中科院考博英语培训资料短文补全课堂讲义-08年12月.doc

第一部分 大纲要求阅读理解共分两节。要求考生能：1）掌握中心思想、主要内容和具体细节；2）进行相关的判断和推理；3）准确把握某些词和词组在上下文中的特定含义；4）领会作者观点和意图、判断作者的态度。其中B节：主要测试考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。考生须完成700900词的阅读量（2篇短文），并根据每篇文章（约400词）的内容，从文后所提供的6段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。解题步骤第一步 迅速浏览一下文章第二步 迅速浏览选项第三步 通读全文并答题第二部分 阅读技巧Section A 基本句式和从句：文章的难度是由什么决定的？1基本句式：2从句1从句的划分：从句分为定语从句，状语从句和名词从句三大类。一、 定语从句关系副词when, where, why, how的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用，例如：1. There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.2. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.3. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 4. Im surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem. as，than，but也可以用作关系代词：The two brothers were satisfied with this decision, as was agreed beforehand.The telephone, as we know, was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell.I never heard such stories as he tells.Her attitude to him was quiet the same as it had always been. You spend more money than was intended to be spent.There are very few but admire his talent. (but = who dont)二、 状语从句方式状语从句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引导。1. Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.2. They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.3. He cleared his throat as if to say something.目的状语从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导：1. You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.2. He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.3. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.结果状语从句常由so that 或 suchthat引导:1. The boy is so young that he cant go to school.2. He is such a young boy that he cant go to school.条件状语从句的连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等：1Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired.让步状语从句的连接词主要有though, although1Although its raining, they are still working in the field.其他注意点：1ever if, even though即使Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.2whetheror 不管都Whether you believe it or not, it is true.3no matter +疑问词 或疑问词+后缀ever No matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。对比下面两组句子：No matter what you say is of no use now. (False)Whatever you say is of no use now. Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given. (False)Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given. 三、名词从句名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句，其中有介词与形容词的宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that, whether等词引导，常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information等名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.1. 如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.2. 如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加是否的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。例：Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.3. 如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加什么时候、什么地点、什么方式等含义，应用when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。例1：I have no idea when he will be back. 例2：I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.3 从句的核心：例1： Although it is a stable currency, a rise of only 2 percent a year will reduce the purchasing power of the dollar by 45 % in 30 years so that the pension or life insurance of ones youth (青春时代，青少年时期) will have lost nearly half its purchasing power before one has reached the age of retirement.1. The criminal justice system operates by arresting, convicting (判决) and sentencing those members of societies who violate the basic rules of group existence. （主句在前，重心在前）2. In the 200 great families who rules England for many years everyone knew or was related to everyone else. （主句在后，重心在后）4 主从句的述位：5长句和难句的处理：例5：The only hope for progress in the abortion dialogue lies in the great excluded middle, in the voices of average people who see something wrong with a young girl forced to bear the baby of a rapist. 长句的正确阅读方法： 1. 不良阅读习惯: “指读”, “回读”和 “译读”。 2.正确的阅读方法, 即以“意群”（meaningful thought group）为单位阅读, 例如： Successful improvement of your reading depends upon your eagerness to improve and your willingness to practice. Successful improvement of your reading depends upon your eagerness to improve and your willingness to practice. Successful improvement of your reading depends upon your eagerness to improve and your willingness to practice. 