职称英语理工类新增文章.doc

人事考试教育网版权所有，转载请注明出处！2009年职称英语理工类教材新增部分内容第二部分 阅读判断（两篇）第十二篇 Study Helps Predict Big Mediterranean QuakeScientists have found evidence that an overlooked fault in the eastern Mediterranean1 is likely to produce an earthquake and tsunami every 800 years as powerful as the one that destroyed Alexandria2 in AD3 365.Using radiocarbon dating techniques, simulations and computer models, the researchers recreated the ancient disaster in order to identify the responsible fault. We are saying there is probably a repeat time of 800 years for this kind of earthquake, said Ms Beth Shaw, an earthquake scientist at the University of Cambridge, who led the study. Scientists study past earthquakes in order to determine the future possibility of similar large shocks.Identifying the fault for the AD 365 earthquake and tsunami is important for the tens of millions of people in the region, Ms. Shaw said. The fault close to the southwest coast of Crete4 last produced a big enough quake to generate a tsunami about 1300, which means the next powerful one could come in the next 100 years, she added in a telephone interview.Ms. Shaw and her colleagues calculate the likely intervals by measuring the motion of either side of the fault to find how often such large earthquakes would have to occur to account for that level of motion, she said. Their computer model suggested an 8 magnitude quake on the fault would produce a tsunami that floods the coastal regions of Alexandria and North Africa, the southern coast of Greece5 and Sicily6 all the way up the Adriati7 to Dubrovnik8. This would be similar to the ancient quake in AD 365 that caused widespread destruction in much of Greece and unleashed a tsunami that flooded Alexandria and the Nile Delta9, likely killing tens of thousands of people, she said.词汇：fault n. 断层 interval n. 间隔tsunami n. 海啸 magnitude n. 等级radiocarbon n. 放射性碳 destruction n. 破坏，毁灭simulation n. 模拟 unleash v. 放出，释放注释：1. the eastern Mediterranean: 地中海东部2. Alexandria: 阿里山大埃及北部港市3. AD: 公元后（AD是拉丁文Anno Domini首字母的所写）4. Crete: 希腊克里特岛5. Greece: 希腊6. Sicily: 意大利西西里岛7. Adriati: 亚得利亚海8. Dubrovnik: 杜布罗夫尼克克罗地亚港市9. Nile Delta: 尼鲁河三角洲埃及练习:1. The fault, which was overlooked before, has been closely studied by scientists.A Right. B Wrong C Not mentioned2. It is fun to identify the fault for the AD 365 earthquake and tsunami.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned3. Radiocarbon dating techniques can be used to identify the age of the earth. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned4. Scientists predict that the next powerful earthquake in the eastern Mediterranean may take place some time before 2100.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned5. Ms. Shaw has her colleagues help her in the study of earthquake prediction.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned6, Ms. Shaw measured the movement of either side of the fault to identify the magnitude of the earthquake taking place in AD 365.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned7. The earthquake prediction devices developed by Ms. Shaw are being widely used in the world.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned答案与题解：1A文章的主题是，以往科学家忽视了地中海断层的存在。现在地震学家对地中海断层进行研究，并认定断层的运动造成公元365年的地震和海啸，以及推算出地震和海啸发生的周期。所以，本句表达的意思是对的。2B文章第三段说到，“认定断层造成了公元365年的地震和海啸，这一认定对该地区的几千万人来说是重要的”。把这项研究说成是有趣的与原文“重要”的意思有很大的不同，所以是错误的。3C 全文没有一处提到radiocarbon dating techniques可用来确定地球的年龄。4A Shaw女士和她的研究组认定，地中海东部的断层的移动每800年左右会引发一次超强地震和海啸。前两次发生的时间分别是365年和l300年左右。根据这一推断，在未来l00年中，会发生一次超强地震和海啸。第三段对此有说明。5A 这句表达的意思与原文相符。原句见第四段第一句：“MsShaw and her colleaguescalculate the likely intervals by measuring the motion of either side of the fault to gauge how often such large earthquakes would have to occur to account for that level of motion”。6B Shaw女士和她的研究组测量过the motion of either side of the fault，但目的不是为了identify the magnitude of the earthquake taking place in AD 365，而是为了find how often such large earthquakes would have to occur to account for that level of motion。7C 纵观全文，文章中没有一句提到Shaw女士发明过地震预测装置，更没有谈及这种装置在全世界得到广泛应用这一点。第十五篇Image Martian Dust ParticlesNASAs Phoenix Mars Lander1 has taken its first-ever picture of a single particle of rusty Martian dust with one of its microscopes. The dust particles of dust were shown at a higher magnification than anything outside of Earth that has been imaged before. The rounded particle measured only about one micrometer, or one millionth of a meter, across.Taking this image required the highest resolution microscope operated off Earth2 and a specially designed device to hold the Martian dust, said Tom Pike, a Phoenix science team member from Imperial College London3. We always knew it was going to be technically very challenging to image particles this small4.The device that imaged the dust speck is called an atomic force microscope, which maps the shape of particles in three dimensions by scanning them with a sharp tip at the end of a spring. The atomic force microscope can detail the shapes of particles as small as about 100 nanometers. And this wont be the last dust particle that Phoenix will image5. After this first success, were now working on building up a portrait gallery6 of the dust on Mars, Pike said.Dust exists everywhere on Mars, coating the surface and giving it its rusty red color. Dust particles also color the Martian sky pink and feed storms that regularly envelope the planet. The ultra-fine7 dust is the medium that actively links gases in the Martian atmosphere to processes in Martian soil, so it is critically important to understanding Mars environment8, the researchers said.The $420-million Phoenix mission is analyzing the dust and subsurface ice layers of Mars arctic regions to look for signs of potential past habitability. The particle seen in the atomic force microscope image was part of a sample scooped by the robotic arm from the Snow White trench and delivered to Phoenixs microscope station in early July.