Vitamins维生素作用.ppt

Vitamins(维生素) Vitamins are organic substances that,along with carbohydrates, proteins, fats,and inorganic salts,are required in the diet for normal health and growth of an organism. The early history of vitamins can be traced to observations that certain diets produced disease that could be cured by a supplement of another foodstuff. For example , the ancient Arab physicians and their successors valued the use of liver to cure night blindness, and the North America Indian knew that scurvy(坏血病） could be treated by a tea made from cedar(杉树) leaves. In seventeenth century, it was standard procedure for the British Navy to provide lemon juice for its sailors to prevent scurvy. The term vitamin is derived from the words vital and amine, because vitamins are required for life and were originally thought to be amines. Although not all vitamins are amines, they are organic compounds required by humans in small amounts from the diet. An organic compound is considered a vitamin if a lack of that compound in the diet results in overt symptoms of deficiency. 维生素也称维它命，是人体不可缺少的一种营养素，它 是由波兰的科学家丰克为它命名的，丰克称它为“维持生命 的营养素”。人体中如果缺少维生素，就会患各种疾病。因 为维生素跟酶类一起参与着肌体的新陈代谢，能使肌体的机 能得到有效的调节。 1912年，波兰科学家丰克，经过千百次的试验，终于从 米糠中提取出一种能够治疗脚气病的白色物质。这种物质被 丰克称为 “维持生命的营养素”，简称Vitamin(维他命），也 称维生素。 随着时间的推移，越来越多的维生素种类被人们认识和 发现，维生素成了一个大家族。人们把它们排列起来以便于 记忆，维生素按A、B、C一直排列到L、P、U等几十种。 现代科学进一步肯定了维生素对人体的抗衰老、防止心脏病 、抗癌方面的功能。 Well-balanced diet Healthy diet Note: Many people think that if some is good, a lot is better. This is not always the case, and high doses of certain vitamins are actually toxic. Read about the specific vitamins and check with your health care provider if you are unsure about how much to take - and how much may be too much. 公元前3500年-古埃及人发现能防治夜盲症的物质，也就是后来的维A。 1600年-医生鼓励以多吃动物肝脏来治夜盲症。 1747年-苏格兰医生林德发现柠檬能治坏血病，也就是后来的维C。 1831年-胡萝卜素被发现。 1911年-波兰化学家丰克为维生素命名。 1915年-科学家认为糙皮病是由于缺乏某种维生素而造成的。 1916年-维生素B被分离出来。 1917年-英国医生发现鱼肝油可治愈佝偻病,断定这种病是缺乏维D引起的。 1920年-发现人体可将胡萝卜转化为维生素A。 1922年-维E被发现。 1928年-科学家发现维B至少有两种类型。 1933年-维E首次用于治疗。 1948年-大剂量维C用于治疗炎症。 1949年-维B3与维C用于治疗精神分裂症。 1954年-自由基与人体老化的关系被揭开。 1957年-Q10多酶被发现。 1969年-体内超级抗氧化酶被发现。 1970年-维C被用于治疗感冒。 1993年-哈佛大学发表维生素E与心脏病关系的研究结果 Vitamins Fat-soluble Vitamins mg/day functions Vitamin A(retinol) 1.5 抗干眼病,VA缺乏症 Vitamin D2,D3 0.025 预防佝偻病,骨软化症 Vitamin E 抗VE缺乏症,间歇性跛行 Vitamin K1 1 抗出血维生素,用于新生儿 Vitamin K2 出血症,吸收不良或长期应 Vitamin K3 用抗生素所致的VK体内缺乏 Water-soluble Vitamins mg/day functions Vitamin B1 1.5 VB 缺乏症,周围神经炎 Vitamin B2 2 核黄素缺乏症 Vitamin B6 3 VB6依赖综合症,缺乏症, 先天性代代谢障碍病 Vitamin B12 0.005 恶性贫血,抗叶酸药引起的 贫血,神经系统疾病等 Vitamin H 0.25 用于生物素缺乏症的儿童 Vitamin C 60 VC缺乏症,酸化尿,特发性高 铁血红蛋白症 小鸡缺乏维生素B12的症状脚爪有明显的畸形 怎样判定缺少哪些 维生素 缺维生素A：指甲出现深刻明显的白线，头发枯干，皮肤粗糙，记忆力减 退心情烦 躁及失眠。 