外文翻译--结构工程在新时代遇到的机遇与挑战.doc

唐 山 学 院 外 文 资 料 翻 译 Structural engineering in the newmillennium: opportunities andchallengesAbstractPurpose Structural engineering as a part of civil engineering has over 5,000 years of distinguishedhistory, as documented in this paper. An attempt is made in this paper to define structural engineeringas it exists at present, then some historical structures are identified.Design/methodology/approach The advances of structural engineering are discussed inchronological order, encompassing the development of the concept, analysis, the use of innovativeconstruction materials, and construction. The developments which necessitated the change of designphilosophies are presented, and the current status of structural engineering is discussed in terms ofseveral specific topics. Opportunities and challenges in the new millennium in structural engineeringare then presented in terms of education, service to society, and research.Findings In the past, structural engineering always met the challenges it faced. It helped toimprove our quality of life, and its role in society is not expected to change in the near future.Originality/value The paper has provided an over-view of this important profession fromancient history to the present day. Based on research over several decades it offers a prediction of thedirection in which this profession and the academic research that underpins it is likely to take in thefuture.Keywords- Structural engineering, Civil engineering, HistoryPaper type- Literature reviewIntroductionThe task of defining structural engineering is very complicated. At present it is a majorpart of civil engineering in most countries, but it could be part of any engineeringdiscipline where structures need to be built. Before discussing the engineering aspectsof structures, the most interesting question often asked by the general public is “Whatis a structure?” In a philosophical way a structure can be defined as what we seearound us in the plant world, insect world and the animal (including human) worldThe leaf of a plant could be very interesting, even breathtaking, but they are fragilestructures. A Saguaro Cactus is an extremely efficient structure and can live more than200 years under extreme conditions. Structures built by insects are also fascinating,and they build them to meet their needs. Who could ignore a spiders web, a moundbuilt by termites, dams built by beavers, nests built by birds, or hives built by bees?Structures built by animals. including humans, do not need any further discussion.However, with our advanced knowledge at present we can define structuralengineering as a discipline that helps us to transfer a load applied in space to theground in the most efficient way. With this definition, the most efficient structure willbe a simple pole to bring a point load applied in the space.Structural engineeringStructural engineering consists of several interconnected areas including developingunderlying physical principles, then presenting them in the form of governing equations, developing analysis techniques to solve the governing equations,integrating theories and material properties (mechanics of materials) to givespecialized structural forms, and then developing innovative construction techniques to give the concept a realistic, practical and aesthetic form. In all of these areas,structural engineers contribute significantly by combining mathematical, scientific,artistic, and entrepreneur skills.The significant contributions of structural engineering can be established bystudying some old historic structures. The building of pyramids could be one of thosemonumental events. It should be noted that structures made with stone and mud orwith other available materials were built before pyramids, say around 3000 BC, but forthis discussion they are not considered to be engineered structures. The first pyramidwas the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, built for King Zoser in 2750 BC. This represents thefirst application of large-scale technology. Imhotep, the architect of the Step Pyramid isoften credited with its design. He was not a pharaoh or structural engineer, but was theDirector of Works of Upper and Lower Egypt. The superstructure of the pyramid was made of small limestone blocks and desert clay. The Great Pyramid of Giza was built by the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty around the year 2560 BC toserve as his tomb.The way we define structural engineering today was most likely initiated at thetime of Lord Buddha, about 500 BC Greeks played very important roles during thistime the Parthenon was built in 438 BC. Experience, intuition, and empirical rulesmight have played very crucial roles at this early stage of development. Stone andmasonry were the primary materials used for the construction. Then Aristotle(384-322 BC) and Archimedes (287-212 BC) came into the