词汇:image v. 绘的图像 scan v. 扫描magnification n. 放大 subsurface adj. 地面下的micrometer n. 微米 habitability n. 居住性resolution n. 分辨率，清晰度 scoop v. 挖map v. 绘制的地图 trench n. 沟注释:1. NASAs Phoenix Mars Lander: 美国国家航空航天局的凤凰号火星登陆器2. off earth : 地球之外3. Imperial College London : 伦敦帝国学院4. image particles this small: 描绘如此之小的微粒。image particles this small是口语的说法，其意思是image such small particlesimage particles which are so small。5. And this wont be the last dust particle that Phoenix will image: 这不会是凤凰号扫描图像的最后的尘粒。本句的言外之意是：科学家将会收集更多的火星微粒进行扫描。6. portrait gallery: （火星尘粒）图像陈列馆7. ultra-fine : 超小的8. it is critically important to understanding Mars environment: 火星尘粒对于了解火星环境是极端重要的。it指代上一句的dust，而to是介词，所以后接动名词 understanding。 练习:1. The dust particle on Mars is the smallest particle that has been imaged outside of Earth.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned2. Using the same technology, we have also measured the size of particles on the moon and Jupiter.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned3. Scientists use the highest resolution microscope to watch and record the image of Martian particles on earth.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned4. Tom Pike said that they used to think it was no easy job to image such small particles.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned5. An electronic device has been developed to measure the weight of certain Martian rocks.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned6. After collecting the last Martian dust particle, the scientists have started to build up a portrait gallery of it.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned7. The Phoenixs robotic arm collected the Martian dust particles for analysis on Mars.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned答案与解析:1A第一段说，NASA的凤凰号火星登陆器用它的显微镜观测地球外长度只有百万分之一米的微粒。本题的表述与第一段的意思吻合。2C通篇文章都没有提到科学家用同样的技术测量月球和水星上的微粒。3B第一段只是说，NASA的凤凰号火星登陆器用它的显微镜观察地球外，而不是地球上长度只有百万分之一的火星微粒，所以本题的表述是错的。4. A Tom Pike说，“We always knew it was going to be technically very challenging to image particles this small.”（我们过去一直知道，观察体积如此小的微粒具有很高的挑战性。）（见第二段）这句话是选择A的依据。5C通篇文章都没有提到有人发明了一种能测量火星上某些微粒的重量的电子装置。6B第三段中提到，“this wont be the last dust particle that Phoenix will image”。接着又说，“After this first success，were now working on building up a portrait gallery of the dust on Mars”。而本题却说：“After collecting the last Martian dust particle，were now working on building up”，这与文章所表达内容明显不同，所以本题的答案是B。7A 选择A的依据是文章最后一句：“The particle seen in the atomic force microscope image was part of a sample scooped by the robotic arm”。第三部分 概括大意与完成句子（两篇）第十篇Washoe Learned American Sign Language1An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Wash0e had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate3 about primates and their ability to understand language.2Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners7 described Washoes progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand4 about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, Who is coming to play? Once5 the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own6 into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.3However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, thereare some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoes keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners7. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.4Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believes Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees8. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.5Debate continues about chimps understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure - Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.词汇：chimpanzee n黑猩猩 critic n评论家，批评家community n社区，圈子 workings n活动，运行primate n灵长类动物 chimp n=chimpanzee注释：1. in the scientific community : 在科学界，在科学家的圈子里2. American Sign Language（ASL）: 美国手语。利用手、脸部表情、身体姿势表达思想的美国聋哑人语言。在加拿大、墨西哥等地也使用ASL。ASL与British Sign Language（BSL英国手语）不同，两者不能相互理解。3. led to debate: 引起辩论。lead to意为“导致”，to为介词，debate为名词。4. she grew to understand about 250 words: 她渐渐掌握约250个单词。9row t0是“渐渐”的意思。5. Once : 一旦。0nce是连接词。例:Children like to cycle once they have learned how. 小孩一旦学会了如何骑自行车，就会喜欢上它。6. of their own: 属于自己的。of their own的含义与on their own不同，on their own是“独自”的意思。7. the Gardners: Gardner夫妇 8. Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe.: 像个体研究者Jane Goodall这样的科学家相信。like（像，跟一样）是介词，本句的谓语是believe。句子中的private researcher意为“不受雇于任何单位，自己独立工作的科研人员。”