缺维生素B1：对音响有过敏性反应，小腿有间歇性的酸痛。 缺维生素B2：嘴角破裂溃烂，出现各种皮肤性疾病，手脚有灼热感觉。对 光有过度敏感的反应。 缺维生素B3:舌头红肿，口臭，口腔溃疡，情绪低落。 缺维生素B6：舌苔厚重，嘴唇浮肿，头皮特多，口腔粘膜干燥。 缺少维生素B12：行动易失平衡，身体时有间歇性不定位置痛楚，手指及 脚趾酸痛。 缺少维生素C：伤口不易愈合，虚弱，牙齿出血，舌苔厚重。 Vitamin A(维生素 A, Retinol) Retinol was isolated in1931 by Karrer and co-worker from fish liver oil,the richest common natural source, after saponification to release the VA from the ester-bond forms.the liver of freshwater fishes has yielded a second vitamin A,3-dehydroretinol, or Vitamin A2 This compound is one-half as potent as VA in the rat assay. The structure of retinol, C20H30O, was established by hydrogenation and oxidation studies and has all trans structure. The SAR of VA The deficiency disease in humans involves an ocular disorder characterized by night blindness and conjunctivitis(结膜炎), a drying of skin with accompanying hyperkeratosis(角化病) of the follicles(毛囊), and a general decline in health and growth. Since 1951, The vitamin A has been commercially supplied almost exclusively as retinol acetate or palmitate. Before that time, highly purified fish liver oil fractions be met this supply. Excellent dietary sources of VA are liver,kidney,fish liver oil,and fruits and vegetables high in carotene content, sush as carrots, spinach, peaches, and apricots Many synthetic pathways were developed, and at least six manufacturing processes are in operation today, all begin with Beta-Ionone, a bulk chemical of the perfume industry,which can be made synthetically from acetone. 维生素A（视黄醇） 功能：与视觉有关，并能维持粘膜正常功能，调节皮肤状态。 缺乏症：夜盲症、眼球干燥，皮肤干燥及痕痒。 主要食物来源：红萝卜、绿叶蔬菜、蛋黄及肝。 Vitamin D The are more than tone kinds of Vitamin D, the most important of which are VD2(麦角骨化醇) and VD3 (胆骨化醇) Ergocalciferol, VD2, the first product to be isolated pure, was obtained from the photolysis reaction product of ergosterol. Colecaciferol (VD3) was obtained from the photolysis reaction product of 7-dihydrocholecaciferol(去氢胆固醇) Alfacalcidol(阿法骨化醇) Alfacacidol was marked in1982 as the first synthetic analog of VD3 , VD的主要生理功能: 促进小肠粘膜对钙、磷的吸收,调节钙磷代谢,促进骨细 胞的形成和促进钙在骨质中沉积成磷酸钙、碳酸钙等骨 盐，有助于骨骼和牙齿的形成。当VD缺乏时，儿童得 佝偻病、出现骨骼畸形、骨质疏松、多汗等，成人软骨 化、出现骨骼疼痛、乏力等症状。 主要食物来源：鱼肝油，奶制品，蛋。 大剂量长期服用VD可引起VD 过多症，表现为血钙过高 、骨损坏、异位钙化和动脉硬化。 Vitamin E(Tocopherol,生育酚) R1 R2 CH3 CH3 - Tocopherol CH3 H -Tocopherol H CH3 -Tocopherol H H -Tocopherol Vitamin E Acetate(维生素 E 醋酸酯) ( )-3,4-Dihydro-2,5,7,8-tatramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyl- tridecyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol acetate SYNTHESIS Metabolism of VE VE的生理功能是多方面的，当其缺乏时机体内许多组 织会出现代谢变化。 VE 能减少体内组织中的氧消耗，有利于机体在低氧状 态下的耐受性。对肝脏中血红素的生成有促进作用，另 外VE具有抗氧化作用，阻止不饱和脂肪酸的过氧化反 应，减少过氧化酯的生成，也有对生物膜的保护、稳定 及调控作用，其综合为抗衰老作用。 