例句1：He had long been reluctant to make the fight against Islamo-fascist terror a domestic issue. （2005年10月A卷第1篇)例句2：To end the separatism and disengagement that flourishes in part because significant portions of his country cannot speak English, Blair wants to make basic knowledge of English a requirement for British citizenship. （2005年10月A卷第1篇)3. 两种快速阅读方法：skimming, scanning。难句分析：难句分为四大类：第一类：复杂修饰成分。句子本不难，但是修饰成分多且长。1、从句（定语、状语、同位语从句等等）；2、介词短语修饰；3、分词修饰；4、不定式修饰。经常是在同一个句子里既有从句又有介词短语，且都不止一个。第二类：大段的插入与或同位语，打断读者的思路，割裂前后之间的语义，造成理解的困难。我们称之为“打岔”。第三类：倒装：由于应该放在句首的成分太长，因此倒装到句末。也是一种人为现象。（1）、及物动词加介词：固定词组的固定搭配中，经常出现倒装情况，如：bring A to B，写作：bring to B A（2）、及物动词加副词例：make possible (单词或者句子)第四类：省略：相对以上三种来讲比较简单，在短句中大家一般都可以看出。但是如果在长句中出现，特别是如果与以上三种之一甚至几种同时出现，也会给同学们带来很大的困难。省略的几种情况（1）、重复的成分（2）、让步转折的省略：如although (but)（3）、定语从句引导词的省略which（that ）（4）、定语从句的引导词和系动词同时省略，变成后置定语Section B 段落的阅读1段落结构和常见关键词：Transitional Expressions 表示时间 next, then, after, before, later, soon, during, while, meanwhile, following, shortly, thereafter, the next day, finally. 表示地方 above, over, inside, to the left/right, behind, beyond, in the center, straight ahead, next to, on the side, at the top, opposite, below, under, at the front, around, near. 表示顺序 first, second, next, then, last, finally, above all, first of all. 表示补充 in addition, moreover, similarly, likewise, and, again, also, besides, further, furthermore, 表示转折 but, however, conversely, in spite of, nevertheless, even though, on the other hand, after all, still, on the contrary, yet, whereas. 表示比较 by comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same way. 表示结果 as a result, thus, hence, accordingly, therefore, consequently, then, so. 表示原因 because, for, as, since, owing to. 表示例证 for example, for instance, to illustrate. 表示总结 in short, in summary, in conclusion, to sum up, therefore, in brief, to conclude, all in all, in other words. 加强语气 certainly, undoubtedly, indeed, truly, in fact, surely. Section C 语篇的阅读一怎样把握语篇结构？1)序列关系2)因果关系3)时间关系4)主从关系5）对照或对比关系二语篇衔接理论1衔接指的是语篇中的不同成分在意义上有所联系的现象。2英语的衔接手段可归纳为五种：1）照应（reference）：指用代词等语法手段来表示语义关系，可分为人称照应、指示照应和比较照应。例如：The doctor came inHe looked very serious2）替代（substitution）：指用替代形式去替代上下文出现的词语，可分为名词性替代、动词性替代和分句性替代。例如：You can compare the new edition with the old onesGenerally speaking, schools in some big cities, especially primary schools, are better than those in small towns.3）省略（ellipsis）：指省去句子中某一成分。4）连接词（conjunction）：指连接句子的各种连词、副词等。5）词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）：指通过重复上文已出现过的词来达到语篇的连贯。例如：a. 同词复现：In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and human relations experts. Yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it.b. 同义词或近义词：All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of Americas industrial decline. Their sometimes-sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.在大多数情况下，一篇文章有若干段落，每个段落又有若干句子。要判断这些段落之间和句子之间是否衔接得好，首要的条件就是看它们是否有一个话题中心而所有句子都围绕着这个中心铺陈。这大致可分为三个等级。1）连贯。所有句子都紧紧围绕话题中心，这样的语段就是连贯的。例如：My home town is a beautiful placeIt stands beside a wide river at the foot of low green hillsIt has many fine buildings and wide streetsThere are trees and flowers everywhere 2）相对连贯。如果有一个话题中心，但个别句子偏离了话题中心，这样的语段就是相对连贯的。例如：I love the maple treeIt is beautiful in the spring with its light green leavesDuring the springtime the weather is quite niceIn the summer，I can sit in its branches and stay coolIn the autumn，the maple leaves turn red and yellowThen，when they fall，I can make wonderful leaf piles to jump intoWhen I was growing up, one of the places I enjoyed most was the cherry tree in the back yard. Behind the yard was an alley and then more houses. Every summer when the cherries began to ripen, I used to spend hours high in the tree, picking and eating the sweet, sun-warmed cherries. My mother always worried about my falling out of the tree, but I never did. But I had some competition for the cherries flocks of birds that enjoyed them as much as I did and would perch all over the tree, devouring the fruit whenever I wasnt ther