练习：1. Paragraph 1 2. Paragraph 2 3. Paragraph 3 4. Paragraph 4 AReason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This Research NowadaysBReport about Washoes Progress in Learning Sign LanguageCGeneral Information about Washoe DThe Gardeners Contributions RecognizedEDebate on Chimps IntelligenceFWashoes Love for Three Young Chimps5. Washoe could make signs to communicate6. Some scientists doubted7. Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language8. The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent A if the Gardeners argument was soundB because she was cleverer than other chimpsC when she wanted to eatD while she was at a research center in EllensburgE because she could use sign language to ask for fruitsF while Washoe was learning sign language答案与题解：1. C 第一段主要介绍猩猩Washoe的出生地、死亡年龄、被带到美国学习美式手语等一般情况。用General Information about Washoe来概括是很准确的。2. B 第二段的关键句是In 1969, the Gardners described Washoes progress in a scientific report.随后的句子简略的介绍了Washoe的学习情况和结果，如已学会了250个单词，并能用手语表达“该吃饭了”等概念。所以，Report about Washoes Progress in Learning Sign Language（选项B）是答案。3. E 第三段介绍了对Gardener夫妇发表的报告有两种不同的解读。一派认为Washoe的手语能力只是机械重复、死记硬背、物质激励的结果，不是智能的表现。另一派认为知识智能的表现，其证据是Washoe还能教三个小猩猩学习手语。争论的焦点是猩猩有没有智能。选项E用debate来概括上述争论，所以是答案。4. A 第四段解释了为什么现在从事这项研究的科学家人数不多。部分原因是研究周期太长。5. C 选C 的第四段第二句：Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat.6. A 第三段的上半段说了一些科学家对Gardener 夫妇的试验的解读所持怀疑态度。题干中出现的doubted引导我们选A。7. D 选D DE 依据是第三段的最后一句,即“He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.”8. E 本文第二段谈到试验的成果时有一个句子：“She could request foods like apples and bananas”。根据全段意思和上述句子，选择E是正确的。第十五篇Maglev Trains1A few countries are using powerful electromagnets to develop high-speed trains, called maglev trains. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation 1 , which means that these trains float over a guide way using the basic principles of magnets to replace the old steel wheel and track trains.2 If youve ever played with magnets, you know that opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other2. This is the basic principle behind electromagnetic propulsion. Electromagnets are similar to other magnets in that they attract metal objects, but the magnetic pull is temporary. You can easily create a small electromagnet yourself by connecting the ends of a copper wire to the positive and negative ends of an AA-cell battery3. This creates a small magnetic field. If you disconnect either end of the wire from the battery, the magnetic field is taken away.3The magnetic field created in this wire-and-battery experiment is the simple idea behind amaglev train rail system. There are three components to this system: A large electrical powersource, metal coils lining a guide way or track, and large guidance magnets attached to theunderside of the train. 4The big difference between a maglev train and a conventional train is that maglev trains do not have an engine - at least not the kind of engine used to pull typical train cars along steel tracks4. The engine for maglev trains is rather innoticeable. Instead of using fossil fuels, the magnetic field created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls and the track combines to propel the trains5.5The magnetized coil running along the track, called a guideway, repels the large magnets on the trains undercarriage, allowing the train to levitate between 1 to 10 cm above the guideway. Once the train is levitated, power is supplied to the coils within the guideway walls to create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push th train along the guideway. The electric current supplied to the coils in the guideway walls is constantly alternating to change the polarity of the magnetized coils. This change in polarity causes the magnetic field in front of the train to pull the vehicle forward, while the magnetic field behind the train adds more forward thrust.6Maglev trains float on a cushion of air, eliminating friction. This lack of friction allows these trains to reach unprecedented ground transportation speeds of more than 500 kph, or twice as fast as the fastest conventional train. At 500 kph, you could travel from Paris to Rome in just over two hours.词汇：Levitate v. 悬浮 electrified v. 使带电Levitation n. 悬浮 magnetize v. 使带磁guideway n. 导向槽 line v.排列成行propelb vt. 推进 underside n.下侧，下面propulsion n. 推进 undercarriage n. 车盘注释: 1. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation :maglev 是 magnetic levitation 的缩略词。 2. opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other: 异极相吸，同极相斥 3. AA-cell battery:5号电池 4. at least not the kind of engine used to pull typical train cars along steel tracks: 至少不是沿着轨道拉动典型的火车车厢的那种发动机。 5. the magnetic field created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls and the track combine to propel the train: 由嵌入导向壁内的电磁线圈产生的磁场加上轨道，一起推动火车前进。The magnetic field 和 the track 是句子主语，created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls 是过去分词短语，用作定语，修饰the magnetic field. 练习: 1. Paragraph 3 2. Paragraph 4 3. Paragraph 5 4. Paragraph 6 A The Main Components of the Maglev Train SystemB High-speed Maglev due to Zero FrictionC The Working Principle of the Maglev TrainD Differences between Polarity and Magnetic FieldE Comparison of Maglev Trains with Traditional OnesF Maglev with a Powerful Motor 5. Several countries in the world are using strong electromagnets 6. You can connect a wire to the positive and