sectional Cut-Away of a Steam Spreader in a Horizontal Still Steam Retort. Steam holes are set at a 90 degree arc. Each row of holes is 45 degrees from the top center point. (Notice the hole on the left and right are not symmetrical, the hole on the right is set back.) 4545 水平静态杀菌锅内蒸汽散布管的截面俯视图。 孔依次分布，总面积为最窄点处蒸汽入口管截面积的1.5-2倍。 Overhead view of a section of steam spreader pipe in a horizontal still steam retort. Holes alternate from side to side. Total area of holes should be 1.5x to 2x the cross sectional area of the steam inlet pipe at its narrowest point. 垂直杀杀菌锅锅的蒸汽散布管 蒸汽散布管不是必须的 使用时，孔隙应朝向杀菌锅内部中心线或者顺 着管道的两侧。 俯视图 STEAM SPREADERS IN VERTICAL RETORTS No steam spreader required. If used, it should be perforated along the center line of the pipe facing the interior of the retort or along the sides of the pipe. OVERHEAD VIEWS 垂直杀杀菌锅锅的蒸气散布管 STEAM SPREADERS IN VERTICAL RETORTS 垂直静态蒸汽杀菌锅 垂直静态杀菌锅必须 有杀菌篮支架。杀菌 篮不能置于蒸汽散布 器或蒸汽出口（无蒸 汽散布器时）上。 VERTICAL STILL STEAM RETORT A CRATE SUPPORT SHALL BE USED IN VERTICAL STILL RETORTS THE CRATES CANNOT REST ON THE STEAM SPREADER OR ON THE STEAM OUTLET (IF THERE IS NO SPREADER). 蒸汽散布器小结 1.必须延伸至杀菌锅长度。 2.蒸汽孔以90度弧度布置，距顶部中心点45度。垂直杀菌 锅孔隙应朝向杀菌锅内部或者顺着管道的两侧。 3.如果杀菌锅长度大于30英尺，应有两个蒸汽入口连接与 散布器。 4.垂直杀菌锅空隙分布于两侧。 5.孔横截总面积为最窄点处蒸汽入口管截面积的1.5-2倍 。 THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT STEAM SPREADERS 1.They must extend the length of the retort. 2.Holes should be 90 degrees along the top (45 from top center). In vertical retorts, pointing to the interior of the retort or the sides of the pipe. 3.If retort is over 30 feet long there should be 2 steam inlets connected to the spreader. 4.For vertical retorts (holes should be in the sides). 5.Total cross sectional area of the perforations should be equal to 1.5x 2x the cross sectional area of smallest section of the steam inlet. 排气管及 杀菌锅的排气 THE VENTS AND VENTING THE RETORT 蒸汽引入后，要排除空气。空气会阻止热量的扩散。空气是很好的 绝缘体，被空气包围的食品不能从蒸汽的冷凝获得热量的传递。杀 菌锅必须配置排气阀。 阀门关闭 After the introduction of steam. It is essential to remove air. Air prevents even distribution of heat. It is a good insulator and food containers surrounded by air will not receive the heat transfer needed from the condensing steam. A retort must be equipped with a vent to exhaust/expel all air from the vessel. Valve Closed 目的是除去所有的空气 (气体主要是 N2, 02, Ar, CO2, 等) 阀门打开 The objective is to remove all of the air. (Air is basically, a combination N2, 02, Ar, CO2, etc) Valve Open 在排气打开时，空气冲出杀菌锅 排气必须与蒸汽散布器方向相反 阀门打开 With the vent open the air is pushed out of the retort. The vent must be opposite the steam spreader. Valve Open 空气随着蒸汽排出 阀门打开 With the steam on the air exits through the vents. Valve Open 几分钟后空气被排出。排气打开空气排出这一过程称为杀菌 锅的排气。容器排空后加热才能开始。 阀门打开 After several minutes all of it is flushed out. This period where the vent is open and air is being flushed from the system is call “venting” of the retort. The cook cannot begin until the vessel is vented. Valve Open 所有蒸汽排空后，阀门关闭，操作者等待杀菌锅温度达到加 热温度。杀菌锅一到加热温度，加热时间才开始计时。 阀门关闭 After all of the steam is removed the vent is closed and the operator must wait until the retort reaches processing temperature. Once the retort reaches processing temperature the “timing” of the cook can begin. Vent Closed A1 A2 A1 + A2 B1 B2 B1 + B2 + A1 + A2 C1 C2 C1 + C2 + B1 + B2 + A1 +A2 A1 A2 A1 + A2 B1 B2 B1 + B2 + A1 + A2 C1 C2 C1 + C2 + B1 + B2 + A1 +A2 排气小结 1.排气阀必须与安装管有相同的口径。 2.必须同大气相连（不能同排水系统连接） 3. 