picture. They are credited withinitiating the development of the principles of statics. Then Romans started building arches, domes and vaults using stone, masonry, wood, and some metal. They did notuse any analytical principles, but used some basic forms to build their structures. This type of activity continued for about 1,000 years, say up to about 500 ADDesign philosophiesAdvances in numerical analysis techniques also identified the weaknesses in them.Most of these techniques work very well verifying failures but are generally unable toprevent failures. One of the main reasons for this is our inability to predict futureloadings and the corresponding material behavior. This is also reflected in thedevelopment in the design guidelinesIn a historical perspective, hazards in structural engineering were observed at least4,000 years ago. The earliest known building code was used in Mesopotamia.Hammurabi, the king of Babylonia, who died about 1750 BC, issued code provisions.They were carved in stones and they can be seen in the Louvre in Paris. Theyaddressed many different issues including economic provisions (prices, tariffs, trade,and commerce), family law (marriage and divorce), criminal law (assault, theft), andcivil law (slavery, debt). Current status of structural engineering We will first try to address issues related to structural/civil engineering education.Then, we would like to identify some of the areas where structural engineers havemade significant contributions in the recent past. In his own career, the first authorused slide rule, log table, T-square, bevel set squares, etc. For this discussion, evenobservations he made early in his career are considered to be old in a relative sense. Wewill emphasize some recent developments. The list is not exhaustive and items arepresented not in the order of importanceOpportunities and challenges in the new millenniumIt is clear from the previous discussion that structural engineering has a long andillustrious history. Where do we go from here? Recent devastating failures duringearthquakes, tsunami, hurricane or tornado, impact and explosive incidences, fire, etc.,demonstrated to the world community our inability to design and construct structuresagainst these events. Thus there are a lot of opportunities and challenges for structural engineers in the new millennium. We are going to identify some of them in thefollowing sections. Some other potential topics are available in Haldar (2006).Obviously, the list is not exhaustive. This type of list will depend on the education andreal life exposure and experience of the person developing the list. Readers will have toexcuse the author for not including their research interests in the list, if they are not includedConcluding remarksCivil engineering is the oldest engineering profession. As documented in this paper,structural engineering in the context of civil engineering has over 5,000 years ofdistinguished history. It has accepted all the challenges and provided services at thehighest level to the worldwide community. It is one of the professions whose mainpurpose is to improve the quality of life. The need or demand for structural engineers isexpected to remain high in the foreseeable future. Although the research relatedactivities in civil engineering have diminished a little in the recent past, considering some emerging areas involving multidisciplinary efforts, the future of structural engineering is expected to remain as glorious as in the past.结构工程在新时代遇到的机遇与挑战1摘要：正如这篇论文所证明的一样，结构工程作为土木工程的一部分已经有超过5000年非常卓越的历史。本文尝试根据结构工程目前的存在情况，对结构工程进行定义，然后对一些历史性的建筑物进行鉴定与评价。计设/方法/途径：对结构工程的进展情况按照时间顺序讨论，包括对其概念的认识发展过程，创新型建筑材料的应用以及一些代表性的建筑物。这些迫使人们改变设计理念的发展状况会在这里呈现出来，并且从几个特殊的方面对结构工程的目前状况进行讨论。在教育、服务社会以及科研方面对结构工程在新时代遇到的机遇与挑战进行阐述。调查结果：在过去，结构工程总是会迎接他所面临的挑战。他曾帮助提高我们的生活质量，它在社会中的重要性在不久的将来也不会改变。创意/价值：这篇文章从古代到当代为这个重要的行业提供了一个超前的视野。以超过几十年的研究作为基础，这篇文章提供了一个方向的预测，这个行业以及巩固这个行业的学术研究在未来很可能在这个方向上发展。关键词：结构工程；土木工程；历史1. 简介定义结构工程的这项任务非常的复杂，目前在大部分国家它是土木工程的一个主要的组成部分，但是它很有可能是任何一个需要建筑物的的学科的一个组成部分。在讨论工程的结构方面的问题之前，大众最感兴趣的常被大众所问的一个问题是“什么是结构？”，用一个哲学的方式可以把结构定义为我们所看到周围的植物世界，昆虫世界和动物（包括人类）世界。植物的叶子可以很有趣，甚至是让人吃惊的，但是他们是易碎的结构形式。仙人掌是一种非常高效的结构形式，而且可以在极端恶劣的环境下生存超过200年。昆虫所建造的建筑物同样是让人着迷的，它们建造这些建筑物是为了满足它们的生存需求。没人能忽视蜘蛛网，白蚁建造的白蚁堆，海狸建造的水坝，鸟巢，或者蜂蜜建造的蜂巢。动物（包括人类）所建造的建筑物，不需要更进一步的讨论。然而，用我们目前先进的科学知识，可以把结构工程定义为一个用最有效的方式把应用于空间中的负载转移到地面上的学科。根据这个定义，最有效的结构会是一个引起应用于空间中的集中荷载的简单的杆。2. 结构工程结构工程包括几个相互联系的领域，这些领域包括发展潜在的物理法则，然后把它们用控制方程的形式表现出来;发展分析技术来解决控制方程，整合理论与材料属性（材料力学）来给出专门的结构形式，然后发展创新的建筑施工方法来给出一个现实的实用的符合美学观点的结构形式。在所有的这些领域中，结构工程通过结合数学的、科学的、艺术学的以及企业家技能为其贡献了很多。结构工程的重大贡献可以通过学习一些早期的有历史意义的建筑物来确立。埃及金字塔应该是其中一个不朽的建筑物。需要指出的是用石头泥或者其他可以利用的材料建造的在埃及金字塔之前的建筑物，假定是大概公元前3000年以前的建筑物，但是在这次讨论中它们不被认为是工程建筑物。第一个金字塔是在公元前2750年为左赛尔法老建造的阶梯金字塔，这个金字塔代表了第一个大跨度工程技术的应用。阶梯金字塔的发明归功于其建筑师英霍蒂普。他不是法老或者结构工程师，但他是整个埃及建筑作品的主管。这个阶梯金字塔的上层结构是用小的石灰岩跟沙漠粘土制作的。吉萨金字塔是埃及第四王朝法老胡夫在大概公元前2560年的建造的，这个金字塔被用于胡夫法老的墓穴。现在我们定义结构工程的方式最有可能起始于Lord Buddha时代，大概公元前500年，在这个时期希腊有着非常重要的地位-帕台农神