临床上用于习惯性流产、不孕症、更年期综合症，进行 性肌营养不良，间歇性跛行及动脉粥样硬化等。此外还 可用于延缓衰老。 长期服用VE 可产生眩晕、视力模糊、血小板凝聚及血 栓形成。 Vitamin K VK1,叶绿醌 (Phytonadione), 从植物中提取 从微生物中提 取 人工合成VK3-7 The clinically uses of Vitamin K is VK1-VK4, in normal adults ,lack of Vitamin K is seldom a problem because the need is met by the diet, in which leaf green vegetable are an excellent source or by intestinal flora(肠道菌）. The normal adults require between 7-14mg/day. Newborn infants may show a lack of VK because their intestinal tract is sterile and VK and is not available from the intestinal flora. The patients treated with antibiotics for a long time would be lack of VK. SAR: Synthesis 维生素分为二大类，一类是脂溶性维生素，即从绿色植 物中提取的维生素1和从微生物中提取的维生素2。另 一类是水溶性的维生素，由人工合成即维生素K3和K4。最 重要的是维生素1和2。 维生素主要生理功能: 维生素控制血液凝结。维生 素是四种凝血蛋白（凝血酶原、转变加速因子、抗血友 病因子和司徒因子）在肝内合成必不可少的物质。 缺乏维生素会延迟血液凝固；引起新生儿出血病。 食物来源:鱼、鱼卵、肝、蛋黄、奶油、黄油、干酪、肉类 、奶、水果、坚果、蔬菜及谷物等. Water-soluble Vitamin Vitamin B1(Thiamine,硫胺) After thiamine is absorbed by the organism, it must be converted to the biologically active thiamine pyrophosphate, the coenzyme for a decarboxylating enzyme. The mono-phosphate and triphosphate are not biologically active.the thiamine pyrophosphate functions in carbohydrate metabolism in the decarboxylation of aphaketoglutaric acid, and in the transfer of acyl group in tranketolase and phosphtransketolase reactions 硫胺焦磷酸酯先脱氢，生成内翁盐，再与丙酮酸加成， 脱羧后生成羟乙基硫胺焦磷酸酯，后者再通过氧化型将 乙酰基转给辅酶A，生成乙酰辅酶A进入三羧酸循环。 Synthsis SAR:Many analogs of thiamine were prepared, in this way the structural features necessary for the vitamin activity were determined.for example, the methyl bridge between thiazole and pyridine group is essential, as are the hydroxyethyl group of the thiazole and the amino group in the pyridine ring Replacement of the hydrogen at C-2 of thiazole ring by a methyl group causes total loss of activety, but the methyl group at C-2 of pyridine is not required because the ethyl analog is active.the propyl derivative is not active and the butyl derivative is an antagonist Some active derivatives of Thiamine B族维生素有很多共同的方面，比如它们都是水溶性的， 多余的B族维生素不会贮藏于体内，而会完全排出体外。所 以，B族维生素必须每天补充。B族的维生素之间有协同作用 也就是说，一次摄取全部B族的维生素，要比分别摄取 效果更好。另外，如果B1、B2、B6摄取比率不均的话，是没 有效果的。B族维生素的家族正在逐渐扩大，除了我们已知 的B1、B2、B5、B6、B12等之外，还有目前争议比较大的B17等 。 维生素B1被称为精神性的维生素，这是因为维生素B1对神经 组织和精神状态有良好的影响；另外维生素B1的缺乏容易引 起各种脚气病(多发性神经炎、肌肉萎缩、下肢浮肿等)。富 含维生素B1的食物包括：酵母、米糠、全麦、燕麦、花生、 猪肉、大多数种类的蔬菜、麦麸、牛奶。 