排气阀必须同蒸汽散布器相对（蒸汽进入）。 4. 排气联管和排气总管的直径应与所连接管道的总截面 积相当或略大. 4. 排气总管不允许安装闸门。 5. 排气完全达到操作温度时，计时才能开始。 THINGS TO REMEMBERS ABOUT VENTS 1.Vent valve must open to the same diameter as the pipe in which it is installed (“full port”). 2.Must be connected to the atmosphere (cannot be connected to a drain system). 3. Vent must be opposite the steam spreader (steam inlet). 4.Headers and manifolds must be the equal or larger then the sum of all pipes feeding into them. 5.No valves are permitted in the manifolds that connect several retorts. 6. Timing cannot begin until venting is complete and operating temperature is reached. 泄气阀和 蒸汽循环 THE BLEEDERS AND CIRCULATING THE STEAM 必须要有一个排放蒸汽的方式，否则杀菌锅内的压力会不断 增大，不能再进入更多蒸汽。杀菌锅有泄气阀，可保证蒸汽 的循环（从而保证热能循环）。 There still must be a way to exhaust the steam, otherwise the pressure in the retort would build up and it would be impossible to deliver more steam, which provides the heat. Retorts have small holes called bleeders. Bleeders assure circulation of the steam (and therefore thermal energy). 泄气阀必须达到1/8英寸或更大，必须始终打开。水平杀菌锅 内，必须距离容器每一端1英尺，且间距不超过8英尺。操作 过程中，操作人员必须能够看到蒸汽泄射。 Bleeders must be 1/8 inch or larger and must be always be open. On horizontal retorts they must be 1 ft from containers at each end of the retort and they must be no more then 8 ft apart. The retort operator must be able to see them during processing. 泄气阀小结 1.距离杀菌锅边缘1英尺。（产品已置入） 2.间距不超过8英尺。 3.泄气孔必须达到1/8英寸。 4.操作人员必须能够看到蒸汽泄射。 5.必须始终打开。 6.在不限制流量的同时，可同管线或消声器连接。 THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT BLEEDERS 1.They must be 1 foot from the ends of the retort (where the product is placed inside). 2.They must be no further then 8 feet apart. 3.They must have a least a 1/8 inch diameter. 4.They must be visible to the operator during operation. 5.They must ALWAYS be open. 6.They can be connected to copper lines or mufflers as long as they do not restrict flow. 垂直杀杀菌锅锅泄气阀阀 BLEEDERS IN VERTICAL RETORTS 垂直杀菌锅泄气阀小结 1.垂直杀菌锅至少有一个泄气阀，同蒸汽进入方向 相反。 关于反转式垂直型灭菌锅的事项： 1. 在顶部进蒸汽，底部排气的杀菌锅内，泄气阀 应置于底部以排除冷凝水。 THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT BLEEDERS IN VERTICAL RETORTS 1.Vertical retorts must have at least one bleeder opposite the steam inlet THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT REVERSE PLUMBED RETORTS 1. In retorts where the steam inlet is on the top and bottom venting, a bleeder shall be installed in the bottom of the retort to remove condensate. 温度计和蒸汽控制 THERMOMETERS AND CONTROLLING THE STEAM Now were Ready. So, Whats The Temperature? Now were Ready. So, Whats The Temperature? 一个杀菌锅必须配备 两个温度监控装置 1. 温度指示装置 (MIG) 2. 温度记录装置 A RETORT MUST BE EQUIPPED WITH TWO TEMPERATURE MONITORING DEVICES 1. Temperature Indicator Device (MIG) 2. Temperature Recording Device 1. 正式温度指示装置 玻璃水银温度计 1. OFFICIAL TEMPERATURE INDICATING DEVICE MERCURY-IN-GLASS THERMOMETER 每一杀菌锅必须配置温度指示装置，当前用玻璃水银温度计 。 (MIG). 250 F 121 C Each retort must be equipped with one Temperature Indicating Device (TID). Currently, the requirement is a mercury-in-glass thermometer (MIG). 250 F 121 C 温度指示装置就是“正式温度计”。 必须在整个过程精确，不能偏离或 失效。 目前，必须是玻璃水银温度计，因 为其可以长时间精确、耐用、可靠 。 The Temperature Indicating Device is the “official thermometer”. It must be accurate over long periods of time without variation or failure. “Currently” it must be a Mercury-in- Glass Thermometer which is accurate, durable and reliable over long periods of time. 有两种方式安装温度 指示装置。 （玻璃水银温度计） There are two ways to install a Temperature Indicating Device (MIG). In the side of the Retort Shell. 250 F (Inside Retort) 121 C (Outside Retort) In an External Well (Note: If the MIG thermometer is in a side well the opening into the retort shell must be “ and there must be a 1/16” bleeder to supply steam and assure accurate temperature readings). 250 F (Inside the Retort) 121 C Min ” 1/16” Bleeder 玻璃水银温度计小结 每一杀菌锅内至少有一个。 刻度应为1 F (1/2 C) 每英寸刻度范围不能超过17 F 。 安装时及每年必须依据标准对温度计进行测试和校 准。 THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT THE MERCURY- IN-GLASS (MIG) THERMOMETER There must be a least one in each retort. Divisions must be readable to 1 F (1/2 C) Temperature range cannot be greater than 17 F per inch on the scale. Must be tested and calibrated against a known accurate “standard” upon installation AND once per year. 玻璃水银温度计小结 5. 记录应保存且温度计要标识出检测时间。 6. 温度计应安装于容易且能精确读取的位置。 7. 测试球必须安装于杀菌锅内部或者与器壁接触。（温 度计通过3/4英寸的孔眼与杀菌锅相连，留1/16英寸的 泄气阀，保证畅通。） THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT THE MERCURY-IN -GLASS (MIG) THERMOMETER 5. Records of testing must be kept and thermometer must have a tag with the date of testing. 6. The thermometer must be installed where it can be easily and accurately read. 7. Sensing bulb must be installed in the retort shell OR in a well (well must have at least inch opening into the retort shell with a 1/16 inch bleeder which is always open and continuously emits steam). 2. 温度记录装置 电子温度传感器用于 生成永久性记录 2. TEMPERATURE RECORDING DEVICE ELECTRONIC TEMPERATURE SENSOR THAT GENERATES A PERMANENT RECORD 每一杀菌锅必须配置一个温度记录装置 (RTD). 该 装置通常是铂电阻测温装置。 250 F 电子温度装置要： 1. 产生可转化为连续时间和温度记录的信号。 2. 可通过控制器和自动蒸汽阀门控制杀菌锅温度。 Each retort must be equipped with one Temperature Recording Device (RTD). This device is customarily a platinum resistance temperature device. 250 F This is an electronic temperature device that: 1. Generates a signal which is converted into a permanent record of the time and temperature. 2. May control the temperature in the retort through a controller and an automatic steam valve. 两种方式安装 温度记录装置 (RTD). There are two ways to install a Temperature Recording Device (RTD). 250 F (杀菌锅内) 121 C 置于杀菌锅内部 (杀菌锅外) 250 F (Inside Retort) 121 C In the side of the Retort Shell (Outside Retort) 杀菌锅外壁 (可同MIG连接到一起) 250 F (杀菌锅内部) 121 C Min ” Min 1/16” 泄气阀 (杀菌锅外部) Min 1/16” 泄气阀 In an External Well (It can share the same well as the MIG) 250 F (Inside the Retort) 121 C Min ” Min 1/16” Bleeder (Outside Retort) Min 1/16” Bleeder 温度记录装置小结 必须精确可信。 同温度指示装置数据尽可能一致，但不能高于其值 。 产生的记录图表需满足：记录分度为2 F ，加工时 在10 F 范围。 刻度不能超过每英寸55 F ，加工温度在20 F 范 围波动。 THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT THE TEMPERATURE RECORDING DEVICE It must be accurate and reliable. It must agree with the Temperature Indicating Device (MIG) as nearly as possible, but can NEVER be reading/recording higher. The chart that it generates must meet certain requirements: Graduations should be in 2 F within a range of 10 F of the processing temperature. Scale must be no more then 55 F per inch within a range of 20 F of the processing temperature. 温度记录装置小结 5. 必须有措施防止记录器的未授权更改和调整。 6. 通常同蒸汽控制器相结合。 7. 感应球可安装于杀菌锅内部或外壁（外壁要有1/16 英寸的开放泄气阀）。 8. 蒸汽控制阀需安装过滤器防止机械污垢进入。 THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT THE TEMPERATURE RECORDING DEVICE 5. There must be a means of preventing unauthorized changes or adjustments to the recorder. 6. It may be combined with the steam controller (it almost always is). 