电力系统电容器英文原版电气工程教材教程.doc

文库 / 手机文库 /Power System Capacitor Ramasamy Natarajan电力系统电容器英文原版电气工程教材教程Power SystemCapacitorsRamasamy NatarajanBoca Raton London New York SingaporeA CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of theTaylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.DK4276_half-series-title 2/18/05 9:20 AM Page i? 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Published in 2005 byCRC PressTaylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742? 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCCRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis GroupNo claim to original U.S. Government worksPrinted in the United States of America on acid-free paper10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1International Standard Book Number-10: 1-57444-710-6 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-57444-710-1 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material isquoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable effortshave been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assumeresponsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic,mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, andrecording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access (/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registrationfor a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separatesystem of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used onlyfor identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at and the CRC Press Web site at Taylor & Francis Group is the Academic Division of T&F Informa plc. DK4276_Discl Page 1 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 7:41 AM? 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCPOWER ENGINEERINGSeries EditorH. Lee WillisABB Inc.Raleigh, North CarolinaAdvisory EditorMuhammad H. RashidUniversity of West FloridaPensacola, Florida1.Power Distribution Planning Reference Book, H. Lee Willis2.Transmission Network Protection: Theory and Practice, Y. G. Paithankar3.Electrical Insulation in Power Systems, N. H. Malik, A. A. Al-Arainy, and M. I. Qureshi4.Electrical Power Equipment Maintenance and Testing,Paul Gill5.Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications, Second Edition, J. Lewis Blackburn6.Understanding Electric Utilities and De-Regulation, Lorrin Philipson and H. Lee Willis7.Electrical Power Cable Engineering, William A. Thue8.Electric Systems, Dynamics, and Stability with ArtificialIntelligence Applications, James A. Momoh and Mohamed E. El-Hawary9.Insulation Coordination for Power Systems, Andrew R. Hileman10. Distributed Power Generation: Planning and Evaluation,H. Lee Willis and Walter G. Scott11. Electric Power System Applications of Optimization,James A. Momoh12. Aging Power Delivery Infrastructures, H. Lee Willis,Gregory V. Welch, and Randall R. Schrieber13. Restructured Electrical Power Systems: Operation,Trading, and Volatility, Mohammad Shahidehpour and Muwaffaq Alomoush14. Electric Power Distribution Reliability, Richard E. BrownDK4276_half-series-title 2/18/05 9:20 AM Page B? 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC15. Computer-Aided Power System Analysis, Ramasamy Natarajan16. Power System Analysis: Short-Circuit Load Flow and Harmonics, J. C. Das17. Power Transformers: Principles and Applications, John J. Winders, Jr.18. Spatial Electric Load Forecasting: Second Edition,Revised and Expanded, H. Lee Willis19. Dielectrics in Electric Fields, Gorur G. Raju20. Protection Devices and Systems for High-VoltageApplications, Vladimir Gurevich21. Electrical Power Cable Engineering, Second Edition,William Thue22. Vehicular Electric Power Systems: Land, Sea, Air, and Space Vehicles, Ali Emadi, Mehrdad Ehsani, and John Miller23. Power Distribution Planning Reference Book, Second Edition, H. Lee Willis24. Power System State Estimation: Theory andImplementation, Ali Abur25. Transformer Engineering: Design and Practice, S.V. Kulkarni and S. A. Khaparde26. Power System Capacitors, Ramasamy NatarajanDK4276_half-series-title 2/18/05 9:20 AM Page C? 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCDedicated toMy father, K. Ramasamy Gounder; my mother, Palaniammal;Midappadi Village, India? 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCSeries IntroductionPower engineering is the oldest and most traditional of thevarious areas of electrical engineering, yet no other facet of moderntechnology continues to undergo a more persistent evolution in tech-nology and industry structure. The use of capacitors in both shuntand series applications demonstrates this quite well. Since the ear-liest applications of AC systems, engineers have known that tightcontrol of VAR flow and power factor, using capacitors in manycases, is necessary to attain good operating efficiency and stable vol-tage. But whereas power factor engineering was once based on simplerules-of-thumb, with the capacitors literally sized and assembledplate by plate in the field, todays capacitor engineering is an intri-cate analytical process that can select from a diverse range of typesofcapacitor technologies, including power electronic devices thatsimulate their action.Power System Capacitors is a well-organized and comprehensiveview of the theory behind capacitors and their practical applicationsto modern electric power systems. At both the introductory andadvanced levels, this book provides a solid foundation of theory,fact, nomenclature, and formula, and offers sound insight into thephilosophies of power factor engineering techniques and capacitorselection and sizing. Dr. Natarajans book will be useful as a day-to-day reference but will also make an excellent self-paced tutorial:the book begins with a thorough review of the basics and builds uponthat foundation in a comprehensive and very broad presentation ofall aspects of modern theory and engineering, including the latestanalysis and modeling techniques.ix? 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCLike all the books in Marcel Dekkers Power EngineeringSeries, Power System Capacitors puts modern technology in a contextof practical application, making this a useful reference book as well asa self-study tool and a textbook for advanced classroom use. Thisseries includes books covering the entire field of power engineering,its specialties and subgenres, all aimed at providing practicing powerengineers with the knowledge and techniques they need to meet theelectric industrys challenges in the 21st century.H. Lee WillisxSeries Introduction? 