Vitamin B2(Riboflavin,核黄素) 7.8-Dimethyl-10-(1-D-ribtyl) isoalloxazine The name of riboflavin was adopted when it was shown that a ribtyl moiety is part of the structure. The vitamin is an optical active, light-sensitive amphoteric substance that decomposes at about 280,shows only slight solubility in neutral polar solvents, and decomposes in alkaline solution, in which it dissolves more readly. It is relatively stable under acid conditions. R= ribtyl The biological functions of riboflavin was established within a few years after its discovery,when Waburg and Christian in 1932 isolated the “old yellow enzyme”(a flavoprotein) form erythrocytes involved in the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate. Riboflavin is converted to Flavin mononucletide (FMN) and Falvin adinine dinucletide(FAD) , as the coenzyme of some oxidase and reductase. Synthesis: Biosynthesis: VB2以FMN和FAD 两种形式起传递氢的作用,能广泛参与 体内的各种氧化还原代谢。因此能促进糖、脂肪和蛋白 质的代谢，对维持皮肤、黏膜、和视觉的正常机能均有 一定作用。当VB2缺乏时组织呼吸减弱、代谢强度降低。 主要表现症状为口角炎、舌炎、视觉模糊等。 VB2广泛存在于动植物中、，米糠、酵母、肝、蛋黄中含 量丰富。 Vitamin C(Ascorbic Acid) L-(+)-Threo-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxy-2-hexenoic acid-lactone The strong reducing property of VC stems from the enediol system, which forms the 1,2-dione moiety of dehydroascorbic acid on oxidation. The dehydro substance is equally as active a vitamin as ascorbic acid and ,incidentally, is not acidic. The 2,3-diketo-L-gulonic acid, the product of hydrolysis of dehydroascorbic acid , is active. Various purified preparation of Vitamin C had been tried , but the first crystalline isolate was reported in 1932 from lemon juice. This substance had been isolated 4 years earlier from orange and cabbage juices . The commercial synthesis of ascorbic acid begins with reduction of glucose to D-sorbitol, which is oxidized microbiologically by acetobacter suboxydans to L-sorbose. The diisopropylidine derivative of L-sorbose is oxidized to the acid derivative, which on treatment with acid forms L-xylo-2-ketohexanoic acid, this substance spontaneously enolizes and lactonizes to ascorbic acid. The daily requirement of ascorbic acid is estimated at about 60 mg. Good food sources are liver.fresh vegetables such as green peppers,spinach,cabbage, and lettuce,and fresh citrus fruits and strawberries Synthesis: 维生素C（抗坏血酸） 功能：对抗游离基、有助防癌；降低胆固醇，加强 身体免疫力，防止坏血病。 缺乏症：牙龈出血，牙齿脱落；毛细血管脆弱，伤 口愈合缓慢，皮下出血等。 主要食物来源：水果（特别是橙类），绿色蔬菜， 蕃茄，马铃薯等。 Nicotinic acid and Nicotinamide(烟酸和烟酰胺,维生素 PP) Nicotinamide is a component of two important coenzyme,nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD), coenzyme I,and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADP),also called triphosphopyridine nucleotide(TPN) or coenzyme II. The nicotinamide coenzyme participate in the hydrogen transfer reaction, functioning as the hydrogenation of the substrate a hydride transfer to 4-position of the nicotimamide ring occurs, and a proton, the other dement of the hydrogen molecule, is release into the medium. Biosynthesis of nicotinic acid from tryptophan 人体可利用色氨酸合成部分烟酸，但不能满足需要，还需 从食物中获取，当其缺乏时，可患糙皮病。 