7. The sensing bulb can be installed in the shell or an external well (external well must have a 1/16” bleeder that is always open). 8. Steam controller valves which are air operated should have filters to prevent fouling of the mechanism. 温度指示装置和温度记录装置应互相连接（注： 无强制性特 定位置。） 蒸汽控制阀门 温度记录装置 Temperature Indicating Device (MIG) and the Recording Temperature Device should by located adjacent to each other. (NOTE: No specific location is mandated.) Steam Controller Valve Steam Recorder Controller 蒸汽控制阀 THE STEAM CONTOLLER VALVE 蒸汽控制阀调节进入杀菌锅的蒸汽量。 关闭和开启的结果是： 1. 温度记录装置的电子信号 或 2. 杀菌锅内蒸汽压力的变化。(Not a common system). The steam controller valve regulates the amount of steam entering the retort. It opens and closes as a result of: 1. The electronic signal from the Temperature Recorder Device OR 2. Steam pressure changes inside the retort (Not a common system). 压力表 PRESSURE GAGES 每一杀菌锅应安装一只压力表，压力 分度为2 PSI。 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 1416 18 20 22 24 26 28 寻找测量仪表上的引线 Each retort should be equipped with a pressure gage with 2 PSI graduations 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 1416 18 20 22 24 26 28 Look for the “Pig Tail” In the gage stem 压力表是对温度指示装置和温度记录装置的补 充。 一定压力的饱和蒸气总是有其相对应的温度。 这种关联可参考蒸汽温度对照表。 The pressure gage is a backup to the Temperature Indicating Device and the Temperature Recording Device. Saturated steam at a certain pressure, will always correspond to a certain temperature. This correlation is often tabulated in what is often referred to as a “steam-temperature table”. 饱和蒸汽温度 This is at sea level and changes due to altitude. Saturated Steam Temperatures This is at sea level and changes due to altitude. 压力表用于确认温度指示装置的精确性 如果压力表读数低于温度指示装置或记录装置，表明可能有问 题： 问题可能包括: 1. 温度指示装置（MIG）有断刻度或者底盘滑落。 2. 温度记录装置可能参考不精确的温度指示装置进行了不正确 的校准。 3. 压力表不精确。 Pressure gage is used to confirm the accuracy of the Temperature Indicating Device. If the pressure gage is reading lower then the corresponding than the Temperature Indicating Device or the Temperature Recording device, this could indicate that there is a problem. Possible Problems Include: 1. The Temperature Indicating Device (MIG) has a “broken column” or the backing plate (the plate with all of the calibrations) has slipped down. 2. The Temperature Recording Device (RTD) has been improperly adjusted to agree with an inaccurate Temperature Indicating Device. 3. The pressure gage is inaccurate. 热加工循环 1. 装入产品 2. 关闭杀菌锅 3. 排气阀打开 4. 蒸汽打开 5. 排气阀门关闭 6. 开始加热时间 7. 加热 时间 THERMAL PROCESS CYCLE 1. Load Product 2. Close the Door 3. Vent Open 4. Steam On 5. Time the Vent- Close Vent 6. Time the “Temp Up” Start “cook timing ” 7. Time the “cook” 1. Load Product 2. Close the Door 3. Vent Open 4. Steam On 5. Time the Vent- Close Vent 6. Time the “Temp Up” Start “cook timing ” 7. Time the “cook” 冷却循环 加工完毕后 产品需冷却 COOLING CYCLE You need to cool the product after the cooking process! 压缩空气 供应系统 COMPRESSED AIR SUPPLY 蒸汽关闭闭后，能够为够为罐头头提供必须须的压压力差 。 否则则 会导导致罐头头膨胀胀或扭曲。 大气压 大气压 After the steam is turned off it is essential to deliver an alternate counter pressure to the hot cans. OTHERWISE THEY WILL BULGE AND/OR BUCKLE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 除罐体很小或者有厚底外，杀菌锅应安装压缩空气装置， 在冷却循环缺乏外部蒸汽压力时保持高压。 空气管路 Unless the cans are small or have a thick base plate, a retort should be equipped with compressed air, to maintain overpressure, in the absence o