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCPrefaceIn power systems, the reactive power compensation is providedlocally at all voltage levels using fixed capacitors, switched capacitors,substation capacitor banks, or static VAR compensators. Whateverthe nature of the compensation, capacitors are the common elementsin all the devices. The power factor correction approach using shuntcapacitors has been employed for the past several decades. The capac-itor banks used for power factor correction include fuses, circuitbreakers, protective relaying, surge arresters, and various mountingapproaches. Technological changes have been tremendous in the pastdecade, and these developments have been reported in technicalpapers in various journals, but no book has been published on thissubject in the U.S. since the 1950s. This book contributes to this newdirection.Power system shunt capacitors are important in power factorcorrection. Series capacitors are vital to improving the performanceof long-distance transmission. Chapters 1 through 9 examine thefundamentals of capacitors, mainly related to power factor correc-tion. Topics include power factor concepts, industry standards, capac-itor specifications, testing of capacitors, location of shunt capacitors,power factor improvement, and system benefits. Chapters 10 through14 deal with series capacitors, surge capacitors, capacitors for motorapplications, capacitors for other applications, and static VAR com-pensation. Chapters 15 through 18 discuss the protection of shuntcapacitors, overcurrent protection, circuit breakers, and surge pro-tection of shunt capacitor banks. Chapter 19 explains shunt capacitorbank maintenance. Chapters 20 through 23 explore system impactxi? 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCissues such as harmonics, switching transients, and induced voltageson the control cables. Chapter 24 discusses economic analysis applic-able to the power factor compensation. The chapters are orderedfrom simple concepts to more complex items. The complexity of capa-citor bank installation is related to protection and system impact.The reader is expected to have a basic knowledge of protection equip-ment such as fuses, circuit breakers, surge arresters, and unbalanceprotection, as well as an understanding of the basic concepts of time-domain analysis in order to follow the transient effects of capacitorswitching. It should be noted that transient-related failures occurmomentarily and sometimes in remote locations.This book describes the fundamentals, capacitor applications,protection issues, and system impact based on practical installationsin a step-by-step, easily understandable manner. The subject mayseem complicated because capacitor failures are related to equipmentvoltage ratings and power system transients and are very difficultto correlate even if time-domain measurements are available. Forseveral years I was involved in system studies for industrial powersystems and utilities. I hope that this book will be a useful tool forpower system engineers in industry, utilities, and consulting, as wellas for professionals involved in the evaluation of practical powersystems. I wish to make it clear that this book has been my spare-time activity, and I am responsible for its contents, including anyerrors that may inadvertently appear in it.I wish to thank the software manufacturers for permission touse the copyrighted material in this book, including the EMTPprogram from Dr. H. W. Dommel, University of British Columbia,Canada, and SuperHarm and TOP, the output processor fromElectrotek Concepts, Knoxville, Tennessee. The reprint permissiongranted by various publishers and organizations such as IEEE isgreatly appreciated. John Jenkins contribution of the photographof Leyden jars from the Spark Museum is greatly appreciated.I also thank the following organizations for providing photo-graphs of various devices associated with the capacitor bank equip-ment: Aerovox Division, PPC, New Bedford, Massachusetts; AlpesTechnologies Capacitors, Annecy-Le-Vieux, France; B&K Precision,Melrose, California; Capacitor Industries Inc., Chicago, Illinois;Capacitor Technologies, Victoria, Australia; Duke Energy, Charlotte,North Carolina; FLIR Systems, North Billerica, Massachusetts;Gilbert Electrical Systems and Products, Beckley, West Virginia;High Energy Corporation, Parkesburg, Pennsylvania; MaxwellTechnologies, San Diego, California; Maysteel LLC, MenomoneexiiPreface? 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCFalls, Wisconsin; Mitsubishi Electric Products Inc., Warrendale,Pennsylvania; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA), Washington, D.C.; Ohio Brass (Hubbell Power Systems),Aiken, South Carolina; and Toshiba Power Systems & Services,Sydney, Australia.Finally, I wish to thank the many engineers who, over the pastseveral years, have discussed the technical problems presented in thisbook. I acknowledge the contributions of technical reviewers whoread the manuscript and provided valuable comments. I also expressmy sincere thanks to Nora Konopka, Christine Andreasen, andPreethi Cholmondeley of Taylor & Francis for coordinating editorialactivities. The efforts of Dan Collacott of Keyword Publishing aregreatly appreciated.I also thank H. Lee Willis, Vice President for Utility Systemsand Asset Management, KEMA T&D Consulting, for his help withmy book projects and other power system projects. I also appreciatehis contributions to the power system area as the editor of the MarcelDekker Power Engineering Series.Ramasamy NatarajanPrefacexiii? 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCAbout the authorRamasamy Natarajan, Ph.D., is the President of Practical PowerAssociates, Raleigh, North Carolina. He received his B.S (1970)and M.Sc. (1973) degrees from the University of Madras, India; hisM.S degree (1982) from the University of Saskatchewan, Canada;and his Ph.D. degree (1986) in electrical power engineering fromthe University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Natarajan is the authoror co-author of more than 60 professional publications and the bookComputer-Aided Power System Analysis (Marcel Dekker, 2002). He isa senior member of the Institute of Electrical and ElectronicEngineers. His fields of interest include power system analysis, elec-tromagnetic transients, traction power, harmonics, power systemmeasurements, power electronics and rotating electrical machines.xv? 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCContents1.Introduction1.1History of Capacitors.11.2Capacitors for the Power Industry .51.3Organization of the Book.9Problems.15References.152.Capacitor Fundamentals2.1Capacitance of Parallel Plates and Spheres.172.2Cylindrical Capacitors.242.3Energy Stored in a Capacitor.262.4Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor .27Problems.32References.333.Power Factor Concepts3.1The Power Factor.353.2The Synchronous Condenser.42Problems.44References.454.Industry Standards4.1Standards Organizations.474.2Standards Related to Capacitors.52xvii? 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC4.3Conclusions.56References