Vitamin B6(Pyridoxin,吡多辛) Pyridixin is a 4,5-di(hydroxymethyl)-3-hydroxy-2- methylpyridine, and it has been renamed pyridoxol. In humans, the three pyridoxins(the general name for these compounds) are readily interchangeable and have the same activity. The 4-carboxy analog, however, is inactive and is found as a product of excretion（排泄物）. In the cell, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine are present in the coenzyme form as the corresponding 5-phosphates.VB6 coenzymes function mainly in amino acid metabolism. The reaction proceed with pyridoxal-5-phosphate and the amino acid to form, reversibly, a Schiff base generally stabilized by coordination with a metal ion. 维生素B6为水溶性，消化后8小时以内会排出体外。和其他 的B族维生素一样，需要食物或者是营养补品来补充； 维生素B6实际上是由几种物质吡哆醇、吡哆醛、吡哆胺 的集合，彼此之间有密切的关系和相互的作用。 效用： 能适当的消化、吸收蛋白质和脂肪。 可帮助必需的氨基酸（essential amino acid）中的色氨酸（ tryptophan）转换成烟酸(niacin，维生素B3)； 防止各种神经、皮肤的疾病； 缓解呕吐（为防止早晨起床时 的呕吐感，医生的处方中都开有维生素B6 ) ，可促进核酸的 合成，防止组织器官的老化。 可降低因服用三环抗忧郁剂（ tricyclic anti-deprssants)而引起口干及排尿困难等； 减缓夜间 肌肉的痉挛、脚的抽筋、手的麻痹等各种手足神经炎的病症 ； 天然的利尿剂；是制造抗体和红血球的必要物质； 食物来源 富含维生素B6的食物 啤酒酵母、小麦麸、麦芽、动物肝脏与肾脏、大豆、美 国甜瓜（cantaloupe）、甘蓝菜、废糖蜜（从原料中提炼砂 糖时所乘的糖蜜）、糙米、蛋、燕麦、花生、胡桃。 营养补品 在50500mg之间，有各种不同剂量的营养补品。其制 剂有仅含维生素B6 的，也有维生素B6 和B族维生素组合而 成的，也有和其他维生素组合而成的多种维生素。 为防止缺乏其他的B族维生素，维生素B6 必须与维生素 B1、B2等量摄取。 可以买到长效的维生素，作用时间最大长可达10小时。 Pantothenic acid (泛酸,VB5) (R)-N-(2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3- dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-alanine Pantothenic(Greek,meaning from everywhere) acid is coenzyme A(CoA), which was originally discovered as the cofactor necessary for acetylation reactions. CoA functions as an acyl carrier, the acyl unit being attached to the sulfhydryl group in thioester linkage. CoA SAR: 泛酸是B族维生素（VB5）的一种，又名“遍多酸”，也称为 维生素B5。这个名称来源自希腊语，意思是无所不在的酸 类物质。 其无所不在，是指：普遍存在于生物体内；生物无不需 要，缺乏时会生病致死；体内参与广泛的代谢活动。 药理作用： 帮助细胞的形成，维持正常发育和中枢神经系统的发育； 对于维持肾上腺的正常机能非常重要； 是脂肪和糖类转变成能量时不可缺少的物质； 在抗体的合成、人体利用对氨基苯甲酸和胆碱的必需物质； 效用 ： 有助于伤口痊愈； 可制造抗体抵抗传染病； 治疗手术后休克； 防止疲劳； 缓解多种抗生素的毒副作用。 食物来源 富含泛酸的食物 肉、未精制的谷类制品、麦芽与麸子、动物肾脏/心脏、绿 叶蔬菜、啤酒酵母、坚果类、鸡肉、未精制的糖蜜。 Biotin (生物素,Vitamin H) The isolation of biotin as the methyl ester from egg yolk was reported by Kogel in 1936 as the growth factor for yeast, one of the constituents of bios. The biologic function of biotin is concerned with the non- photosynthetic fixation of carbon dioxide, enzyme called carboxylase,with the transfer of carboxy groups by transcarboxylases and with decarboxylations. The biotin is bound to the protein by an amide linkage through its carboxyl group to that of the of the amino